The grandiose Flavian amphitheater, better known as, has become a real symbol of the Eternal City.
Bocca della Verità, which means "Mouth of Truth" in Italian, has gained popularity among visitors to the city thanks to the famous film "Roman Holiday" starring the beautiful Audrey Hepburn. Few people know what the legendary landmark actually is.
Castel Sant Angelo - Castel Sant'Angelo, Mausoleum of Hadrian
The Mausoleum of Hadrian, as one of the main attractions of Rome is actually called, was built in the first half of the 2nd century as the family tomb of Emperor Hadrian, where he was buried along with his wife Vibia Sabina. In addition to Adrian, other rulers of the Roman Empire were buried in the mausoleum - Antoninus Pius, Commodus, Marcus Aurelius, Septimius Severus, Geta, Caracalla, as well as representatives of their families.
At the beginning of the 5th century, the Mausoleum of Hadrian was converted into a fortification, having lost its original purpose, and in the Middle Ages it was used as a prison.
Domus Aurea - Golden House of Nero, the palace of the Roman emperor
One of the largest underground structures of Ancient Rome!
Domus Aurea, or Nero's Golden House, is the largest palace and park complex built in the 1st century as the city residence of Emperor Nero. Its size was so colossal that it affected the territory of several hills at once: Palatine, Esquiline, Celia and Quirinal, as well as the lowland between them. The imperial palace itself was richly decorated with marble, precious stones and, of course, gold. According to Suetonius, an ancient Roman writer and historian who lived at the turn of the 1st and 2nd centuries, the length of the portico of the entrance group of the palace was about one and a half kilometers, and the entrance hall was so huge that it could accommodate a statue of the emperor 36 meters high! Incredibly, today residents and guests of the city have an amazing opportunity to visit some of the halls of Domus Aurea and see its colossal dimensions with their own eyes.
EUR - modern Rome and the square Colosseum
A relatively new area of Rome, built under Benito Mussolini in the second quarter of the 20th century. The Duce's idea was the revival of the Roman Empire, and the construction of a new quarter was one of the stages of its implementation.
The most interesting building of EUR is the Palace of Italian Civilization, called the "Square Colosseum" because of its similarity with the main attraction of Rome. The attitude towards EUR among the Romans is ambiguous: young people fell in love with it, but representatives of the older generation did not like it. In this zone there are numerous office buildings, skyscrapers lined with modern materials, clubs and discos, which does not fit into the general panorama of the city with a long history, but this makes it special. EUR undoubtedly deserves attention!
Fori Imperiali - forums in ancient Rome
The grandiose archaeological zone, from which it is impossible to take your eyes off, is located right next to the Colosseum.
Fori Imperiali, or Imperial Forums, have become a favorite place for tourists to walk. And this is not surprising! After all, it is here that the centuries-old spirit of the Eternal City lives, it is here that you can feel the history of Rome and enjoy it to the fullest!
The Imperial Forums in ancient times were the place where the life of the ancient Romans was in full swing. Here, the inhabitants of the city could not only communicate and learn last news, but also to purchase the necessary household goods, food, play dice, drink a couple of glasses of wine in a tavern or have fun with courtesans. In addition, religious buildings dedicated to the pagan sides were also located in the Imperial Forums.
Garbatella - colorful area of Rome, Garbatella
One of the districts of Rome, distinguished by its "shabby" and peasant flavor, most often remains away from the eyes of tourists, but in vain!
It is here that the spirit of that simplicity of Rome lives, which is difficult to feel in other areas of the Eternal City. Shabby facades of buildings, old taverns, linen hanging everywhere make Garbatella special and “tasty” in Italian!
Despite the total dominance of Arabic numerals and the decimal counting system in our time, the use of Roman numerals can also be found quite often. They are used in historical and military disciplines, music, mathematics and other areas where established traditions and design requirements inspire the use of the Roman number system, mainly from 1 to 20. Therefore, for many users it may be necessary to dial a number in Roman expression, which can cause some difficulties for some people. In this article, I will try to help such users and tell you how to dial Roman numerals from 1 to 20, as well as describe the features of typing these numbers in the MS Word text editor.
As you know, the Roman numerical system originates in ancient Rome, continuing to be actively used throughout the Middle Ages. Since about the 14th century, Roman numbers have been gradually replaced by more convenient ones. Arabic numerals, the use of which has become prevalent today. At the same time, Roman numerals are still actively used in some areas, quite successfully resisting their translation into Arabic counterparts.
Numbers in the Roman system are represented by a combination of 7 capital letters of the Latin alphabet. These are the following letters:
- The letter "I" - corresponds to the number 1;
- The letter "V" - corresponds to the number 5;
- The letter "X" - corresponds to the number 10;
- The letter "L" - corresponds to the number 50;
- The letter "C" - corresponds to the number 100;
- The letter "D" - corresponds to the number 500;
- The letter "M" corresponds to the number 1000.
With the help of the above seven Latin letters, almost all numbers in the Roman numerical system are written. The characters themselves are written from left to right, usually from the largest digit to the smallest.
There are also two main principles:
How to write Roman numerals on a keyboard
Accordingly, to write Roman numerals on the keyboard, it will be enough to use the characters of the Latin alphabet located on a standard computer keyboard. Roman numerals from 1 to 20 look like this:
Arabic Roman
How to put roman numerals in word
You can write Roman numerals in from one to twenty and not only in two main ways:
- Using the standard English keyboard layout, where Latin characters are represented. Switch to this layout, click on "Caps Lock" on the left to activate the capital letters mode. Then we type the number we need in letters;
- Using formula set. We place the cursor in the place where you want to mark the Roman numeral, and press the key combination Ctrl + F9. Two characteristic brackets will appear, highlighted in gray.
Between these brackets enter a combination of characters:
X\* Roman
Where instead of "X" should be the number we require, which must be presented in Roman form (let it be 55). That is, now this combination with the number 55 we have chosen should look like this:
Then we press F9, and we get the required number in Roman numerals (in this case, this is LV).
Conclusion
Roman numerals from 1 to 20 can be written using just seven keys on your PC's English keyboard layout. At the same time, in the MS Word text editor it is also possible to use the formulaic set of Roman numerals, although, as for me, the traditional, alphabetic method that is used everywhere is quite enough.
In contact with
The Roman numbering system using letters was common in ancient Rome and Europe for two thousand years. Only in the late Middle Ages it was replaced by a more convenient decimal system for calculations, borrowed from the Arabs (1,2,3,4,5 ...).
But, until now, Roman numerals indicate the dates on the monuments, the time on the clock and (in the Anglo-American typographic tradition) the pages of book prefaces, clothing sizes, chapters of monographs and textbooks. In addition, in Russian, it is customary to designate ordinal numbers with Roman numerals. The system of Roman numerals is currently used to designate centuries (XV century, etc.), years AD. e. (MCMLXXVII etc.) and months when indicating dates (for example, 1. V.1975), in historical monuments of law as article numbers (Carolina and others)
To designate numbers, 7 letters of the Latin alphabet were used (the first letter of the words is five, ten, fifty, one hundred, five hundred, one thousand):
I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000
C (100) is the first letter of the Latin word centum (one hundred)
and M - (1000) - on the first letter of the word mille (thousand).
As for the sign D (500), it was half of the sign Ф (1000)
The V sign (5) is the upper half of the X sign (10)
Intermediate numbers were formed by adding a few letters to the right or left. Thousands and hundreds are written first, then tens and ones. Thus, the number 24 is written as XXIV
Natural numbers are written by repeating these digits.
At the same time, if a large number is in front of a smaller one, then they are added (the principle of addition), if the smaller one is in front of the larger one, then the smaller one is subtracted from the larger one (the principle of subtraction).
In other words, if the sign denoting a smaller number is to the right of the sign denoting a larger number, then the smaller is added to the larger; if on the left, then subtract: VI - 6, i.e. 5+1 IV - 4, i.e. 5-1 LX - 60, i.e. 50+10 XL - 40, i.e. 50-10 CX - 110, i.e. 100 + 10 XC - 90, i.e. 100-10 MDCCCXII - 1812, i.e. 1000+500+100+100+100+10+1+1
The last rule applies only to avoid the fourfold repetition of the same figure. To avoid a 4-fold repetition, the number 3999 is written as MMMIM.
There may be different meanings for the same number. So, the number 80 can be represented as LXXX (50+10+10+10) and as XXC(100-20).
For example, I, X, C are placed respectively before X, C, M to denote 9, 90, 900 or before V, L, D to denote 4, 40, 400.
For example, VI = 5+1 = 6, IV = 5 - 1 = 4 (instead of IIII).
XIX \u003d 10 + 10 - 1 \u003d 19 (instead of XVIIII),
XL = 50 - 10 = 40 (instead of XXXX),
XXXIII = 10 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 33 etc.
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Note:
Basic Roman numerals: I (1) - unus (unus) II (2) - duo (duo) III (3) - tres (tres) IV (4) - quattuor (quattuor) V (5) - quinque (quinque) VI (6) - sex (sex) VII (7) - septem (septem) VIII (8) - octo (octo) IX (9) - novem (novem) X (10) - decem (decem), etc. XX (20) - viginti (viginti) XXI (21) - unus et viginti or viginti unus XXII (22) - duo et viginti or viginti duo, etc. XXVIII (28) - duodetriginta (duodetriginta) XXIX (29) - undetriginta (undetriginta) XXX (30) - triginta (triginta) XL (40) - quadraginta (quadraginta) L (50) - quinquaginta (quinquaginta) LX (60) - sexaginta (sexaginta) LXX (70) - septuaginta (septuaginta) LXXX (80) - octoginta (octoginta) XC (90) - nonaginta (nonaginta) C (100) - centum (centum) CC (200) - ducenti (ducenti) CCC (300) - trecenti (trecenti) CD (400) - quadrigenti (quadrigenti) D (500) - quingenti (quingenti) DC (600) - sexcenti (seccenti) DCC (700) - septigenti (septigenti) DCCC (800) - octingenti (octigenti) CM (DCCCC) (900) - nongenti (nongenti) M (1000) - mille (mille) MM (2000) - duo milia (duo milia) V (5000) - quinque milia (quinque milia) X (10000) - decem milia (decem milia) XX (20000) - viginti milia (viginti milia) C (1000000) - centum milia (centum milia) XI (1000000) - decies centena milia (decies centena milia) "
