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Pyramid of Cheops Even in ancient times, the pyramids of Giza were considered one of the seven "wonders of the world." But even today they are able to hit anyone. The largest of them is the pyramid of Cheops, the second pharaoh of the IV dynasty. This pyramid is still the largest architectural creation of human hands. At the base, it is a square with a side of 227.5 meters. The height during construction is 146.6 meters, and now the pyramid is 9 meters lower: the upper stones fell during earthquakes. The construction of the pyramid (and it was completed around 2590 BC) took 2.3 million stone blocks weighing two and a half tons each. The total volume of the pyramid is 2.34 million cubic meters. The faces of the pyramid are oriented to the cardinal points, and their angle of inclination to the base is 51o52 ". The entrance is on the north side. Separate blocks, according to the Arab historian Abdel Latif (XII century), fit so precisely to each other that it is impossible to slip between them knife blade.Inside the pyramid of Cheops there are no inscriptions or decorations.There are three burial chambers.The burial chamber of the pharaoh is a room about 11 meters long, five meters wide and almost six meters high.The walls of the tomb are finished with granite slabs.The red granite sarcophagus is empty "Neither the mummy of the pharaoh nor the grave goods were found. It is believed that the pyramid was plundered in ancient times. On the southern side of the pyramid there is a structure resembling a ship. This is the so-called Solar Boat - one of the five on which Cheops was supposed to In 1954, a boat 43.6 m long, disassembled into 1224 parts, was discovered during excavations. built of cedar without a single nail and, as evidenced by the traces of silt preserved on it, before the death of Cheops, she was still floating on the Nile.
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"Horizon of Khufu" is the name of the Pyramid of Cheops.
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Pyramid of Khafre The second largest pyramid of Giza belongs to Pharaoh Khafre. It was built 40 years later than the first one. Sometimes it seems that the pyramid of Khafre is even larger than that of Cheops. In fact, it is slightly smaller. The side of the square base of the Khafre pyramid is 215 meters. Height - 136 meters. However, in ancient times, like the pyramid of Cheops, it was 9 meters higher. The angle of inclination is sharper than that of the first pyramid: 53o8". Here, the entire complex of structures is more clearly visible, consisting of a temple in the valley, a road, a temple of the dead and the pyramid itself. The lower temple, in which 25 statues of pharaohs once stood, is known for that here, on the threshold of the kingdom of the dead, Khafre was mummified
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Until the middle of the 5th century, performances began after breakfast, and later - from early morning, and lasted most of the day, and often until evening. Ancient Greek theatre. The word "comedy" comes from two Greek words "komos" and "ode". The word "komos" denoted the procession of a drunken crowd of mummers, showering each other with jokes and ridicule. With the huge size of the Greek theaters, the facial expressions of the actors were not visible to all spectators.
"Nicholas 2" - Children of Nicholas II. However, on July 19 (August 1), 1914, Germany declared war on Russia. Abdication from the throne. The support of Nicholas was the family. Education. World War I. The execution of the royal family. Emperor's family. On the throne The reign of Nicholas II coincided with the rapid industrial and economic development of the country. Nicholas II. Childhood. In April 1918, the Bolsheviks transferred the Romanovs to Yekaterinburg.
"Revolution of 1905-1907" - The peasant question is the fundamental issue of the revolution. Presentation of the project for the 100th anniversary of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. The backbone of the party was made up of members of the "Union of Liberation" (intelligentsia and large landowners). Prime Minister of Russia S.Yu. Witte. Manifesto October 17, 1905. Large industrialists, merchants, landowners fully supported the tsar's manifesto. During the 8 months of the decree, 1,100 people were executed. The upper legislative chamber was to be located between the Duma and the tsar. N.G.Basova at VSU: Chekmarev A., Abdulaev R., Borisov D. Voronezh 2006. Agrarian issue in the Duma.
"Russian clothes" - Footwear. Hat. Fur coat. Clothing of the Great Russian people of the 16th and 17th centuries. Ohaben. Terlik. Another type of cap - pointed - was called a cap. The shoes of the common people were - bast shoes made of tree bark. The shoes of wealthy people were boots, chebots, shoes and ichtegi. Single row. Along the hem and along the edges of the shirt, they were bordered with braids embroidered with gold and silk. The nobles and the rich have silk. Shirts. Wealthy pants were made of cloth, taffeta or silk.
"Roman Emperors" - Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian August 27 BC-14 AD Emperor. Map of the Roman Empire at its peak. He centralized the administration of the republic - he became a dictator for life. Pupil 10 "B" class Shakinko George. The Julio-Claudian family tree. Caligula branch of the Druze 37-41 years. He began reforming Roman society and the state. Claudius nephew of Tiberius 41-54 Empire.
"Medieval art" - Medieval science was subject to a strictly defined hierarchical order. Spirit of change. Chapel of the Imperial Residence in Aachen. The presentation was made by a student of 10 "b" class. Science in the Middle Ages. Scholasticism. An artistic style in architecture and art that replaced the Romanesque style. Ottonian art. Experiment. Development of Asian countries. Literature of the Middle Ages. The art of the "Holy Roman Empire" 10 - 11 centuries.
sphinxes
The Great Pyramids are part of the vast Giza necropolis. Next to them are several small pyramids, where the wives of the pharaohs, the tombs of priests and high officials are buried. At the foot of the Giza plateau are the funerary temples and the Great Sphinx.
Features of the structure of the pyramids
Each of the great pyramids also had a triune complex: the lower funerary temple - the road - the upper funerary temple. But this complex has been preserved in a more or less complete form only at the pyramid of Khafre. The stone-paved road from the lower temple, where embalming was carried out, to the upper one, where they said goodbye to the pharaoh before burial, stretched for more than half a kilometer. Near the lower granite temple, devoid of a roof, lie the ruins of the temple of the Sphinx. And behind them, the ancient guardian of the pyramids, the Great Sphinx, turned his gaze to the east. The Sphinx, a resting lion with a human head (Mamluk soldiers shot off its nose), is the largest monolithic sculpture. Its length is 73 meters, height - 20 meters. It is believed that the sphinx was carved during the construction of the Khafre pyramid, and its face bears the features of this pharaoh.
Construction
pyramids
The mystery of the pyramid shapes
In ancient times, earthlings knew about the influence of architectural forms on a person and considered architecture not only as a creation of a form, but also as a kind of sacred essence. Today, scientists have found that structures with gabled roofs have the most beneficial effect. Various places of worship have a peculiar pyramidal effect: Christian churches, cathedrals, Buddhist temples, mosques... Bioenergetics claim that an ecologically clean and energetically strong field is created around such structures.
For the first time, the effect of the pyramid was discovered when studying the Egyptian pyramids, the mystery of the origin and purpose of which for mankind still remains unsolved. However, it has been proven that the pyramids have a strong energy impact that affects all living beings and even inanimate objects.
The Egyptian pyramids are one of the wonders of the world, and no wonder, because the idea that people armed with only simple mechanical devices, have built similar bulks that continue to amaze us, although millennia have passed since their creation. Looking at these marvelous monuments of the era, one gets the impression that time bypasses them, or maybe it was the magic of the sphinx that stopped him, glorifying the greatness of the pharaoh. Mysticism and reality, myths and facts are so tightly intertwined on the stone steps of these silent giants that you begin to believe in myths and doubt the facts.
The work was done by Artem Sutunkov, a student of grade IX MKOU secondary school 13. EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS A community that knows everything about you Subscribe!
Egyptian pyramids These are the greatest architectural monuments of Ancient Egypt, among which one of the "seven wonders of the world" - the pyramid of Cheops and an honorary candidate of the "new seven wonders of the world" - the Pyramids of Giza. Pyramids are huge pyramid-shaped structures used as tombs for pharaohs.
Precursors of the pyramids During the period of the first dynasties, special "houses after life" appeared - funerary buildings. They were built by the first pharaohs. The oldest royal burial buildings dating back to the times of the 1st dynasty were built from adobes - unbaked bricks made of clay and river silt. They were built at Nagadei Abios in Upper Egypt, and also at Saqqara. In the ground part of these buildings there were chapels and rooms with grave goods, and in the underground part there were actually burial chambers.
The largest pyramids of Egypt Pyramid of Cheops (IV dynasty): size 230 m, height -146 meters. Pyramid of Khafre (IV Dynasty): 215 m and 144 m Pink Pyramid of Sneferu (IV Dynasty): 219 m and 105 m Bent Pyramid of Sneferu (IV Dynasty): 189 m and 105 m 94 m Pyramid of Menkaure (IV dynasty): 104 m and 66 m Pyramid of Djoser (III dynasty): 121 m and 62 m
Pyramid of Cheops The largest is the pyramid of Cheops. Initially, its height was 146 m, but due to the fact that now there is no lining of the pyramid, its height has now decreased to 138.8 m. The length of the side of the pyramid is m. The construction of the pyramid dates back to the XXVI century BC. The construction is believed to have taken over 20 years.
The quality of the finish of the pyramids Some pyramids, which have retained the lining, allow you to see the quality of the surface treatment of the stone. In addition, the large blocks are fitted so that there are no gaps between them, and the leveled outer surface often forms an ideal plane, despite the fact that this plane is at an angle to the base. When leveling the surface of the stones at the entrance to the pyramid of Menkaure, the outermost stones were not completely leveled, and the edge of the leveling line passes continuously through the masonry stones, which suggests that the surface of the blocks was leveled after the stones were laid.
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One of the seven wonders of the world - EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS
Pyramids - "dwellings of eternity" of the pharaohs:
- The Pyramid of Cheops
- Pyramid of Khafre
- Pyramid of Menkaure
- Rock tombs and temples of the Middle and New Kingdoms
- Abu Simbel - the pearl of Egyptian architecture
- Architectural buildings of the Late Kingdom
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Great Pyramids. Giza
Egypt 2575 - 2465 BC e.
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The pyramid of Cheops reaches a height of 146 meters. Its thickness was cut through only by corridors leading to the burial chamber. The architect Hemiun supervised the construction of the pyramid of Cheops.
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The pyramid itself required 20 years of work. She is square. Each of its sides is equal to 146.26 m and its height is the same size. The stones are polished and carefully fitted, each of them is not less than 9.24 m.
The architect Hemiun supervised the construction of the pyramid of Cheops.
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Pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser
Egypt 2630 - 2611 BC e.
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At the time of its construction, this structure was the largest in the world.
This tomb became a model of a burial structure, in which, according to the canons, three main tasks were solved: keeping the ashes of the deceased incorrupt, preserving the tomb and feeding so that it could exist.
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The second pyramid of the complex belongs to the successor of Cheops - Pharaoh Khafre. The pyramid of Khafre was almost as tall as the pyramid of Cheops. Its height was 143 meters, and the length of the side was 215 meters. Because of this ratio of height and length of the base, it seemed more slender. The base was faced with Aswan granite.
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Great Sphinx. Giza.
Egypt 2750 BC
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The Great Sphinx was erected simultaneously with the pyramid, for the pharaoh of the IV dynasty - Khafre (Khafre). The Sphinx is made in the form of a lying lion. His face reproduces the features of the pharaoh himself. In fact, the sphinx is an image of the sun god. To the side where the Sun appears, and the sphinx is looking.
- A striped royal scarf is depicted on the head of the sphinx, above the forehead - uraeus - a sacred cobra. According to the beliefs of the Egyptians, the cobra protected kings and queens with its breath.
- The face of the sphinx was previously painted brick, and the bands of the kerchief were blue and red.
- It rises between two temples dedicated to the cult of this deity.
- When creating the sculpture, the Egyptian craftsmen used the original form of the limestone rock.
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Statue of Pharaoh Khafre, fragment
Egypt 2500 BC e.
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In ancient Egypt, two types of images of royalty were developed. Seated and standing. The portrait of Pharaoh Khafre belongs to the second type. This type is characterized by the articulation of all parts of the figure at a right angle. Hands are usually folded on the hips or rest on the chest. The legs are parallel to the bare feet. The symmetry in this case is perfect.
The monarchs are depicted bare-chested, dressed in a pleated skirt and with their heads covered with the double crown of Lower and Upper Egypt.
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The pharaoh is depicted with his head protected by the open wings of the god Horus, from whom he was believed to be descended. The torso forms a single block with the throne, and the arms are pressed to the torso.
Pharaoh statue carved from superhard diorite
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The son and heir of Khafre - Mikerin - owns the third pyramid. The tomb itself and the structures around it were not completed during the life of the pharaoh. Subsequently, his son hastily finished them. It was the last of the great pyramids.
