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Reference

A machine operator is a worker who produces parts for various mechanisms on special machines. The working material for the parts can be metal or wood. This profession became most widespread in our country in 1930-41, during the industrial revolution, when many machine-building enterprises were built. During the Great Patriotic War, most factories were repurposed to produce products for the front (cartridges, shells, guns, tanks, etc.), and mostly girls and women worked as machine operators.

Demand for the profession

Very in demand

Currently, profession Machine operator considered to be in high demand in the labor market. Many firms and many enterprises need qualified specialists in this field, because the industry is developing rapidly, and specialists are still receiving education.

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Description of activity

The profession of a machine operator combines the activities of a turner, milling machine, grinder, driller, gear cutter and many other specialists. Therefore, the machine operator can perform actions on the appropriate machines (lathe, milling, etc.) and use a variety of cutting tools in his work: drills, cutters, reamers, cutters and others.

Modern enterprises today increasingly use computer-controlled machines. This means that the machine operator must also be an operator. He must understand computer technology and, if necessary, be able to troubleshoot problems.

Thanks to the existence of the profession of a machine operator, it is possible to quickly produce parts of varying complexity for many types of industry.

Working on various machines requires strict adherence to safety rules. At the workplace, machine operators wear a uniform, special hats and safety glasses.

Wage

Moscow average:average for St. Petersburg:

Uniqueness of the profession

Very common

According to the results of the survey, profession Machine operator is currently very common, since for quite a long period there has been a high demand for specialists in this field among employers. This area needed and continues to need specialists.

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What education is needed

Secondary vocational education (college, technical school)

To work in a profession Machine operator, it is not necessary to have a higher professional education in the relevant specialty. For this profession, it is enough to have a diploma of secondary vocational education obtained from a college or technical school, or, for example, it is enough to complete special courses.

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Job responsibilities

Before starting to manufacture a part, the machine operator studies its drawing, makes the necessary calculations and builds a sequence of work. At the same time, he determines what types of machines and tools will be needed to manufacture the part. At the preparatory stage of work, the machine operator sometimes has to use reference books.

Based on the material used, the machine operator adjusts the machine. Having made a part, the worker still has to process it: grinding and finishing of external and internal surfaces. After which the machine operator checks the dimensions of the part and the quality of processing using optical instruments.

Type of labor

Mostly physical labor

As the survey results show, profession Machine operator involves primarily physical labor. Machine operator must have good physical fitness, high strength endurance and good health.

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Features of career growth

Not a single metalworking enterprise can operate without machine operators. In addition to factories, they can work in repair shops.

Career Opportunities

Minimum career opportunities

According to the results of the survey, Machine operators have minimal career opportunities. It doesn’t depend at all on the person himself, it’s just a profession Machine operator does not have a career path.

How users rated this criterion:

Machine operators work with different materials, so they can specialize in metal or wood processing.

Average salary: 30,000 rubles per month

Demand

Payability

Competition

Entry barrier

Prospects

A machine operator is a generalist who produces various products and parts from metal or other materials using special equipment.

History of the profession

Even in ancient times, people noticed that by mechanical action on stone, wood, bone and other natural materials, they could be given the necessary, more convenient form for use. To improve processing, special devices (machines) were invented. About 6 thousand years ago, a bow drive was used in Ancient Egypt. The ancient Hellenes developed a lathe with a foot drive and a moving bed.

In Russia, at the beginning of the 18th century, mechanic Andrei Nartov created a turning-copying device using a support, that is, the cutting tool was not in a person’s hand, but in a special holder. Tula craftsmen used this invention to make gun barrels. During the Second World War in the USSR, instead of men being drafted into the army, women were forced to mass produce products for the army on machines.

With the development of scientific thought, more and more progressive methods of energy transmission were used to create torque: the impact of water and steam falling from a height. Over the last century, reliable and efficient electric drives have played a leading role.

Description of the profession

The profession of a machine operator is one of the main ones in mechanical engineering; its representatives process workpieces in strict accordance with the given drawings. As a result, the output is a part that can be combined into a complex structure with other elements. The quality of the product the consumer will receive in the end will depend on the skill of the work.

It is not easy to answer unequivocally who a machine operator is. This working specialty in the 20th century was divided into several areas:

• Woodworking machine operator Most often works in the furniture industry. He makes solid panels from individual boards, grinds parts, drills holes for installing fasteners, and makes blanks for veneer. The sawmill operator is engaged in the production and cutting of boards and beams, as well as facing slab materials.
• Machine operator (metalworking). There are four specializations in this profession: driller, miller, grinder and turner. Some craftsmen turn parts, others process them, creating grooves, recesses and internal cavities, others cut threads and drill holes of the required diameter, and still others, using abrasive materials, bring the workpiece to its final form.
• General machine operator works with metal and wood using a variety of technological equipment. He has the skills to manufacture a wide variety of parts.

Nowadays, an increasing number of numerically controlled machines are being introduced. The job responsibilities of the specialists serving them include the function of an operator using a CNC console.

What specialties are best to study in?

Colleges offer several areas of training for machine operators working on various technological equipment:

• general machine operator;
• machine saw operator;
• woodworking machine operator.

There are also specialists in servicing miter, ridge gluing, and edge jointing units.

It is not difficult to enter a secondary specialized educational institution. It is enough to write an application and provide a certificate for grade 9 or 11. Students are selected based on their average score.

The best colleges and courses for study

Among the secondary professional institutions, of which there are many in our country, the most famous are:

• The Industrial and Technological College (St. Petersburg) trains machine tool and equipment adjusters in machining. Students gain skills in working with turning, grinding, milling, keying and copying equipment, including program-controlled ones. The institution has a large number of partners who then hire graduates: Kirov Plant LLC, Nevsky Instrumental Plant LLC, St. Petersburg State Unitary Enterprise Gorelektrotrans, etc.
• College of Architecture, Design and Reengineering No. 26. This is one of the leading educational institutions in Moscow, offering education in a number of areas. One of them is a woodworking machine operator. The college is a member of the Association of Wooden House Construction and has modern equipment for classes: thickness planers, format-cutting machines, jointers, tenoning machines and other machines. They also teach you how to use the latest computer programs: AutoCAD, CorelDRAW, ArchiCAD.
• The Nizhny Novgorod Radio Engineering College trains masters in the specialty “machine operator (metalworking)”, who can work on manual units of a wide range and on CNC machines. Students undergo practical training at leading enterprises in the region: OJSC “Plant named after. G.I. Petrovsky”, JSC “Nizhny Novgorod Scientific and Production Association named after. M. V. Frunze, OJSC Gidromash, NPP Polet. There are two equipped resource centers in the college.
• Ural Polytechnic College - Interregional Competence Center (Ekaterinburg) provides the region's industry with operators of computer-controlled machine tools. After grade 11, the course lasts only 10 months. Employment is provided by Ural Instrument-Making Plant OJSC, Uraltransmash OJSC, Ural Optical-Mechanical Plant named after. E. S. Yalamova" and other enterprises.
• Restoration College "Kirovsky" (St. Petersburg) focuses on training specialists in the restoration of historical buildings and artistic wooden products. Among the profiles offered are a number of rare specialties, as well as a woodworking machine operator. Graduates work in restoration workshops in the Northern capital and throughout the country, as well as in wood processing enterprises.

You can quickly obtain a specialty or master a new profession in addition to your existing one through courses at professional training centers, for example:

Based on the results of the classes, students take exams and receive a state-issued certificate, which is accepted throughout the country. If the courses were completed in a distance format, then a confirming document is sent by mail.

Responsibilities at work

The functions of a machine operator depend on the type of production (wood or metalworking) and the list of technological equipment available at the plant. For example, the job responsibilities of a woodworking machine operator include:

• selection of raw materials for processing;
• securing the workpiece on the work table;
• installation and adjustment of cutting tools;
• execution of turning works according to the provided sketches, samples or drawings;
• planing of parts, edges, bars, shavings, veneer on special machines (edging, molding, thicknessing);
• set of shields and stitching of parts;
• perforating slabs and removing rust in them;
• drilling holes and sockets;
• milling of recesses and cavities;
• product quality control and rejection of substandard elements;
• maintenance and participation in equipment repair.

A metalworking machine operator has his own set of functions, including cutting threads of various types, milling internal and external surfaces, grinding parts using coolant, boring and drilling holes in hard alloys. Such craftsmen can produce objects from stone and ceramics in small-scale production.

In general, employers require the following professional skills:

• knowledge of the basics of materials science and mechanics;
• good level of knowledge of drawing, trigonometry, geometry;
• understanding the internal structure of different machines, the ability to set them up, sharpen and maintain them, and perform minor repairs;
• ability to use measuring instruments;
• skill in reading drawings and reference materials;
• performing the work efficiently and in accordance with the specified parameters.

All these skills can be acquired in specialized colleges.

Who is it suitable for?

Important personal qualities of a machine operator are:

• physical strength and endurance;
• good color discrimination, acute hearing and vision;
• tactile sensitivity and excellent eye;
• imaginative thinking and spatial imagination;
• precise coordination of movements; . patience and accuracy.

Positive aspects of the profession: demand in the labor market, good earnings from experienced specialists, ability to perform various types of work. Disadvantages: high level of responsibility, constant physical and psychological stress, often hazardous work, risk of injury or occupational disease.

How much do they get

On average across the country, a machine operator earns 25-35 thousand rubles. A generalist with a rank higher than fourth can count on 40-55 thousand rubles. The salary of a highly qualified specialist who can be entrusted with a responsible unique product is even higher. In some regions (Tuva and Altai Republics, Nenets and Chukotka Autonomous Okrugs) they pay more due to northern allowances.

How to build a career

The profession of a machine operator is considered to be a blue-collar job, so there are no great career prospects; growth mainly occurs through increased qualifications.

Prospects for the profession

Modern production is constantly being modernized, more and more products are produced on automatic equipment, so employees capable of working on machines and servicing them will always be needed.

Profession "Machine operator"

Turner is one of the oldest professions on earth, because... turning is at least 6 thousand years old, so this profession, as we see, is very, very respectable.

The first products of the ancient turner were recesses and holes in stones. The stick, which pressed the abrasive (sand) onto the stone being processed, was rotated between the palms, and gradually a hole or hole was formed in the stone.

But this is what the oldest machine looked like, of course, this is said loudly, but all the elements of the machine are present. Two trees are grandmas; arched drive; There are also centers - points attached to tree trunks. The stand for the cutter was a board tightly nailed to the trunks.

The bow drive lasted for many centuries in turning technology; It was also present in the machines of the ancient Egyptians, and they are about 4800 years old!

A further improvement was the Hellenic (ancient Greek) lathe. Ancient books have preserved information about the talented Greek master Fyodor, who became famous for his turning products. The ancient Greek machine was already more advanced. It had a strong frame, a movable rear center, a foot drive with a crankshaft, a chuck for securing the workpiece, and a board for resting the cutting tool against it.

But the next machine combined bow and foot drives, and in addition, had a front center and an adjustable stand for the cutter.

A real revolution in turning was made by the Russian “turning artist”, the personal master of Peter I and the head of his turning workshop, Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov (1694-1756).

A.N. Nartov, one of the most remarkable Russian technicians of the 18th century, a graduate of the Moscow School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, for the first time in the world in 1712, invented and then built a turning and copying machine with a support - a mechanical holder for a cutting tool that replaces a human hand .

On this machine, now stored in the State Hermitage in St. Petersburg, there is an inscription: “The construction of the colossus began in 1718, it was completed in 1729. Mechanic Andrey Nartov"

At the end of the 18th century, Tver mechanic - watchmaker Lev Sobakin and Tula master Alexey Surnin developed drawings according to which screw-cutting lathes were manufactured for the manufacture of gun barrels.

For the first time on this machine, automatic shutdown of the support was used.

The production of lathes was especially widely developed at the Tula and other arms factories.

A generalist machine operator is the main working profession in mechanical engineering. He must be a highly skilled worker, because... To create high-quality products, one must be able to rebuild the equipment being serviced, know the structure, operating principle and technological capabilities of machines, technological equipment and cutting tools, read technological maps and drawings. The worker must plan all operations independently, and this can only be done with good knowledge of equipment, physics, mathematics, and drawing.

Our educational institution has been training specialist machine operators since 1987. For the Amur Machine-Building Plant, which was the base plant of the educational institution, they prepared:
- Controller of machine tools and plumbing works 1987;
- CNC machine operator, 1987;
- Rotary line adjuster 1987;
- Mechanic repairman 1987;
- CNC machine operator, 1987;
- Generalist machine operator.

For the Vympel plant:
- Mechanic for repair of ventilation and air conditioning systems.

The profession of a machine operator is very diverse; the worker must be a true professional in his field. Increasingly, computer-controlled machines and “machining center” type machines are appearing in enterprises, especially in serial and small-scale production, today’s machine operator is also an operator, a machine operator and a program-controlled manipulator.

A generalist machine operator works in metalworking production, in repair shops, repair shops of various industries. This specialty arose in connection with the need for the rapid production of small batches of parts of varying complexity for the repair of machine tools and mechanisms. He processes parts made of metal and other materials on lathes, milling, drilling and grinding machines. Guided by the drawing of the part, he determines the sequence of its manufacture. Selects the necessary tools for this. Uses reference books and makes the necessary calculations. Selects the cutting mode, sets up the machine, installs the tool and workpiece, and processes the part. Verifies the dimensions of the part and the quality of its processing using optical instruments. In the process of work, the machine operator uses hand tools, mechanical equipment (lathes, drilling, milling, grinding machines) and measuring instruments. Works indoors. The main working position is the “standing” position.

Harmful factors are high noise levels and dusty air. Microtraumas to the hands are possible.

Must know: fundamentals of materials science, theory of strength of materials, electrical engineering, technical mechanics, technical measurements; device, rules for setting up machines and checking them for accuracy, design and rules for using measuring instruments, technology of heat treatment, sharpening, finishing of tools; principles of calibration of part profiles, classes of accuracy and cleanliness of processing.

Should be able to:"read" drawings; calculate processing modes for parts made of various materials using reference materials; carry out adjustment and sub-adjustment of machines; perform processing of parts from different materials on various machines; check the dimensions of parts using measuring tools.

The profession has 2-6 categories. To successfully master the profession of a machine operator required: physical strength, sufficient visual and hearing acuity, accurate color discrimination, subtle tactile and kinesthetic sensitivity, accurate linear and three-dimensional eye measurement, accurate visual-motor coordination (at the level of movements of both hands), spatial imagination and visual-figurative thinking.

Job Not recommended people suffering from diseases: respiratory organs with frequent exacerbations, unfavorable cardiovascular system; nervous system, manifested by attacks of dizziness and loss of consciousness; skin with predominant damage to the hands, as well as persons with reduced vision and hearing.

Related professions: sharpener, driller, tool maker, pattern maker, planer, universal turner, milling maker, grinder.

JOINTER

At woodworking and other enterprises, a carpenter performs work on the manufacture of parts, assemblies, products, furniture of varying complexity according to drawings and sketches. The uniqueness of carpentry is that one person must own all the tools in his workshop and various types of woodworking machines in order to make a thing from scratch to its complete completion, which is especially important when making furniture. The scope of operations that a carpenter must master is quite large. He manually plans block parts, and in various devices for assembling products he glues panels, white-wood and veneer frames, and bars heated with high-frequency currents. Prepares the surfaces of products for veneering, cleans and polishes veneered parts and assemblies, adjusts and attaches parts to assemblies and products with glue and screws. In addition, the carpenter selects, adjusts and hangs doors, performs work on inserting locks, installing and fastening front fittings, mirrors, glass doors and shelves. Glues upholstery materials to products. Repairs parts and assemblies intended for finishing. Performs repairs and restoration of cabinet, lattice and bent furniture with the replacement of individual components and parts.

Perhaps the most difficult, but also the most interesting of all types of carpentry work is the manufacture and restoration of furniture.

Indeed, lately more and more antique furniture and artistic furniture of modern forms have appeared, and although the labor intensity of such products is higher, their good quality and high consumer value more than compensate for the high labor costs. To perform this work, the carpenter must know the entire technological process of manufacturing furniture and its parts, the main species, properties and defects of wood, as well as other materials, varnishes, and adhesives used.

The profession of a carpenter contributes development of aesthetic taste, imagination and thinking. Working with wood, a material that always conceals unexpected finds, develops special forms of perception: observation, the ability to highlight interesting decorative features of the material. Performed primarily at a natural pace and requiring calm, the work presupposes stability in the emotional sphere and promotes the development of patience and self-control. In the process of mastering a profession, a variety of motor skills are formed, accuracy and coordination of movements, and the eye are improved.

When choosing this profession need to know that it is very important for a carpenter to have good vision, chronic lung diseases with a tendency to frequent exacerbations (for example, bronchial asthma) and diseases accompanied by attacks of dizziness and loss of consciousness are undesirable.

TURNER

Turning is one of the most widespread metalworking specialties, as lathes are the largest group of machines in machine shops. Turner is a profession necessary in all sectors of the national economy, therefore there remains a constantly high level of demand for specialists in this profession.

Turning is the processing of metals and non-metallic materials by cutting. Cutting is the sequential removal of layers of metal (chips) from a workpiece using a cutting tool. In this way, the shape, size and quality of the parts specified in the drawing are achieved.

A universal turner is a highly skilled machine operator. His work is varied. He performs external turning of the workpiece, giving it a cylindrical, conical or shaped shape;

internal boring of the product, cutting internal and external grooves and threads of different profiles; drilling various holes, finishing the product. In this case, the turner, according to the technology according to the drawings, making the necessary calculations, manufactures the part completely or does partial turning, then transferring the part to other machines (milling, grinding, slotting and others). The dimensions of the parts vary: from tenths of a millimeter to tens of meters. Therefore, small desktop machines are used for processing the smallest parts, and giant machines that process parts with a diameter of up to 3 m, a length of up to 30 m and a weight of up to 1700 tons. Both small and large machines require high precision and cleanliness of processing.

The work of a turner requires not only special knowledge, but also development of certain qualities: technical thinking, spatial concepts, memory for numbers and shapes, developed attention, ability to think logically. When setting up a machine, an important role is played by the eye, which helps to accurately install devices, coordination of movements of both hands when operating the machine (a feature of a turner’s work is that the hands simultaneously make different movements, and this requires significant training) and a certain physical strength. It is important that the worker develop, in addition to the qualities already listed, the subtlety of auditory perception when monitoring the rhythm of the machine. A significant part of a general-purpose turner’s working time is devoted to control and measuring operations. High precision requirements necessitate careful measurements. Therefore, it is very important to have acute vision, which makes it possible to notice small differences in shape. Color perception plays an important role, since by the color of the chips the turner determines whether the cutting mode is correctly determined (the color of the chips changes at different turning speeds).

Must know: rules for setting up and checking the accuracy of lathes of various types; methods for installing fasteners and aligning parts; methods for determining the technological sequence of processing and selecting optimal cutting conditions; rules for heat treatment, sharpening, finishing and installation of cutting tools; principles of profile calibration; diagram of the plasma heating installation and measures to ensure its safe operation; rules for setting up a plasma torch; properties of cooling and lubricating fluids; system of tolerances and landings, qualifications (accuracy classes) and roughness classes (processing cleanliness).

When choosing this profession need to know that there are production factors that negatively affect the health of the turner: increased noise levels, metal dust, emulsion and oil vapors in the air. Therefore, persons suffering from hypertension, chronic lung diseases with a tendency to frequent exacerbations (for example, bronchial asthma) and those who have had tuberculosis, ear diseases with persistent hearing loss and diseases accompanied by attacks of dizziness and loss of consciousness are not allowed to study in this specialty.

Machine tools (milling operator, woodworking machine operator, etc.) and metalworking professions.

TEACHER

The sower of the reasonable, the good, the eternal - they say about the TEACHER. Pedagogical activity requires a special calling, which is based on love for children. It is not for nothing that all the great teachers, dreaming of a school of joy and creating it, loved children immensely. The teacher carries out training and education of students, taking into account the specifics of the subject being taught, and contributes to the formation of a general culture of the individual. Uses a variety of forms, methods, techniques and teaching aids, including individual plans, accelerated courses within the framework of state standards. Ensures the implementation of the curriculum, achievement and confirmation of educational levels by students. Maintains academic discipline and attendance schedule. Participates in the development of educational programs, is responsible for their implementation in full, in accordance with the curriculum and schedule of the educational process, and the quality of education of its graduates. Participates in the activities of methodological associations and other forms of methodological work. Systematically improves his professional qualifications. Communicates with parents or persons replacing them. Responsible for the life and health of students during the educational process.

Pedagogical activity requires from a person of certain qualities: endurance, patience, consistency, perseverance, self-control. He is obliged to control his behavior and manage it. The teacher’s speech should be expressive, emotional, and persuasive.

Must know:"Law on Education", the fundamentals of general theoretical disciplines to the extent necessary to solve pedagogical problems, theory of methodology, psychology, age-related physiology, school hygiene, methodology of the taught subject, educational work, requirements for equipment and equipment of classrooms, teaching aids and their didactic capabilities , modern directions of development of education. Pedagogical schools, pedagogical institutes, and universities prepare teachers for secondary schools. Most specialists who have received a pedagogical education work in secondary schools as primary school teachers and teachers of individual disciplines. Teacher labor is also used in boarding schools, colleges, technical schools, preschool institutions, and additional education institutions.

Job Not recommended people with mental disorders, severe diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, persistent visual and hearing impairments, chronic infectious and skin-venereal diseases that are bacterial and virus carriers, as well as those with bad habits (smoking, drug addiction, alcoholism).

Must know: your subject and its pedagogical specifics, be able to combine academic work with educational work, know the class, group, level of its knowledge; must know each student, the conditions in which he lives, his weaknesses and strengths, must be able to individualize the approach to him depending on this; must enjoy authority among the children, enjoy their trust and respect, master teaching methods; be able to prepare a lesson and think through it methodically; be able to convey your knowledge to others, help the student assimilate the material being communicated, and apply the acquired knowledge in practice; know the age-related characteristics of a child’s perception and thinking, the conditions of his development at each age.

Requirements for professional training. The teacher works with the whole class and needs to keep many students in sight and notice any changes in their behavior. Thus, observation, distribution of attention, and switchability are professionally important qualities of a teacher. Pedagogical activity requires certain strong-willed qualities from a person: endurance, patience, consistency, perseverance, self-control. He is obliged to control his behavior and manage it. Correct speech, which should be expressive, emotional, and persuasive, is very important in the teaching profession. The teacher must be able to express his thoughts competently, clearly, simply, and understandably for the children.

Related professions: preschool teacher, after-school teacher, tutor, tutor, head of a private school.

FEDERAL SHER

In city and regional medical institutions, a paramedic is a doctor’s assistant and works directly under his supervision. In rural areas, he independently provides inpatient, outpatient, and home care, often performing the functions of a doctor.

The profession has specialties:

1) “Ambulance” paramedic - works primarily in institutions of the “Ambulance” service, goes on call to provide first aid to a patient. Based on the examination data, a preliminary diagnosis is made. If necessary, call a doctor or a team of specialists. Transports patients during hospitalization. Performs medical procedures: intravenous infusions, injections, dressings, etc.;

2) medical assistant laboratory assistant - collects materials (blood, gastric juice, etc.), prepares preparations for microscopy;

3) military paramedic - conducts reception and medical examination, as well as treatment in military units, on ships in the absence of a doctor or under his supervision;

4) paramedic of psychoneurological institutions - in places where there is no psychiatrist, sends identified or seeking help to mental patients in the hospital and monitors them after discharge;

5) paramedic-obstetrician - delivers babies, carries out patronage of pregnant women and infants, measures to prevent female and child mortality;

6) sanitary paramedic - carries out sanitary inspection of food enterprises, baths, showers, all types of disinfection at his site, draws up sanitary inspection reports, etc.

The paramedic works in constant contact with people (except for the paramedic-laboratory assistant), in one or two shifts, round-the-clock duty, work on holidays and weekends are possible. He is often on the move. Work is associated with significant physical activity, nervous stress (the need to provide emergency assistance, correct diagnosis, working with people in different mental states), and the risk of contracting infectious diseases.

For effective work as a paramedic required: physical endurance, resistance to stress factors, good long-term and operational memory, the ability to quickly assess and make operational decisions, observation, responsibility, accuracy, discipline.

Good knowledge required in the field of chemistry, anatomy and human physiology. It is necessary to have knowledge of the main symptoms of diseases in adults and children, instructions for the use of medications, compliance with the rules of their recording and storage, knowledge of the methods and techniques of patient care, skills of resuscitation of the victim, as well as knowledge of and compliance with the principles of medical ethics and deontology.

Paramedic work is not recommended people with severe disorders of the cardiovascular system, mental illness, allergies to medications, visual impairment (mainly for medical assistants), who are bacteria and virus carriers. Persons with disabilities due to damage to the musculoskeletal system, hearing impairment, and diabetes mellitus can successfully work as a medical laboratory assistant.

Nurse, teacher at a medical school, pharmacist.

FARMER

The farmer ensures the production of marketable agricultural products on rented or privately owned land and agricultural machinery.

Organizes and performs a wide range of labor operations. Performs various household works: metalworking, welding, construction, operates machine and tractor units. Engaged in selection, collection, processing, storage and sale of manufactured products. Takes care of increasing productivity, preserving livestock, procuring feed, fighting pests of agricultural crops, and providing veterinary care.

Farms can specialize in individual branches of agriculture (crop growing, livestock farming, beekeeping, fishing, etc.) or be complex (multi-sectoral). Work on crop farms is seasonal, performed during the daytime, and allows for greater use of machinery. A livestock farmer is busy all year round with an approximately equal workload and full time with short breaks, and sometimes at night for regular provision of feed, cleaning premises, and caring for young animals.

The work of a farmer is fraught with risk due to the vagaries of the weather, competition, and fluctuations in prices for equipment and products. The farmer must monitor the state of the market, show flexibility and efficiency in repurposing production. To the extent necessary, he uses the services of financial, trade, supply, repair, legal and other support and intermediary structures.

The work of a farmer is physical and mental at the same time, intense, irregular, with a high share of manual labor. To him necessary interest in nature, hard work, self-discipline, enterprise, practical ingenuity and dexterity.

Must know: basics of crop production, livestock farming, economics, legal legislation and regulations, land use, monetary relations, tax and customs policy; device, operation, control of machine and tractor units.

Farmer's work requires sufficient physical strength, endurance, good health, good vision and hearing. When choosing this profession, the following are contraindicated: diseases of the joints and spine (severe polyarthritis, osteochondrosis), vascular diseases (severe endarteritis, varicose veins of the lower extremities, thrombophlebitis), bronchial asthma and other severe chronic lung diseases. However, with some deviations in the functions of the respiratory and nervous system, moderate physical labor in the air helps improve health.

Related professions (specialties): livestock breeder, vegetable grower, tractor driver.

MILLING MACHINE

A milling operator works in mechanical engineering and metalworking enterprises. On milling machines (horizontal, vertical, copying, multi-spindle, universal and specialized) he processes parts of varying complexity and purpose, and carries out their plasma-mechanical processing. Based on the drawings of the part and the technological map, determines the sequence of processing of the part. Performs the necessary calculations, determines the processing sequence and cutting modes, and adjusts the equipment being serviced. Using measuring instruments, checks the compliance of the processing with the specified parameters. Installs parts and aligns them in various planes.

To successfully master the profession you need: visual-motor coordination at the level of hand movements, accurate linear and three-dimensional eye measurement, ability to concentrate, good visual memory, developed visual-figurative thinking, spatial imagination.

Works individually indoors. Working position - standing, fixed. A harmful factor is the high noise level.

Must know: rules for setting up and checking the accuracy of serviced machines; features of the operation of the plasma heating installation, measures to ensure its safe operation; methods for setting up a plasma torch; mechanical properties of processed materials; methods of installation, fastening, alignment of workpieces; rules for determining optimal cutting conditions; rules for heat treatment, sharpening and finishing of cutters; system of tolerances and landings, qualifications (accuracy classes) and roughness classes (processing cleanliness).

The profession has 2-6 categories.

When choosing this profession need to know that there are production factors that negatively affect health: increased noise levels, metal dust, emulsion vapors and oils in the air. Therefore this specialty Not recommended persons suffering from hypertension, chronic lung diseases with a tendency to frequent exacerbations (for example, bronchial asthma) and those who have had tuberculosis, having ear diseases with persistent hearing loss and diseases accompanied by attacks of dizziness and loss of consciousness.

Related professions: sharpener, tool maker, general machine operator, general-purpose turner.

WATCHMAKER

Works in watch repair shops and repair shops of watch factories. A highly qualified watchmaker in the workshop independently performs all types of repair operations: disassembling the mechanism, identifying defects, washing components and parts, replacing defective parts, manufacturing simple parts, assembling and adjusting watches.

At the receiving point, the watchmaker-receiver, based on the results of the inspection of the watch mechanism, determines the malfunctions and places an order. Upon return of the repaired watch from the workshop, he winds it and adjusts its accuracy before handing it over to the customer. If there is no need for repairs, the watchmaker-receiver, in the presence of the customer, corrects minor problems and adjusts the mechanism.

In the repair shop, a watchmaker performs the following operations: disassembles the watch and identifies defects; washes parts and components of the mechanism; selects parts and assemblies that require replacement and manufactures the missing ones; assembles clock mechanisms and checks their operation. During work, he uses hand tools (screwdrivers, tweezers, magnifying glass), washing machines, electronic precision meter and others.

A watchmaker works indoors. A forced working posture is typical - a “sitting” position. The eyesight is subject to increased stress: working with small details, uneven load on both eyes (due to the use of a magnifying glass).

The profession has 2-6 categories.

To successfully master the profession required: good tactile and kinesthetic sensitivity, visual-motor coordination at the level of hand movements, the ability to sustainably concentrate attention for a long time, spatial imagination, visual-figurative thinking.

Must know: clock mechanism device; manufacturing technology of various types of watches; sequence of watch assembly and disassembly operations; main types of faults, methods for identifying and eliminating them; rules for processing manufactured parts; formulation of cleaning compounds.

Should be able to: carry out watch repair operations in accordance with your qualifications; use hand tools and instruments, debug them and keep them in working order.

Related professions: repairman of radio-electronic equipment and devices, microcircuit assembler.

SEAMSTRESS

The seamstress profession is one of the most common in light industry. At sewing enterprises, sewing products for household and technical purposes is carried out using sewing machines of various designs using the in-line method; parts are moved using a conveyor from one machine to another in a certain sequence. The seamstress, in accordance with the sewing technology and the division of labor accepted at the enterprise, performs work of various complexity and types: from preparing soft containers and sewing on factory marks to sewing sleeves into the armhole, collar, collar and other operations. Each seamstress performs several operations or even one, but must be able to perform any one.

The main thing in the work of a seamstress is speed and accuracy. She visually controls the quality of the seam, the length of the stitch, the frequency of the stitching, the parallelism of the seams; she must have a developed eye and correct color perception, since she has to distinguish not only the main colors, but also shades of the same color. Of great importance is the ability to work stably for a certain time in conditions of industrial noise. The best results are achieved by seamstresses who have perseverance, accuracy, focused attention, and a high degree of coordination of hand movements.

Should know: device of serviced machines, methods of regulating thread tension and stitch frequency; sewing properties of fabrics, knitwear, fur; assortment of sewing products, methods of their processing; technical conditions for the operations performed; sequence of processing of product parts using the flow method.

The profession has categories: in sewing production 1-5th; in fur - 1-4th; in knitwear, textile haberdashery and other textile industries - 1-3rd.

The seamstress profession is not suitable people with poor vision, impaired color vision, chronic eye diseases of an unfavorable course (for example, glaucoma), as well as people suffering from hypertension.

Related professions (specialties); embroiderer, cutter, tailor, teacher at school, school on cutting and sewing courses.

PAINTER

Plasterer-painter works in construction organizations. His role in construction is very great, because he carries out finishing work and the beauty of the building, its appearance, the coziness and comfort of the interior depends on their quality. The volume of work operations performed by a plasterer-painter is very large. He plasters the surfaces of structures and parts of buildings and structures - walls, ceilings, pilasters, columns, beams, facades, domes, arches of various shapes. Prepares the surface for plaster (levels, cuts the surface with a power tool, nails shingles). Prepares solutions for various types of plaster, marks the surface for plastering, applies plaster using a mechanized tool or manually, and finishes the surface after plastering. Paints parts, as well as surfaces made of metal and other materials (after cleaning, repairing cracks) using mechanized spatulas, painting units and other tools and devices. Finishes surfaces with varnishing, polishing, artistic painting, as well as wood, marble and stone. Restores artistic inscriptions, paintings and drawings.

The work of a plasterer-painter involves performing a large number of frequently repeated movements and requires quite significant static and dynamic strain on the hands; this load is especially high when plastering walls and ceilings. In order to be able to select shades that are in harmony with each other and would correspond to the purpose of the surfaces being painted, the master must have correct color perception, artistic taste and a good memory for color shades. Accuracy is especially important for the painter, since his work completes the work of the entire team of builders.

Must know: types and properties of materials and solutions used for plastering work; physical and chemical properties of coloring materials; techniques for marking and laying out the external and internal surfaces of buildings; technology and methods of decorative, artistic plastering and making special-purpose plasters; methods for performing paint and varnish coatings on parts and surfaces made of various materials, drying modes; rules for setting up serviced equipment; recipes for making paints, varnishes, putties; requirements for the quality of work performed.

The profession has grades 1-6.

Profession plasterer-painter requires Good health and endurance when choosing this profession are contraindicated: diseases of the joints and spine (severe polyarthritis, osteochondrosis), vascular diseases (severe endarteritis, varicose veins of the lower extremities, thrombophlebitis), bronchial asthma and other chronic lung diseases, some types of skin diseases.

Related professions (specialties); mason, metal painter, industrial training master, graphic designer.

An ecologist organizes the protection of the life and health of people, flora and fauna from the consequences of the irrational and uncontrolled use of scientific and technological achievements. It ensures the maintenance of a balance between environmental protection measures and the needs of the scientific, technical and economic development of the country, and for these purposes focuses attention on compliance with and improvement of technological regimes, production culture, rules for transporting hazardous substances, and methods of self-defense of citizens.

Through observations, surveys, instruments and other methods, an ecologist analyzes the state of water, land, air, plants, animals, as well as the influence of the natural environment and food on the health and well-being of people, their genetic apparatus. Identifies and classifies current and potential sources of environmental hazard, determines its origin, nature, degree, scale, real and predicted consequences. Taking into account current and future environmental standards and regulations, it develops a set of environmental protection measures, achieves their implementation, and monitors the results in accordance with legislative acts.

Consults employers on the prevention of environmental risks and reducing the costs of penalties. Coordinates its actions with sanitary and hygienic supervision authorities, the Committee on Chemical and Biological Weapons, and federal supervisory authorities for nuclear and radiation safety. Through the media, explains and promotes the goals and importance of environmental activities.

The work of an ecologist is complex and intense; work with documents is combined with traveling and organizing practical events. To him necessary stable social and moral motivation, observation, emotional and volitional stability, integrity, high physical endurance.

This activity contraindicated people suffering from diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, mental illnesses.

Professional training requirements: good training in archaeology, biology, medicine, sociology, history, literature, general orientation in issues of engineering and technology, labor economics, market relations, and law are required. Practical experience in one or more of these areas is desirable. Related professions (specialties): work in sanitary and hygienic, meteorological institutions, scientific and educational institutions.

Unified Tariff and Qualification Directory of Works and Professions of Workers (UTKS), 2019
Part No. 2 of Issue No. 2 of ETKS
The issue was approved by Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated November 15, 1999 N 45
(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated November 13, 2008 N 645)

General machine operator

§ 98. Wide-profile machine operator 2nd category

Characteristics of work. Processing of parts on drilling, turning and milling machines of 12 - 14 quality, on grinding machines using coolant of 11 quality, using cutting tools and universal devices and following the processing sequence and cutting modes in accordance with the technological map or the instructions of the foreman. Drilling, reaming, countersinking of through and smooth holes in parts located in the same plane, using jigs, templates, stops and markings on drilling machines. Cutting threads with a diameter of over 2 mm and up to 24 mm per pass and point-blank on drilling machines. Cutting external and internal triangular threads with a tap or die on lathes. Milling flat surfaces, grooves, tenon slots, cylindrical surfaces with cutters. Installation and alignment of parts on the machine table and in fixtures.

Must know: operating principle of similar drilling, turning, milling and grinding machines; purpose and conditions of use of the most common devices, control and measuring instruments, special cutting tools; marking and basic mechanical properties of processed materials; rules for sharpening and installing cutters and drills; types of cutters, cutters and their main angles; types of grinding wheels and segments; methods of dressing grinding wheels and conditions for their use; purpose and properties of coolants and oils; system of admissions and landings; qualities and roughness parameters.

Work examples

1. Fastening autonormals - centerless grinding.

2. Cylinders and fittings - turning.

3. Bolts, nuts, plugs, fittings, taps - milling of turnkey edges.

4. Shafts up to 1500 mm long - peeling.

5. Inserts - drilling holes for lubrication.

6. Drivers and dies - turning.

7. Bushings for jigs - turning with allowance for grinding.

8. Normal nuts - countersinking of holes.

9. Small-sized parts of metal structures - milling.

10. External and internal socket wrenches - turning.

11. Rings assembled with the shaft - drilling holes for cotter pins.

12. Hand and machine taps - milling of chip flutes.

13. Axes, mandrels - centerless grinding.

14. Hinges - milling hinges.

15. Plugs, studs - turning.

16. Gaskets - milling of ends and bevels.

17. Bearing rollers of all types and sizes - preliminary grinding of the ends.

18. Side sliders of rolling stock bogies - milling.

19. Crankshaft hubs - pulling the keyway.

20. Installation angles - grinding.

21. Mills and drills with a conical tail - milling blades.

22. Air brake hoses and sleeves - peeling of the top layer of rubber.

23. Cylindrical pins - centerless grinding.

§ 99. Wide-profile machine operator of the 3rd category

Characteristics of work. Processing of parts on drilling, turning, milling, copying and keying machines of 8 - 11 quality and on grinding machines using coolant of 8 - 10 quality. Cutting threads with a diameter of up to 2 mm and over 24 to 42 mm per pass and point-blank on drilling machines. Cutting external and internal single-start triangular, rectangular and trapezoidal threads with a cutter and multi-cut heads. Milling of rectangular and radius external and internal surfaces, shoulders, grooves, grooves, single threads, spirals, gear teeth and racks. Installation of complex parts on squares, prisms, jacks, gaskets, vices of various designs, on round rotary tables, universal dividing heads with alignment using an indicator. Adjustment of drilling, turning, milling and grinding machines. Control of lifting and transport equipment from the floor. Slinging and lashing of loads for lifting, moving, installation and storage.

Must know: device, rules for adjustment and accuracy testing of drilling, turning, milling, copy-key-milling and grinding machines of various types; device and rules for using universal and special devices; geometry, rules for sharpening and installing special cutting tools; elements and types of threads; characteristics of grinding wheels and segments; the influence of temperature on the dimensions of parts; shape and arrangement of surfaces; system of tolerances and landings, qualities and roughness parameters; basic properties of processed materials.

Work examples

1. Brake shoes, beams, traction motor suspensions, axle boxes - milling.

2. Shafts longer than 1500 mm - roughing.

3. Shafts, axles - drilling oblique lubrication holes.

4. Inserts - external round grinding on a mandrel.

5. Adapter bushings with Morse taper - turning.

6. Sprockets, gear racks - milling for grinding.

7. Countersinks and cutters with inserted cutting elements - turning.

8. Cone countersinks - grinding the cone and cutting part.

9. Flat gauges - milling of the working measuring part.

10. Piston rings - cutting, milling of the lock.

11. Filter housings - drilling holes in the flanges.

12. Knives for guillotine shears - grinding flat surfaces.

13. Drill chucks - turning.

14. Punches and dies - turning and grinding of plane and contour.

15. Cylindrical and conical reamers - grinding the tail section.

16. Cutters - milling the surfaces of the front and rear faces.

17. Curly handles - turning.

18. Rods - turning with thread cutting.

19. Turning centers - turning for grinding.

20. Spherical and angular cutters - milling.

21. Engine connecting rods - milling oil slots.

22. Gears - drilling and reaming holes.

23. Stamps - drilling holes for guide columns.

§ 100. Wide-profile machine operator of the 4th category

Characteristics of work. Processing of parts on turning and milling machines of 7-10 grades, on drilling machines of 6-9 grades and on grinding machines using coolant of 7-8 grades, using various cutting tools and universal devices. Cutting threads with a diameter of over 42 mm on drilling machines; cutting double-start external and internal threads, triangular, rectangular, semicircular profile threads, thrust and trapezoidal threads on lathes. Milling of open and semi-open surfaces of various configurations and interfaces, threads, spirals, teeth, gears and racks. Grinding and cutting corrugations on the surface of the roll barrel on grinding and corrugation machines. Installation of large parts with complex configurations that require combined fastening and precise alignment in various planes. Setting up serviced machines.

Must know: device, kinematic diagrams, rules for checking the accuracy and setting up of serviced machines; design features and rules for using universal and special devices; arrangement of control and measuring instruments and instruments; geometry, rules of heat treatment, sharpening, finishing, installation; marking and basic properties of materials of special cutting tools; types of abrasive tools; electrical requirements; rules for testing grinding wheels for strength; qualities and roughness parameters.

Work examples

1. Rear headstocks - final boring of holes.

2. Spring balancers - milling.

3. Cylinders - turning.

4. Rolling - grinding the cone and neck.

5. Steam turbine shafts - pre-treatment.

6. Cold rolling rolls - milling cone-shaped splines according to a template.

7. Multi-start worm gears - milling.

8. Lead screws - turning with cut threads.

9. Machine parts - keyway milling.

10. Discs for universal chucks of metalworking machines - turning with spiral cutting.

11. Carriages, beds, bridges, machine supports - preliminary grinding.

12. Headstock housings of machine tools and gearboxes - drilling, countersinking and reaming of holes.

13. Steam and gas turbine blades - final milling of mushroom tails, T-shaped and toothed profiles.

14. Power couplings for powerful diesel engines - cutting intersecting grooves.

15. Plastic fairings and propeller brackets - milling.

16. Mandrels of pipe rolling mills - grinding.

17. Test prisms - grinding.

18. Round broaches - turning.

19. Rotors and armatures of electric motors - turning.

20. Aprons of lathes and other machines - drilling and reaming holes.

21. Necks and barrels of rolls of all mills - peeling and finishing.

§ 101. Wide-profile machine operator of the 5th category

Characteristics of work. Processing of parts on turning and milling machines of 6 - 7 quality, on drilling machines of 6 quality and on grinding machines using coolant of 6 quality using various devices and precise alignment in several planes. Drilling, reaming, boring holes in parts made of alloy steels, special and hard alloys. Cutting all kinds of threads and spirals on universal and optical dividing heads with performing all the necessary calculations. Milling of complex large-sized parts and assemblies using unique equipment. Grinding and finishing of external and internal shaped surfaces and cylindrical surfaces adjacent to curved ones in places that are difficult to reach for processing and measuring. Grinding of electrocorundum.

Must know: design features and rules for checking the accuracy of serviced machines of various designs, universal and special devices; methods of installation and alignment of parts; geometry, rules of sharpening, finishing of all types of cutting tools; design features and rules for using various universal and special devices; arrangement of control and measuring instruments and instruments; fundamentals of the theory of metal cutting within the scope of the work performed; basic principles of calibration of complex profiles; rules for determining the most advantageous grinding mode depending on the material, product shape and brand of grinding machines.

Work examples

1. Shafts of high-power steam and water turbines - grinding and finishing.

2. Diesel camshafts with a length of over 1000 to 6000 mm - final processing.

3. Screws and nuts with multi-start trapezoidal threads - turning and threading.

4. Water and steam injectors - turning.

5. Carriages of lathes - final milling along the profile.

6. Clutch housing - milling planes, drilling and boring holes.

7. Backstage of forging and pressing equipment - turning.

8. Cylindrical and conical limbs - milling.

9. Multi-jaw couplings with spiral jaws - milling of depressions and bevels.

10. Steam turbine pipes - drilling and reaming the holes of the two halves assemblies.

11. Sliders - milling planes and dovetails.

12. Multi-place molds - grinding.

13. One-piece steam turbine rotors - pre-treatment.

14. Rotors of turbogenerators with a power of up to 30,000 kW - milling grooves for windings on rotary milling machines.

15. Sectors of compound dies - contour milling.

16. Beds of various complex machines of large dimensions - drilling, countersinking, reaming holes.

17. Stators of turbogenerators with hydrogen and forced cooling with a power of up to 30,000 kW - milling of grooves, boring of holes and grinding of journals.

18. Spline worm cutters with a curved profile - profile grinding of teeth.

19. Compressor cylinders - turning.

20. Steam turbine cylinders - drilling and reaming holes for horizontal and vertical connectors.

21. Multi-start worms - final thread cutting.

22. Connecting rods - turning.

23. Eccentrics with complex pattern curves - milling along the contour according to the markings.

24. Standards for the tail of steam turbine blades - grinding of the tail and slopes.

§ 102. Wide-profile machine operator of the 6th category

Characteristics of work. Processing of parts on lathes and milling machines of complex, experimental and expensive parts and tools at 6 - 7 qualifications and on grinding machines using coolant at 1 - 5 qualifications. Cutting multi-start threads of complex profiles of any module and pitch. Milling of complex large-sized parts, assemblies, thin-walled long parts subject to warping and deformation, using unique milling machines. Grinding and finishing of external and internal mating surfaces of complex configuration with places difficult to reach for processing and measurements, requiring several rearrangements and precise alignment using optical instruments.

Must know: design and rules for checking the accuracy of serviced machines; methods of installation, fastening and alignment of complex parts and tools and methods for determining the processing sequence; device, geometry and rules of heat treatment, sharpening and finishing of all types of cutting tools; rules for determining the most advantageous cutting modes using reference books and the machine passport; basic principles of calibration of complex profiles; rules and methods for dressing grinding wheels for processing complex profiles; ways to achieve established quality and roughness parameters.

Work examples

1. Sizing mill rolls - full turning.

2. Rolls of universal stands for rolling lightweight profiles - full turning.

3. Diesel camshafts longer than 6000 mm - final processing.

4. Accelerating shafts - cutting eight-start threads with increasing pitch.

5. Shafts of high and low pressure steam turbines - finishing for grinding and threading or turning cones on couplings.

6. Measuring gear wheels for gears - tooth profile grinding.

7. Copiers of complex configuration, copy drums - contour milling.

8. Housings, frames, bases of highly sensitive navigation devices - milling.

9. Matrices, inserts and punches of complex configuration with recessed radii and multi-cavity - milling.

10. Knurling for profile grinding - profile grinding.

11. Involute, sharp-spline and direct-flow spline broaches - profile grinding.

12. Shaped cutters with a profile of complex configuration - manufacturing.

13. Rotors of turbogenerators with a power of 30,000 kW and above - milling grooves for windings on rotary milling machines.

14. Stators of turbogenerators with hydrogen and forced cooling with a power of 30,000 kW and above - milling grooves, boring holes and grinding journals.

15. Multi-start worms - grinding.