Management of entrepreneurship in the social sphere. Social entrepreneurship: activities and development

Topics related to social entrepreneurship are becoming more and more popular every day. However, it is very difficult to give an unambiguous definition of this concept. What is corresponding to this direction, which categories are relevant in the first place? Why? These and other issues of no less concern to society are discussed in this article.

The concept of social entrepreneurship

What social entrepreneurship? Activities, which characterize it, are determined in a very interesting way. So, social entrepreneurship should be understood as entrepreneurial activity, primarily aimed at mitigating or resolving social problems.

It is important to note that social entrepreneurs form a business model with unique characteristics. Its profit consists in increasing the social good. It needs to be added that social entrepreneurship, activities, corresponding to it, differ from business with a corporate social responsibility type (CSR). The fact is that in the second case, only part of the profit, and not its entire amount, is directed to solving problems of a social nature.

Related definitions

Development of social entrepreneurship closely related to the following definitions:

• Social impact is nothing more than a targeted focus on mitigating or solving urgent social problems; sustainable social outcomes of a positive nature that can be measured.
• Innovation is the use of new techniques that increase the degree of social impact on society.
• Financial stability and self-sufficiency is nothing more than the ability of a socially oriented structure to solve social problems for as long as there is a need for this, and at the expense of the income that comes from its own economic activity.
• Replicability and scalability - some increase in the scale of economic activity of the social structure (both nationally and internationally) and dissemination of the model (experience) in order to increase the degree of social impact.
• Entrepreneurial approach - the ability of an entrepreneur entering into market failures, accumulating resources, finding opportunities, forming new solutions that can positively influence both individual social groups and society as a whole on a long-term basis.

Social Entrepreneurship: Governance and Models

Through the analysis of currently relevant activities, the following models of social entrepreneurship can be distinguished:

• Charity sales. Usually this includes shops of services or commercial products. As a rule, their proceeds are transferred directly to a charitable foundation. Vivid examples of such structures are the following stores: "BlagoBoutique", "Thank you", the art gallery "White Horse" and so on.
• Solving the issue of employment of mothers with children under three years of age, disabled people, as well as individuals who are in a difficult life situation. For example, in the store "Naive? Highly!" the formation of souvenirs is carried out by people with mental disorders, and the restaurant "In the dark" employs only blind people.

Additional destinations

As it turned out, characterizing social entrepreneurship activities do not have clear boundaries. Therefore, in the literature, as a rule, only approximate models (directions) of the corresponding activity are given. The options presented in the previous chapter are by far the most common. However, the following points are inferior to them to a minimum extent:

• Social entrepreneurship organizations to create services that are not fully provided by the state. A striking example of this situation is the Vasilek kindergarten, located in Moscow.
• Provision of services of a unique focus, for example, the taxi service "Invataxi" implements a transport service exclusively for the disabled.
• Socially oriented entrepreneurship aimed at the development of the territory and local society. For example, the Kolomenskaya Pastila Museum, which displays exhibits of a lost taste, and the formation of an urban brand around pastila, as well as the LavkaLavka environmentally friendly product delivery project, implemented to support rural producers living in the Moscow region.

Small business entities

socially oriented the projects presented in the previous chapters are organized through the efforts of social entrepreneurs. So, the following structures and citizens can act as the latter:

• Commercial organizations.
• Organizations of a non-profit type.
• Individual entrepreneurs.

Signs of social entrepreneurship

Subjects of social entrepreneurship are engaged in organizing and promoting activities that correspond to the following features:

• Social impact. In other words, the activities of the structure, one way or another, are aimed at mitigating the actual problems of a social nature.
• Social entrepreneurship (examples presented above) is determined by such a feature as innovativeness. Thus, in the course of its own activities, the company must use new unique methods of work.
• A sign of financial stability. In other words, the enterprise is obliged to solve social problems at the expense of the income that it receives from its own economic activity.
• And finally, it is scalable. That is, the structure, one way or another, has the ability to transfer previously acquired skills to other enterprises, markets, and even other countries.

What follows from this?

Having fully analyzed the features presented in the previous chapter, it can be judged that, due to such an interesting entrepreneurial approach, the category considered in the article differs significantly from the usual traditional charity. Why? The fact is that in addition to the social effect, the activities of social companies are aimed at making a profit, which is very important for business structures today.

Development in different countries

To date, social entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation has not become as widespread as in other countries. The strategic director of the Russian Social Innovation Laboratory Clouswatcher expressed his point of view on this matter. He explained that social entrepreneurship is a newly formed economic sector, so many points in this case are debatable.

Thus, social entrepreneurship is usually classified as either a non-profit or a commercial field of activity. The specialists of the Laboratory of Social Innovations believe that the direction considered in the article exists and develops in accordance with its own laws. This means that a social entrepreneur can be considered absolutely any entrepreneur who has official obligations to regularly carry out a certain set of actions of a social nature to solve socially significant problems.

History pages

In the 1980s, the concept discussed in the article became popular in society thanks to the activities of Bill Drayton, who founded the Ashoka company. However, the direction appeared in reality long before this moment. Thus, in the Russian Federation, social entrepreneurship appeared at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

A striking example of such entrepreneurship is the House of Diligence, which was founded by Father John of Kronstadt. Subsequently, such structures began to rapidly gain popularity in society. In accordance with their meaning, they realized the function of labor exchanges, where every needy person had the opportunity to find a job.

However, social entrepreneurship only gained real popularity at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It is no coincidence that the world Nobel Prize was awarded for the first time in 2006 for the direction under consideration. It is important to add what the founder of the Grameen Bank organization, which has a microfinance character, Muhammad Yunus, received.

Expert point of view

According to experts, the category of social entrepreneurship significantly increases economic efficiency indicators. Why? The fact is that it puts into circulation those resources that were not previously used in such quantities. Moreover, the above provision applies not only to unused material (for example, industrial waste), but also to those that exclude the use of human resources. So, the latter include socially prohibited groups, which include the poor, ethnic diasporas, and so on.

Thus, Coimbatore Prahalad formulated a very interesting approach to social entrepreneurship in his own works. In accordance with this provision, one can notice the following: if you do not consider the poor as a burden or a victim, but see them as consumers and entrepreneurs, then mechanically a large number of opportunities open up not only for the poor, but also for business.

Conclusion

In accordance with the foregoing, it can be concluded that by working for the disadvantaged or poor, a business has the opportunity not only to be profitable, but also to significantly expand the market, as well as attract a large number of new consumers. In order for this state of affairs to become possible, large-scale companies need to work closely with state organizations of local authorities and civil society.

It is important to note that foreign experience related to the support of social entrepreneurship is very broad in scope. Separately, it is worth noting the activities of organizations in South Korea. Why? The fact is that it is there that the promotion of socially oriented business today is a priority task of national importance. Thus, all social entrepreneurs in South Korea are required to undergo certification. This gives them a significant advantage in terms of competition with conventional business entrepreneurs.

In our country, this type of activity has not yet become widespread, but society is developing, so this business will soon become very popular.

Entrepreneurship is a complex structured phenomenon that has become the object of close attention of researchers in various fields of modern science. However, there is still no unambiguous definition of the concept of "entrepreneurship", an integral scientific approach that allows a comprehensive study of this phenomenon. This involves the development of new theoretical directions for the study of entrepreneurship.

For example, Ignatova I.V. (4) applies a modular approach to entrepreneurship research. It allows you to take into account and group all more or less homogeneous elements and processes within the framework of entrepreneurship. There are three modules:

institutional;

Economic;

Psychological;

This division is due to the specifics of entrepreneurship as a type of activity that includes three components:

1. First, a necessary sign of entrepreneurship is economic freedom and administrative independence of decision-making, which are guaranteed by legislative acts of various levels.

2. Secondly, entrepreneurial activity is focused on achieving commercial success, making a profit, which is associated with the market structure of the economy, during which the continuous renewal of social needs is ensured.

3. Thirdly, in the process of entrepreneurial activity, a person realizes himself, develops entrepreneurial thinking.

The absence of a social module is due to the fact that society is the basis of any activity, in relation to which it acts as a condition, resource and environment that evaluates the results of activity. Society is understood as a complex, voluminous, multi-level, open organic system based on the collective activity of people. No activity can be carried out outside the society. Entrepreneurial activity is no exception, it is implemented by people and for people, while society plays a dual role. On the one hand, it is a resource of entrepreneurship - these are people who have the potential or are actually engaged in entrepreneurial activity, and unsatisfied social needs. On the other hand, the results of entrepreneurial activity have an impact on society through the discovery and implementation of existing and the formation of new social needs. So, the society permeates, determines and evaluates the success of entrepreneurial activity, plays a connecting role between the entrepreneur and society, ensuring the unification of economic interest, efficient use of resources and creative self-realization in the process of implementing unique ideas in a certain way.

Thus, entrepreneurship is social, it originates in a society that reflects the current social situation, in the form of human resources, forms of social relations, culture, etc. Then he uses them, acting as a "black box", where the factors used in the process of entrepreneurship are transformed, at the output of which new social elements, trends, norms, etc. appear. Therefore, entrepreneurship is the transformer of society. Let us consider in more detail each of the stages of the process of transforming society through entrepreneurship.

First stage reflects the impact of society on entrepreneurship. We single out the following social factors:

Sex and age structure of the population;

The level of general and special entrepreneurial education;

Opportunity to increase personal income;

Society's attitude to entrepreneurship;

Developed business services infrastructure specializing in entrepreneurship.

Sex and age structure of the population. It is from the demographic situation that the changes in the needs for goods and services depend, as well as the reaction of the population to these changes and its ability to offer ways to meet new demands. Studies show that countries with zero expected population growth in the coming decades (until 2025) have a total entrepreneurial activity index of 2.2% or lower, and countries with an expected population growth of 20% have the highest level of entrepreneurial index. Russia is one of the countries with zero (minus) expected population growth, therefore, it is reckless to expect active entrepreneurial activity in the coming years (until 2025).

The most promising for business is the population aged 25 to 44 years. Countries with the highest development of entrepreneurship have more than a quarter of the population in this age range, countries with a low entrepreneurship index - 22%. It is also believed that women constitute a powerful, as yet underutilized resource for entrepreneurship development. However, in general, women in the field of entrepreneurship face many specific barriers, such as weaker technical education, difficulties in building a business infrastructure, the need to divide their time between family and entrepreneurship, etc.

The level of general and special entrepreneurial education. In this area, the United States has a significant competitive advantage, since more than 80% of the population at the appropriate age receive a special secondary and higher education and are second only to Canada (90%) in this indicator. According to statistics, entrepreneurs have a higher level of education than the national average. Researchers note an interesting phenomenon - among entrepreneurs in the United States, there are more people with incomplete higher education (about one third). At the same time, the best American colleges and universities in the 1990s. began to offer special courses on entrepreneurship. By 2000 their number had reached 125. In recent years, the introduction of educational programs designed to increase the level of knowledge in the field of entrepreneurship has begun in Russia. It should be noted that traditionally Russian entrepreneurs show a very high level of education (the level of activity of respondents with higher education exceeds the average for the sample by 2 times). However, along with Japanese entrepreneurs, Russian entrepreneurs show uncertainty in their knowledge and experience to start a business, respectively 13% and 18% of respondents. At the same time, in the developed countries of Western Europe and America, this figure ranges from 25 to 55% of the number of respondents. This fact explains the low number of people involved in entrepreneurial activity in Russia. It is significant that entrepreneurs from the Dominican Republic, Bolivia, and Peru demonstrate the greatest confidence in their knowledge (a level of more than 70%).

Opportunity to significantly increase personal income. A sufficiently high correlation was found between the overall entrepreneurial activity and the difference in individual incomes. For most industrialized countries, the ratio of the total income of the richest 10% of taxpayers to the total income of the poorest 10% of the population is in the range of 5–10, in Russia (according to government statistics) in 2008 it reached 17. on the one hand, they provide the necessary savings for initial investment in start-up companies, on the other hand, they are a good target for ambitious entrepreneurs who want to increase their income level.

The attitude of society towards entrepreneurship. In order to widely use entrepreneurship as a resource for socio-economic development, it is necessary, among other things, to form the ideology of entrepreneurship in society, which is one of the tasks of the state. The whole world knows the American dream of such "... a social order in which everyone can fully realize their abilities and thereby earn the respect of others." In the US, it is prestigious to be an entrepreneur, he is a hero who managed to become independent and independent. R. Reig studied the honor factors of entrepreneurship in the USA and came to the conclusion that the reason for this is the absence of contradictions between entrepreneurial and civic culture. They have been successfully synthesized, which has become a determinant of ennoblement of entrepreneurial activity. If state views on the methods of solving economic problems are compatible with entrepreneurial interests, then a qualitative and quantitative rise in entrepreneurship is ensured. As a result, an entrepreneur in the United States is a national hero and role model.

In Russia, the situation is different, the entrepreneur is outside the law, he is not a hero. Based on the research of R. Reig, it can be stated that the reason for this is the contradiction between entrepreneurial and civic cultures. Domestic scientists (for example, I.G. Akperov, V.M. Emelyanov, Zh.V. Maslikova and others) testify that Russian entrepreneurs have a particularly pronounced complex of independence and autonomy. Cross-cultural studies have determined that Russian entrepreneurs are more alienated from society and psychologically protected from social disapproval than, for example, German ones. This is due to the development of Russian entrepreneurship in an unbalanced market, without real and consistent support from the state, in a socio-cultural environment of disapproval, and demonstrates an open opposition of business to the state and an extreme manifestation of individualism. At present, the situation has changed somewhat under the influence of the development of market relations and state policy. According to research, about 70% of the Russian population believe that an entrepreneur is respected in society (in the USA - 74%, in Finland, which is the leader in this indicator - 89%). Consequently, the negative attitude towards Russian entrepreneurs on the part of compatriots softened.

Developed business service infrastructure(lawyers, accountants, consultants who specialize in entrepreneurship). New high-growth companies tend to be underfunded and unable to hire full-time, high-skilled professionals and pay high rates, so they rely on third-party services. Comparative studies of the economic and socio-political situation in the leading industrialized countries have shown that such norms and characteristics as the openness of the economy, the country's participation in the international division of labor, the degree of state intervention in the regulation of markets, the level of development of managerial culture have a greater impact on the success of large companies and much less at the level of entrepreneurial initiative.

Thus, the identified factors affect the pace of the spread of entrepreneurship, determine its characteristic features, which must be taken into account when developing measures to develop entrepreneurship in the country.

Second phase- the process of entrepreneurship, transforming the society included in it. In the process of entrepreneurial activity, a psychologically important process takes place: the implementation and development of a person's entrepreneurial abilities. The problem of abilities is one of the most important in psychology. In the context of abilities, predisposition to entrepreneurial activity, leadership qualities of an entrepreneur, his communication skills, risk appetite, etc. are considered.

Entrepreneurs form a collection of heterogeneous groups, they include directors of privatized industrial giants, managers of small firms, chairmen of the boards of large banks, chief physicians of medical institutions, scientists and others. The fundamental differences between groups of entrepreneurs are related to the scale and scope of management, its technical and organizational level, the origin of capital and the nature of reproductive ties, and the degree of responsibility. Big business tends to be more stable, more closely linked to state structures, bears the burden of political rather than economic risk, and transcends national borders. All this sharply distinguishes him from the bulk of small and medium-sized entrepreneurs.

Social aspects of the process of entrepreneurial activity are manifested:

In creating the most efficient jobs;

In providing an opportunity for employees to realize their abilities, to provide a decent life for their families;

In creating a competitive environment, therefore, helping to lower prices, improve the quality of goods and services, saturate the market with goods, and reduce shortages.

Consequently, entrepreneurial activity contributes not only to the realization of creative potential, but also to ambitions, the achievement of life goals, and as a result, an increase in the level of satisfaction of an individual. The mass nature of entrepreneurship, respectively, will improve the social climate at the level of the entire society.

Entrepreneurship in various areas of life can be the shortest path to the well-being and prosperity of a person. An increase in the material and cultural standard of living leads to an increase in cash income and savings that can be invested in a project and receive additional income. This factor contributes to the expansion of entrepreneurial activity, the accumulation of capital and an increase in the opportunities for entrepreneurship in solving large-scale problems, that is, it can develop into the ability to solve some social problems at the state level.

Like any process, entrepreneurship has negative social consequences. The desire to maximize profits, as one of the goals, may be reflected in the prices of goods and services, as well as their quality, which will lead to a decrease in the level and quality of life of the population. Therefore, every socially responsible entrepreneur is looking for a compromise between making a profit and the social consequences of their actions. In practice, this means that such an entrepreneur will not be engaged in any activity that brings even high profits (bright examples are drug and arms trafficking - socially unacceptable activities, but highly profitable).

third stage, includes the process of transforming society through entrepreneurial activity. One of the directions for the implementation of this process in practice is the social responsibility of business, which provides for the right of a person to make decisions and take actions according to his opinions and preferences, but he must be responsible for their consequences and cannot shift the blame for the negative results of his decisions and actions to others. Such an understanding of responsibility is expressed, for example, in solving environmental problems, taking care to comply with laws, even if it is possible to circumvent them. Thus, social responsibility is a contract between the entrepreneur and the society in which he operates.

Within the framework of the modular approach, the implementation of the social responsibility of business in three directions is considered in accordance with the selected modules. In the institutional module, the social responsibility of business is implemented through:

Compliance with the legislation of different levels;

Economic module - transparency of taxation, establishment of an appropriate rate of return;

Psychological module - the realization of human abilities.

Accordingly, in order to develop the sociality of entrepreneurship, the state needs to organize activities in the three indicated areas, creating conditions for enhancing the activities of entrepreneurs in solving social problems of society.

The positive effect of the socially responsible behavior of the entrepreneur is manifested in:

Creation of favorable long-term prospects for business;

Positive reaction of employees to the social activity of their enterprise, increase in labor productivity;

Increasing the attractiveness of enterprises for job seekers;

In facilitating the formation of friendly relations with the authorities and lobbying their interests;

Additional attractiveness for investors.

It should be noted that the above are voluntarily assumed responsibilities of companies. In accordance with the law, the entrepreneur is obliged to work, pay taxes and wages, and the state to deal with social problems. Here are the arguments against the participation of the enterprise in solving social problems: violation of the principle of profit maximization; the costs of social involvement are costs for the enterprise that are passed on to consumers in the form of price increases; insufficient level of accountability to the general public in the implementation of social activities; lack of ability to solve social problems.

Various levels of social responsibility are combinations of requirements and expectations from business on the part of society and the state and the benefits / disadvantages of social activity for business. The higher the level of social responsibility of companies, the more voluntarily assumed obligations.

One of the options for a compromise combination of profitability and sociality in entrepreneurial activity is the development of social entrepreneurship, which is an entrepreneurial activity aimed at mitigating or solving social problems. Social entrepreneurship, as a type of entrepreneurship, has the following features:

Willingness to take risks;

Ability to use the situation in the market;

The ability to move away from the narrow understanding of entrepreneurship as commerce and mobilize disparate resources to achieve the main goal.

The difference between them is:

In the introduction of new mechanisms for solving existing social problems;

Improving the level and quality of life of people affected by the activities of the entrepreneur.

At the same time, social entrepreneurship must be profitable, otherwise we are talking about a charitable organization.

Some foreign researchers of the personality of an entrepreneur believe that it is necessary to abandon the search for universal psychological characteristics of an entrepreneur, and those that have already been identified should be attributed to the characteristics of success in any professional activity. For example, R. Hisrich says that there is no such thing as a typical entrepreneurial profile. Entrepreneurs are not born: they develop. To this it should be added that, as in any professional activity, one can talk about the individual style of the entrepreneur's professional activity and its psychological structure. (see 7.3.). However, R. Hisrich, among the factors that significantly distinguish an entrepreneur from the rest of the population, identifies factors that serve as prerequisites for successful professional activity:

Family environment in childhood, meaning the environment of people engaged in entrepreneurial or near-entrepreneurial activities. What can contribute to its success with a young man in the future;

Education, as mentioned above;

Work experience, which adds to the success of any professional activity, and an entrepreneur is no exception;

Age (the optimal age for doing business is from 25 to 45-50 years old);

Personal values ​​(the desire for personal self-realization, material well-being, wealth, power, spiritual needs and aspirations, etc.)

Shifting the emphasis from the study of psychological traits to socio-psychological and socio-economic factors, R. Hisrich believes that the key moment in the formation of an entrepreneurial orientation of a person is social learning through the assimilation of role models of entrepreneurial behavior in childhood.

So, entrepreneurship directs social development towards social progress and contributes to the coordination of the interests of man and society, their "commensurability". It directly participates in the process of reproduction of social life.

The path to socially responsible Russian entrepreneurship does not lie through isolated cases of charity. It is necessary to create in society such a culture and morality that would help motivate business people to take care of the image of their activity, which is morally justified in the eyes of the majority of the population. Unfortunately, today in Russia there are no economic and legal incentives for activities to improve the skills of employees of enterprises, develop a system of non-state, including intra-company social protection, participation of companies in sponsorship and socially significant projects. The formation of such incentives is the task of the legislature, vocational education and the local community, which is gradually developing mechanisms for the ethical regulation of the activities of individuals and professional groups in a market economy, cultural and political pluralism.

In the complex Russian reality, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the Russian mentality and entrepreneurship development, the lack of tax incentives or benefits for socially responsible companies. Awareness of the essence of the social function of entrepreneurship, and most importantly - the real actions of the state and entrepreneurship, will create favorable conditions for harmonizing their interests, redistributing the burden of solving social problems of society.

Moscow State University named after M.V. LOMONOSOVA Faculty of Journalism Theory of mass communications Essay on the topic: "Social entrepreneurship in Russia and in the world. Practice and role in modern society." Completed by: student of preschool group 514 Alina Pachina Lecturer: associate professor, candidate of philological sciences, I. I. Zasursky MOSCOW 2014 1.1. The concept of "Social entrepreneurship" Social entrepreneurship is an activity that is aimed at solving or mitigating the social problems of society. It includes features of traditional entrepreneurship and charity. Charity refers to the social orientation of activities, and business to an entrepreneurial approach. Social entrepreneurship balances between social goals and a commercial component, where money is not a goal, but a means to achieve these social goals, allowing the entrepreneur to remain sustainable and not dependent on constant donor injections. The social problem that the social entrepreneur solves with his work is the starting point of his business. For social entrepreneurship, it is important to have a problem, because without it there will be just a business with elements of corporate social responsibility or a social project without an entrepreneurial approach. Social entrepreneurship has existed abroad for about 30 years, and in Russia for less than a decade. Despite such a young age, social entrepreneurship already today ranks alongside non-profit initiatives, philanthropy, venture philanthropy and corporate social responsibility. And, of course, it already has its own history and its own heroes, some of which have managed to achieve well-deserved global recognition. According to experts, the idea of ​​social entrepreneurship gained popularity as it “touched the nerve” and “very much suited” the modern era. But it should be noted that the process of combining the economic efficiency of business organizations with social needs has certain historical prerequisites. 1.2. The first social projects. Let's start considering social projects with the organization of the House of Diligence of St. John of Kronstadt in 1882. It was the first center in Russia that was simultaneously engaged in employment, educational work and charity. Canteens, shelters and workshops were united under one roof. People were given the opportunity to find shelter and eat at the expense of their labor. The House of Diligence began with a hemp picking and capping workshop for men. It was work that did not require preparation, but could immediately provide earnings - small, but sufficient so as not to starve to death. The next important step in the development of social entrepreneurship is the creation of the non-profit organization "Ashoka: Innovators for Society" by William Drayton in 1980. Currently, this organization continues to function in more than 70 countries around the world, supporting over 3,000 fellows in the field of SP. At the time of its foundation, the starting capital of Ashoka was 50,000 US dollars, by 2006 this amount reached 30 million dollars; the organization currently has 25 regional centers located around the world. The meaning of the work of the Ashoka Foundation is to support social entrepreneurs by providing them with financial and consulting assistance, creating thematic communities and contributing to the creation of the infrastructure necessary for the development of the social sector and the dissemination of innovations. According to Bill Drayton, the main quality of a social entrepreneur is the desire to change the system as a whole: “That's what makes these people happy and keeps them engaged in the problem for as long as necessary. They are ready to measure their vision with reality, listen to the environment and constantly change the idea until it works, because if you are focused on structural changes, the idea goes through many stages ... This is a constant creative process, and it is the combination of two traits - creativity and entrepreneurial qualities – is the rarest” In 1983, Muhammad Yunus came up with an innovative idea, he proposed the Grameen Bank project, the essence of which was microcredit. The first loans Muhammad Yunus issued from his own money, then the money was issued by the Bank of Bangladesh under the guarantee of Yunus through a research project of the university where he worked. The project was created specifically to study the method developed by Yunus for lending to the poor rural population. On October 2, 1983, the bank became an independent organization in accordance with the decision of the country's authorities. A feature of the bank's activity is also the need for clients to make 16 decisions that are not any obligations to the bank, but include promises to improve the quality of the borrowers' own life, such as, for example, the obligation to drink only bottled or boiled water, the obligation to provide their own children with an education, and so on. Relations between the bank and clients are based on trust, microcredits are issued without any collateral. At the same time, the share of repaid loans is about 98%. At the same time, the share of loans repaid out of date sometimes reaches up to 20%. The absolute majority (97%) of the bank's clients are women. As one of the positive consequences of the bank's activities, a significant (twofold) reduction in domestic violence against women who received a loan was noted. Currently, the largest foundation is the Skoll Foundation founded in 1999 by Jeff Skoll. Jeff Skoll, founder and first president of eBay and Participant Productions, created his own, the purpose of which is to help people, regardless of their place of residence and economic status, realize their talents and abilities. Jeff donated $250 million of eBay stock to the foundation and makes over $30 million in grants annually. “At the foundation, we call them outstanding people committed to the cause of the public good,” says the founder. In 2012, the Reach for Change international charitable foundation operates in many countries around the world and supports projects aimed at improving the lives of children. This non-profit organization was founded by a group of media companies Kinnevik (Sweden) with the aim of improving the quality of life of children and adolescents and respecting their rights. The Foundation holds an annual competition for social entrepreneurs, issuing grants in the amount of 1 million rubles. for a year and providing other support necessary at the stage of project formation. Thus, the winners are accepted into the virtual business incubator and end up in the hands of experienced mentors from the companies of the Kinnevik group. A year later, the fund's experts evaluate the social impact and financial performance of the project and decide to extend the support period for another two years. And yet, no matter how diverse the programs being implemented, no matter how active the innovators are, one thing is clear: in Russia, “social” demand will exceed supply for many years to come. This means that more than one new chapter with the same open ending will be written in the history of social entrepreneurship. 1.3. Social projects in Russia. In 2007, Vagit Alekperov created the Our Future Foundation for Regional Social Programs, the first Russian organization whose activities are aimed at developing and promoting social entrepreneurship in the country. "Our Future" is the founder of the All-Russian competition of projects in the field of social entrepreneurship, focused on people who are ready to develop and promote social business. Over the 5 years of its activity, the Fund has provided support to 59 social enterprises, and the total amount of assistance issued to them amounted to more than 130.5 million rubles. The winners of the competition receive financial and advisory support from the Foundation; The Fund also issues long-term interest-free loans, offers legal and accounting services at minimal rates, provides an opportunity to rent micro-offices, etc. Simultaneously with the All-Russian competition "Our Future", it holds the "Impulse of Good" Prize, which aims not only to provide financial, but also moral support to pioneers in the field of joint venture. Only in 2012, as part of the competitive selection for this award, the organizers received 194 applications from 54 regions of Russia. After such a rapid development of the fund "Our Future" in 2011, a new project was launched - "Achievements of the Young". This interregional public organization conducts the "Relay race of social innovations", the target audience of which is schoolchildren and students. The organization also trains young people in the basics of economics and entrepreneurship. The organization appeared in Russia in 1991. The Social Entrepreneurship project was timed to coincide with the 20th anniversary of the Young Achievement program in Russia and started in 2011. Academician Yevgeny Pavlovich Velikhov is the founder and leader of the Russian program "Achievements of the Young". Also in 2011, the Center for Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation was established. CSP specializes in research, training and consulting in the field of social entrepreneurship, social innovation, social responsibility of business, commercialization, it plays an important role in promoting the ideas of social entrepreneurship and social innovation as part of the National Research University Higher School of Economics. The emergence of this center was the result of many years of activity of its director Alexandra Moskovskaya, who since 2007 has been conducting research work in the field of social entrepreneurship. Despite its youth, the HSE Center is today a leader in the study of the theory and practice of social entrepreneurship in Russia: even before receiving its official status, the Center at HSE served as an informal platform for thematic discussions, applied and theoretical research in this area. In 2014, the Our Future Foundation created the Social Entrepreneurship Laboratory, focused on practical training for beginners and active social entrepreneurs. The laboratory conducts both face-to-face and remote (webinars) programs lasting from one or two hours to several months (School of Social Entrepreneurship). The laboratory has created specialized courses for students, young professionals, entrepreneurs, employees of government agencies, industrial corporations, social innovation centers. The topics of the programs touch upon various aspects of the creation and development of social business, considering the success stories of active social entrepreneurs, practical aspects of the work of social enterprises, issues of project financing and interaction with authorities. The laboratory provides comprehensive support for social entrepreneurship in Russia, develops new areas for the industry, such as social franchises and certification of social entrepreneurs. In 2004, the Radio of Russia radio station created the Children's Question social project, which helps orphans find a loving family. Over the 10 years of the project's existence, more than two thousand families have found "their" child. Every year the number of adopted children is growing. Within the framework of the "Children's Question" there is a special "hot line" for adoption, correspondence is maintained with future parents and volunteers, radio programs are broadcast, a database of questionnaires for orphans is collected, and a school for foster parents is operating. The "Train of Hope" runs across the country with moms and dads who specially went for their kids to other regions. Today, happy stories of families who have solved their "children's issue" form the basis of more and more new programs. 1.4. Medical innovators. Jim Fruhterman. Jim Fruchterman founded Benetech, a company that made technology accessible to the underprivileged. Unlike many entrepreneurs who work with people with disabilities, Fryuchterman became interested in working in this area not because of his own experience, but because of his interest in helping people. The idea for Benetech came about when Jim was in his senior year at Caltech. Once one of his professors explained how the image recognition mechanism for laser-guided bombs was used in combat operations. Fryuchterman began to think about how to use this principle for the benefit of society and created a device that allows the blind and visually impaired to read by touch. In the 1980s, Frühterman co-founded a venture capital company to develop optical recognition technology. He then founded Arkenstone, a non-profit technology organization for the visually impaired. Beneteh grew out of Arkenstone, which was eventually sold to a commercial company. Proceeds from the sale are used to continue developing and innovating Benetech. David Green. Doctor David Green in 1992, Green created the non-profit organization Aurolab (India) - one of the largest companies in the world that produces lenses (IOLs). Surgically, IOLs are implanted into the eye to restore the clarity of the lens in cataracts. Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness and visual impairment worldwide. Aurolab sells lenses for US$2-4, while equivalents in the industrialized world cost US$150. Green also ran a facility at Aurolab that made surgical suture. The company has significantly reduced the price of ophthalmic suture from $200 to $30 per pack. Currently, David Green is working to solve the problems of the hearing impaired. A social enterprise, Conversion Sound, was created to produce high quality hearing aids. The World Health Organization has estimated that 278 million people have acute hearing loss, and the need for hearing aids worldwide is 32 million annually. At the same time, only 7 million hearing aids were sold worldwide in 2006, and less than 12% of them went to developing countries, where 70% of the world's population lives. Conversion Sound plans to expand its distribution channels to bring hearing aids to the underprivileged. Ann Cotton. According to statistics in South African countries, only 70% of boys complete primary school, and even fewer girls. In many poor families, only sons are educated, because it is customary to consider them the best "investment"; daughters are sent to work or get married early. This trend is devastating: girls under the age of 20 are five times more likely to be infected with HIV than boys. Studies show that educated girls are 3 times less likely to become infected with HIV than uneducated girls. Anne Cotton was the first person to worry about the fate of girls living in rural Africa. In 1991, during a research trip, she ended up in a remote Zimbabwean village. Ann was shocked by the stories of the locals about girls who were not educated, they were at the lowest level of development. Parents who wanted to send their daughters to school could not do so because of poverty. After this incident, Ann created the organization Camfed, which supports girls from low-income families, allocating funds for their education. Ann Cotton's work has received recognition and international awards, including an honorary doctorate from the University of Cambridge. The Camfed model has four key components, each of which aims to make a difference in the lives of girls and girls in Africa's poorest regions. First, Camfed identifies vulnerable girls who are at risk of being excluded from even primary school due to poverty or the illness of a member of their family, and provides full support for the education of these children, including payment for school supplies. Second, Camfed continues to support girls in high school with four years of child support. Thirdly, Camfed provides graduates with a chance to become economically independent. The Camfed Association (CAMA), the organization's pan-African alumni network, constantly organizes trainings. Camfed also promotes local business development through a microfinance program. Fourth, Camfed defends women's rights. The organization's activities are aimed at ensuring that the voices of women from rural areas influence politics, contribute to the adoption of laws in the field of girls' education and gender equality. Victoria Hale. In 2000, Victoria Hale founded the One World Health Institute, which has changed the way we look at medicine in general. The first non-profit pharmaceutical company that develops drugs for diseases that are neglected in society. The Institute has shattered the notion of a seemingly non-competitive industry that provides drugs to those in need in developing countries by reshaping the entire revenue chain from drug development to drug delivery. Many infectious diseases in developed countries are unknown. These include: leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, African sleeping sickness, lymph node filariasis, and Chagas disease. Others, such as diarrhea, are ubiquitous, but their impact is most severe and acute in developing countries, with two million children under the age of five dying from diarrhea each year. More than a million people a year die from malaria, most of them children. Over the past 25 years, 1,500 new drugs have been patented, but less than 12 of them are for the treatment of advanced diseases. Victoria Hale's experience and knowledge has been applied at all stages of the production of biopharmaceuticals in the United States. The experience of her corporation was used by Genentech, the world's first company specializing in genetic engineering. Hale received her PhD from the University of California in Pharmaceutical Chemistry. She is currently a member of the Association of Professors in Biopharmaceuticals, serves as a consultant to the World Health Organization on the review of rules of ethical conduct for developing countries, and serves as an expert at the US National Institutes of Health. The mission of the One World Health Institute is to develop safe, effective and affordable medicine. The Institute designs, implements and manages the development of projects related to medicines intended for the treatment of advanced diseases. Conclusion. Social entrepreneurship is an activity that is aimed at solving a social problem and which really allows this problem to be solved. Moreover, the scale of the solution can be any, from local to global. It can be this or that territory, it can be a village, a single-industry town, a district of Moscow, an entire metropolis, after all, there is a certain social problem, then the solution to this problem in this territory is social entrepreneurship. The importance of social action is underestimated in our time, whether it is a project that helps students get an education through investment, or a project that helps produce free drugs and provide medical conditions to the poor. The future belongs to people who help change the living conditions of others, because thanks to their efforts the world around each of us becomes better.

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All-Russian State Tax Academy

Faculty of Finance and Economics

Department of Management Psychology

Course work

in the discipline "Sociology and Psychology of Management"

Social entrepreneurship: essence and development prospects in Russia

Performed

student of UPO-201 group

Sorokopud Yu.S.

scientific adviser

Professor Osipova O.S.

Moscow, 2012 G.

Introduction

We live in a world far from ideal. It is not easy for disadvantaged people and people with limited opportunities and resources to realize themselves in the modern world, society often does not provide them with the necessary opportunities and resources. It is precisely the fact that the modern world and its system do not provide a fair development of society, especially that part of society that is often considered "outcasts" - the poor strata of society and people who are limited in their abilities, is one of the reasons for the growing popularity of social entrepreneurship ideas.

One of the most important stages in the fight against poverty in the world is the creation of jobs, and social entrepreneurship is the most competitive and successful in this direction. The task of social enterprises is to contribute to the solution of social problems of society, to help ensure people's livelihood. Social enterprises provide jobs for hundreds of thousands of people in various fields: food production, marketing, lending, insurance, transportation, etc. Social enterprises open up employment opportunities for the disabled, marginalized groups of the population, youth, and women.

In many countries of the world, social enterprises work quite closely together with government organizations, both at the national and local levels.

Today, entrepreneurs and socially responsible businesses around the world receive support from non-profit organizations, foundations, governments and individuals. However, despite the fact that the benefits of social entrepreneurship are clear to many, there are many difficulties with its development. Until now, there is not even a consensus on what constitutes a “social enterprise” and who can be called a social entrepreneur. Some argue that the term "social entrepreneur" should only refer to the founders of organizations whose main source of income is the fees of their clients. Others believe that a social entrepreneur is someone who performs work under government contracts, while others consider a social entrepreneur to be those who rely primarily on grants and donations.

Disputes between scientists, experts and practitioners of social entrepreneurship about which organizations are considered a social enterprise and which are not, do not stop.

The purpose of my course work is to study the main aspects of social entrepreneurship. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the important role of the object of study in the context of the transformation of socio-economic relations in Russia. Social entrepreneurship has become an integral part of modern society and greatly influences its further development. Thus, my term paper helps to understand what “social entrepreneurship” is in the modern world, in particular in Russia, its functioning, as well as prospects for further development.

Objectives of the course work:

1) reveal the concept of social entrepreneurship and its essence;

2) consider the functioning of social entrepreneurship, especially in Russia;

3) conduct testing among students in order to determine the propensity for social entrepreneurship and analyze the results.

The object of the study is students of the All-Russian State Tax Academy of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

The subject of the study is the ability of the individual to social entrepreneurship.

Chapter 1

1.1 Key characteristics of entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurial activity is distinguished by a number of features, which allows us to speak of entrepreneurial activity as a narrower concept than the concept of "economic activity".

The main and mandatory features of entrepreneurial activity are:

independent activity;

the purpose of the activity is to make a profit;

the systematic nature of profit;

economic risk;

the fact of state registration of participants.

The absence of any of the five signs means that the activity is not entrepreneurial.

1. Entrepreneurial activity can be carried out both by the owner himself and by the entity managing his property on the basis of economic management rights with the establishment of the limits of such management by the owner of the property.

Independence in the organization of production is complemented by commercial freedom. The business entity determines the ways and means of selling its products, selects counterparties with whom it will deal. Economic ties are secured by agreements.

An important condition for commercial freedom is free pricing. However, in the economy, absolute freedom of producers does not exist. the entrepreneur has complete independence in the sense that there is no authority over him that issues commands: what to do, how and how much. It is not free from the market, from its strict requirements. Therefore, we can only talk about certain limits of independence.

2. Entrepreneurial activity involves the systematic receipt of profit, which is the product of a specific human resource - entrepreneurial abilities. This work is not easy and combines, firstly, the manifestation of the initiative to combine material and human factors for the production of goods and services, secondly, the adoption of extraordinary decisions on the management of the company, the organization of labor and, thirdly, the introduction of innovations through the production of new type of product or a radical change in the production process. All this gives reason to talk about entrepreneurship as a professional activity aimed at making a profit.

Having independence, organizing production in his own interests, the entrepreneur takes responsibility within the limits determined by the organizational and legal form of the enterprise for the result of his activity. The property liability of an entrepreneur is his obligation to suffer adverse property consequences due to offenses committed on his part. Its size depends on the organizational form of the enterprise.

3. The Civil Code specifies the main subjective feature, i.e. an indication of the systematic receipt of profit is introduced. Isolated cases of profit making are not entrepreneurial activities. Systematicity is characterized by the duration and regularity of profit, which is determined by the professionalism of the entrepreneur. Thus, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation states that for an entrepreneur, it is not so much the field of activity itself that is important, but the systematic profit.

4. A sign of entrepreneurial economic relations is economic risk. Risk constantly accompanies business and forms a special way of thinking and behavior, the psychology of an entrepreneur. Risk is the possible adverse property consequences of the entrepreneur's activities, not due to any missed opportunities on his part. The risky nature of activities can lead not only to bankruptcy, but also be detrimental to the property interests of citizens and organizations.

The entrepreneur is responsible for the risk with his property, but not only with it. Losses are also possible that affect his status in the labor and capital markets (competitiveness, professional reputation, psychological assessment, etc.).

5. State registration of participants in entrepreneurial activity is a legal fact that precedes the start of entrepreneurial activity. Business entities must be registered in this capacity to obtain the status of an entrepreneur. Engaging in systematic profit-making activities without state registration entails legal liability.

Entrepreneurial activities can be carried out by both legal entities and citizens. Among legal entities, commercial organizations fully enjoy this right. However, for some activities, a commercial organization must obtain a license. There are activities for which the monopoly of state enterprises has been established (production and trade in weapons).

1.2 The essence of social entrepreneurship

Social entrepreneurship is an entrepreneurial activity aimed at mitigating or solving social problems, characterized by the following main features:

social impact (eng. social impact) -- targeted focus on solving / mitigating existing social problems, sustainable positive measurable social results;

innovation - the use of new, unique approaches to increase social impact;

self-sufficiency and financial sustainability - the ability of a social enterprise to solve social problems as long as it is necessary and at the expense of income received from its own activities;

scalability and replicability -- scaling up the activities of the social enterprise (at the national and international level) and dissemination of experience (models) in order to increase social impact;

entrepreneurial approach - the ability of a social entrepreneur to see market failures, find opportunities, accumulate resources, develop new solutions that have a long-term positive impact on society as a whole.

Social entrepreneurship is successful when there is some innovative idea that leads to an unusual combination of resources. Companies of this nature are often exotic, pursuing what others have abandoned, exploiting gratuitous or underutilized resources, and creating social good in ways that others miss.

Social entrepreneurship is a new way of socio-economic activity, which combines the social purpose of the organization with entrepreneurial innovation and the achievement of sustainable self-sufficiency. It is based on the operation of so-called social enterprises - enterprises created to solve a specific social problem or problems, operating on the basis of innovation, financial discipline and business practices adopted in the private sector.

In this paper, the concepts of "social entrepreneurship" and "social enterprise" are considered as conjugated, where social entrepreneurship means a process, activity, and social enterprise - its carrier, organizational structure, within and through which the corresponding activity is reproduced, achieves social and economic result.

The definition itself points to several fundamental features of social entrepreneurship:

one). the primacy of the social mission over commerce, which means that the enterprise is intended to solve a real social problem or significantly reduce its severity; at the same time, the social effect is not a by-product of activity, as in entrepreneurship, but a direct purposeful result (in turn, this determines the direction of the profit received for the social goals of the organization, and not in the pocket of investors or owners);

2). the existence of a sustainable commercial effect that ensures the self-sufficiency and competitiveness of the enterprise (the best guarantee of this is the receipt of income mainly from the sale of goods and services, and not grants and charity, which, however, are not excluded as additional financial resources);

3). the innovation with which social and economic resources are combined -- without which neither the sustainability of the social mission nor the economic sustainability is possible once an organization has taken on the task of solving an unresolved social problem -- i.e. the transformation of the existing undesirable social order into a more favorable one.

It is the undesirable social order that has developed in some area that can be a natural prerequisite for the emergence of non-standard socio-economic organizations, such as social enterprises. Otherwise, the social problem would already be solved by means of traditional sectors of the economy - state, private or non-profit. Such problems of a sustainable but undesirable “social order” can include problems that are found in many countries, such as long-term unemployment among ethnic minorities, social exclusion of the disabled, and local ones, such as the decline of traditional fishing villages or environmental damage from massive seasonal burning. garbage.

If we talk about the economic consequences, then social entrepreneurship increases the overall economic efficiency, as it introduces into the economic circulation resources that were not previously used in this capacity. This applies to unused material and human resources - production waste, socially excluded groups, solidarity and trust of people when they are united by a common goal, and so on. New combinations of available resources have a similar effect, such as using the concept of wrestling to re-educate young people, bundling fishermen into a direct online fish sales company for restaurants; creation of a non-profit power plant to finance social projects, etc.

According to experts, the idea of ​​social entrepreneurship gained popularity as it “touched the nerve” and “very much suited” the modern era. This idea is supported by a variety of facts and considerations.

1.3 History of the development of social entrepreneurship

entrepreneurship social testing

The terms "social entrepreneurship" and "social entrepreneur" were first mentioned in the 1960s in the English-language literature on social change. They became widely used in the 1980s, thanks in part to the efforts of Bill Drayton, founder of Ashoka: Innovation for Society, and Charles Leadbeater. In the 1950s-1990s, Michael Young played an important role in the development of social entrepreneurship. Harvard professor Daniel Bell has called Young "the world's most successful social entrepreneur" due to his role in building over 60 organizations around the world, including several Schools of Social Enterprise in the UK. Another famous British social entrepreneur is Lord Mawson MBE. Andrew Mawson received a peerage in 2007 for his work in the economic and social renewal and improvement of urban areas. He is the author of The Social Entrepreneur and runs Andrew Mawson Partnerships, a company that promotes his expertise.

Although the term "social entrepreneurship" is relatively new, the phenomenon itself has a long history. Examples of social entrepreneurship include Florence Nightingale, founder of the UK's first nursing school, who developed and promoted progressive nursing standards; Robert Owen, founder of the cooperative movement; Vinobu Bhave, founder of the Indian Earth for a Gift movement. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, some of the most successful social entrepreneurs contributed to the spread of innovations whose usefulness was so highly valued that they were introduced on a national scale with the support of the state or business.

One well-known contemporary social entrepreneur is 2006 Nobel Peace Prize winner Muhammad Yunus, founder and manager of the Gremin Bank and associated social venture group. The activities of M. Yunus and the Grameen Bank are an example of an important feature of modern social entrepreneurship: the implementation of social tasks using business principles often brings great success. In some countries, including Bangladesh and, to a lesser extent, the United States, social entrepreneurs take on tasks that the state, which plays a limited role, does not take on. In other countries, in particular in Europe and South America, they work quite closely together with government organizations, both at the national and local levels.

1.4 Social entrepreneurship in Russia

In Russia, social entrepreneurship appeared at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. An example of social entrepreneurship is the House of Diligence, founded by Father John of Kronstadt. Here, everyone in need (from single mothers to the homeless) could find a job, receive shelter and care. The idea of ​​houses of industriousness subsequently spread throughout Russia.

Social entrepreneurs in modern Russia today are divided into three categories.

The first are representatives of specialized enterprises (for example, enterprises working with the visually or hearing impaired), which were modernized after perestroika and became commercial organizations (for example, Volgograd enterprises for the visually impaired - "Etalon" for the production of lids for canning and " Luch, which produces household paper products: napkins, toilet paper).

An example from the second category is non-profit and charitable organizations that have embarked on a commercial footing. Most of them are in Russia. The Nadezhda Charitable Foundation operates in St. Petersburg, which produces rehabilitation equipment for the elderly, the disabled, and people who have suffered a serious injury. "Nadezhda" signed an agreement with the Social Insurance Fund and all products - strollers, crutches, etc. -- people receive free of charge by providing medical certificates on the need to purchase rehabilitation equipment for medical reasons. "Nadezhda" also opened a paid rental point that provides rehabilitation equipment for the period of collecting certificates (after the necessary certificates are collected, the rental cost is returned to the client). In Rybinsk, the women's society of social support “Woman, Personality, Society” works with low-income mothers of many children and, under it, the “Merry Felt” workshop, which produces felt toys, jewelry and other art products. In Tula, an example of social entrepreneurship is the Berezen household services salon - here, in a social hairdressing salon, a photo workshop or an atelier for tailoring and repairing clothes, a shoe repair shop, citizens are served by disabled people. For large families, the disabled, pensioners and low-income citizens who come to the salon, the prices for services are provided at a discount. In Nizhny Novgorod, the charitable public organization "Care" works with both the elderly and young people - it has many social projects to its credit. A labor exchange, a sewing workshop, a computer club, the production and packaging of various kinds of goods, psychological training, legal advice - not charitable, but profitable, successful social and commercial projects.

The most advanced category of social entrepreneurs are representatives of small businesses, new businesses whose goal is not profit, but a methodical solution to the problems of socially unprotected categories of citizens. Dospekhi LLC is successfully operating in Moscow - an organization engaged in the production of an orthopedic system that allows people with injuries or diseases of the spine that have led to paralysis of the legs to move independently. In Yekaterinburg, the Scientific and Social Center Elfo LLC is engaged in the psychological and physical rehabilitation of children with the help of hippotherapy.

1.5 Prospects for the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia

Despite the seriousness of the problems associated with small business, domestic small business has prospects for further development.

First of all, it is necessary to limit small businesses from bureaucracy, make the registration procedure as simple as possible, reduce the number of regulatory bodies and inspections, and continue the process of reducing the number of licensed activities and products.

It is necessary to eradicate corruption, which is not only dangerous from a moral point of view, but also impedes economic growth, significantly raises prices, and distorts competition.

It is necessary to significantly reduce the tax burden on small businesses. This is especially important for start-up entrepreneurs, primarily in such activities as innovation, manufacturing, construction, repair and construction, and medical.

Attention should be focused on the concentration of all financial resources intended to support small businesses (federal and regional budgets, the Federal Fund for Support of Small Business, various extrabudgetary sources) in the most important priority areas, and create a system of credit guarantees for it. For newly created small businesses, it is necessary to widely use leasing and franchising. If the franchising system is gaining more and more positions in our country, then leasing is only in its infancy. The further development of these forms of activity among small businesses should be facilitated by large enterprises.

More energetic work is needed to develop the infrastructure of small businesses, develop the banking system, and various funds to support small businesses. Small businesses should be able at any moment to get advice and free assistance on opening and functioning, on marketing strategy, protecting their interests, and on any other problem.

Much work remains to be done in the field of training and advanced training of entrepreneurs. About 8 million people, or almost 12% of the total employed population in the country, work in the small business sector, and this number will increase from year to year. More and more young, energetic people are coming into small business. Meanwhile, according to opinion polls, over 70% of young entrepreneurs believe that they need to acquire special knowledge in the field of small business. The task of professional training of managers of such enterprises is especially urgent. Today, there are about 900,000 small businesses operating in the country. According to some estimates, only 20-30% of them have managers with special professional education. Consequently, for about 700 thousand enterprises, managers act on a whim, taking into account their abilities and experience. This hinders the further development and improvement of the efficiency of small businesses.

In accordance with the Federal Law “On Licensing Certain Types of Activities” dated August 8, 2001 No. 128-FZ, local authorities do not have the right to introduce any permits other than the licenses listed in this law. However, permits for trade or for some other type of activity, from fire inspection to sanitary and epidemiological supervision, remain common practice. Most of the survey respondents answered that competition is currently a more serious problem for them than state regulation. For the first time since the beginning of Russia's transition to a market economy, entrepreneurs named competition as the most important problem. Such attention to competition indicates that the Russian economy is becoming a truly market economy, entrepreneurs are more concerned about the behavior of competitors than the behavior of officials. To a certain extent, they have adapted to the behavior of officials, and they will have to constantly adapt to competition.

Thus, small businesses in Russia have reserves for further development. According to tentative estimates, in the coming years the number of small enterprises in Russia may increase to 1.4 - 1.5 million units. Their products can be estimated at 2.8 - 3.2 trillion. rub. thus, occupying approximately 14-15% of the country's GDP, small businesses can take their rightful place in the Russian economy.

Chapter 2

Methodology: testing

Purpose of testing: The purpose of testing is to obtain independent objective information about students' preparedness for social entrepreneurship.

Testing task: Analysis of test results and compilation of objective information about the ability of social entrepreneurship among students.

Working hypotheses of the study:

1) Formation of an objective view of the ability for social entrepreneurship among students in the conditions of the test.

2) The application of the obtained test results will increase knowledge about the students' abilities for social entrepreneurship.

The practical part of the course work is based on testing, which includes 21 questions and is aimed at determining the individual's propensity for entrepreneurship.

The survey was conducted among students of the All-Russian State Tax Academy of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

The study involved 15 people - 2nd year students of the Faculty of Finance and Economics. The age of the respondents is from 18 to 20 years. Respondents were asked to answer questions by choosing one of two pre-given answers. On the basis of the points obtained, the number of which is added up depending on the answer to a particular question, the degree of entrepreneurial abilities is determined. It, according to this questionnaire, can be "weak" - if the respondent scored less than 12 points, "medium" - from 12 to 16, "strong" - from 16 or more. Answer scheme - a choice of two options: yes, no. Each positive answer gives one point. Below is a table that correlates the questions and the number of answers given to them. The test allows you to assess the level of your entrepreneurial abilities (Author T. Matveeva).

Methodology: mini-questionnaire

Do you know what social entrepreneurship is?

Yes 4 pers. 27%

No 11 people 73%

Would you like to engage in social entrepreneurship? (This question was asked only to those who know what social entrepreneurship is.)

Yes 4 pers. 100%

There was no "no" answer.

Analysis of results

According to the results of testing, 5 people were identified among the respondents

33% of those who would be more entrepreneurial than average, 4 - 27% of people showed average results, and 6 - 40% - less than average.

This is partly due to the fact that not everyone and not always able to objectively assess themselves and their capabilities. Also of great importance is the mood, age of the respondents. All this tells us that, after a while, the same people will most likely answer the same questions differently, respectively, they will show different results, therefore, any technique cannot guarantee absolute reliability. Thus, only 5 out of 15 people are fully prepared to engage in entrepreneurial activities at this stage, i.e. every third. Respondents were also asked two questions related specifically to social entrepreneurship. Based on the results, one can see that social entrepreneurship is much less popular and only 27% of respondents know about it. I think this is due to the fact that social entrepreneurship is a fairly new phenomenon for the modern world as a separate institution, although it appeared quite a long time ago.

Conclusion

The idea of ​​"social entrepreneurship" has touched the hearts of many people. This phrase is the best suited for our time. It combines a passion for a social mission with the discipline inherent in business. It is definitely time for an entrepreneurial approach to social problems.

While the concept of "social entrepreneurship" is gaining popularity, different people interpret this phrase in different ways, causing confusion. Many associate social entrepreneurship solely with non-profit enterprises that become commercial or begin to make a profit. Others use the term to describe only the activities of those who organize non-profit enterprises. Still others under this phrase mean the business that integrates the principles of social responsibility into its business processes.

Many government and philanthropic efforts fall far short of our expectations. The main institutions of the social sector are often found to be incompetent, inefficient and unresponsive. And today we need social entrepreneurs to develop new models for the new century.

The language of social entrepreneurship may be new, but the phenomenon itself has been known for a long time. Social entrepreneurs have always existed, although they were never named. It was these people who originally built many of the institutions we now take for granted. Nevertheless, the new name plays an important role, because it implies the blurring of the old boundaries of different fields of activity. In addition to innovative non-profit enterprises, social entrepreneurship can also include socially oriented businesses (such as the community of development banks), or various hybrid organizations that combine commercial and non-profit elements (these include, for example, shelters for homeless, in which the business is based on educating and employing their wards).

The new language allows social entrepreneurs to expand their former field of activity and find even more effective methods for realizing their social mission. Social entrepreneurship describes rather extraordinary principles of behavior. These principles should be encouraged and nurtured in those who have the ability and temperament for this kind of work. Then we could achieve much more.

Should everyone aspire to be a social entrepreneur? No. Not every good social sector actor is well suited to the role of an entrepreneur. And also in business. Not every good businessman is an entrepreneur. Society needs different types and styles of leaders. Social entrepreneurs are just one breed of leader and should be seen as such. Our study is intended to highlight their distinctive features and show that being a social entrepreneur is not so easy. And we need social entrepreneurs to help us find new ways of social improvement as we enter the new century.

List of used literature

1. Small business in Russia: Textbook., Chapek V.N., Maksikov D.V., ed. Phoenix, 2010

2. Kabachenko T.S. Psychology in human resource management. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003.

3. Andreeva G.M. Social Psychology. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1980.

4. A. A. Timofeeva. The history of entrepreneurship in Russia: a study guide. Moscow: Flinta, 2011

5. Lawton A., Rose E. Organization and management in public institutions. M.: 1993.

Application

Questionnaire

	Are you able to bring the work you have started to the end, despite all the obstacles?
	Are you able to insist on the decision made or are you easily persuaded?
	Do you like to take on the responsibility of leading?
	Do you enjoy the respect and trust of your colleagues?
	Does your health allow you to engage in entrepreneurial activities?
	Are you ready to work 12-14 hours a day with no immediate payoff?
	Do you like to communicate and work with people?
	Are you able to convince and infect others with your confidence in the correctness of the chosen case?
	Do you understand the actions and deeds of others?
	Do you have experience in the area you want to start your business in?
	Are you familiar with the current procedure for taxation, payroll, income tax returns, bookkeeping?
	Will there be demand in your city or region for the product or service you are going to offer?
	Are other small entrepreneurs of your profile doing well in your city (region)?
	Do you have in mind a room that can be rented? If you do not have a room, does the area of ​​\u200b\u200byour apartment (house) allow you to organize your business at home?
	Are you ready for the fact that your business will not generate income for six months or a year?
	Do you have sufficient financial resources to support your business during its first year of operation?
	Do you have sufficient initial capital to start a business?
	Do you have the opportunity to attract relatives and friends to finance the business being created?
	Do you have suppliers of the materials you need in mind?
	Do you have smart specialists in mind who have the experience and knowledge that you lack?
	Are you sure that having your own business is your main goal?

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Charity in Russia as a social phenomenon. The specifics of labor assistance. The state of social care in modern Russia. social deviations. Stages of development, formation of social charity in Russia. Activities of institutions of social charity.

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Theoretical aspects of the development of social relations in Russia: concept, content. Problems of social relations in the regions. Prospects for social development in the Russian Federation: healthcare, education, improvement of the pension system.

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The relevance of the topic of social insurance. The history of the emergence and development of the social insurance system in Russia. The social insurance system in other countries. Social guarantees provided by the state.

Social entrepreneurship is a new innovative way of carrying out socio-economic activities, connecting the social mission with the achievement of economic efficiency. It is based on the creation of so-called social enterprises - i.e. business enterprises organized for social purposes and for the creation of social good and operating on the basis of financial discipline, innovation and business practices established in the private sector. 1 In the last decade, this practice has gained extraordinary popularity both in developed industrial countries, such as the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany, etc., and in third world countries, for which a new way of combining economic and social resources is a means to wrest people out of deep poverty. large segments of the population. According to G. Deese, director of the Center for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship, has recently gained popularity, because. "very fitting for our times." This is due to the fact that "many results of the activities of state and charitable organizations turned out to be far from our expectations, and most of the institutions of the public sector are increasingly seen as ineffective, inefficient and irresponsible. Social entrepreneurs are needed in order to create new models of socially significant activities" for new age". 2

The concept of social entrepreneurship in Russia is just beginning to circulate. In this sense, it lags behind, for example, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Moldova or Belarus. For the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia, not only the correct self-identification, which can come with increased information exchange, is important, but also the development of important socio-economic institutions common in other countries - such as small business, credit cooperation, microfinance, non-profit activities in the socio-economic sphere capable of acting as "maternal structures" for the development of social entrepreneurship. At the same time, an analysis of the already existing experience of functioning of some of the listed forms testifies to the beginnings of the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia. An important prerequisite for social entrepreneurship in this series is microfinance and, in particular, credit cooperation.

2. Microfinance and social entrepreneurship

The content of microfinance technologies is to make it economically feasible for the lender to provide the necessary range of financial services to the low-income population and micro-business in such a way that recipients can use financial services for their own development. Traditional lending technologies, unlike microfinance, do not allow large-scale work with these categories of clients. This is the fundamental difference between microfinance and usury, since the task of the latter is to consolidate the dependence of the borrower by withdrawing the income received almost in full.

The invention of microcredit technologies as an alternative to standard bank loan schemes and usury is associated with the name of the founder of the bank, and then the Grameen group, a university professor from Bangladesh, Mohammad Yunus. The Grameen Bank was founded by Yunus in 1976 with the dual mission of providing financial services to poor women and the poorest families in order to help them overcome poverty through the establishment of a profitable business. 3 It was the first microcredit experience in the world that simultaneously received global recognition as a successful example of social entrepreneurship. For his services "in the field of socio-economic development..." M. Yunus became in 2006 a Nobel Peace Prize laureate. four

Due to the fact that consumers of microfinance services are, as a rule, classified as high-risk, a set of systems and procedures for providing services to recipients of microcredits has been developed in world practice. However, in itself, the technical solution to the problem of lending to small borrowers, taking into account the limitation of their economic resources, is not social entrepreneurship. In order to become such a social enterprise, firstly, it must have a social goal as the primary and leading task of the activity, and not its by-product. Secondly, in solving a social problem, it must offer an innovative economic solution - non-trivial from the point of view of combining economic social resources. The latter distinguishes "entrepreneurship" from just "business". In the case of the Grameen Bank, the goal was to eradicate poverty in a rural community. In other words, it was necessary to offer a credit system at such a modest percentage that it would allow the producer to keep the surplus from the sale of products for his own development (and exit from stagnant poverty), in contrast to the then existing practice of complete economic dependence on local moneylenders. The mechanism that was proposed for this served both as an economic and social innovation - the new social enterprise united the borrowers into a social network connected by relationships of trust, mutual assistance and responsibility, which served both as a consumer and a resource of the services offered by the enterprise.

3. Credit cooperatives in Russia: distribution and socio-entrepreneurial features

The main tasks of credit cooperatives are to provide loans to their members and pool their financial resources to provide financial mutual assistance oriented towards production or social goals. The nature of a cooperative 5 helps to avoid the risky use of shareholders' savings, including through the formation of a reserve fund, the development of an internal control and insurance system, but primarily through collective democratic management implemented by all shareholders on the principle of "one participant - one vote" and the presence of subsidiary liability of members for the obligations of the cooperative. Credit consumer cooperatives are organizations of low financial risk.

According to the Ministry of Finance, as of October 1, 2008, about 2,500 credit cooperatives were registered in Russia with a total number of members of about a million people, which accumulate about 15 billion rubles of personal savings of citizens. Such cooperatives are usually formed on a territorial, industrial or professional basis; they are most actively developed in small towns of Russia and in the countryside. Shareholders are mainly public sector employees, pensioners (up to 65% of shareholders), entrepreneurs and trade workers. The structure of the membership base of rural credit cooperatives is dominated by citizens who maintain personal subsidiary plots - more than 80%. At the same time, only a part of them are active borrowers. As for pensioners, they generally prefer to place their savings in the cooperative. For shareholders, participation in credit cooperatives is beneficial, first of all, due to rather high interest on deposits, on average from 16 to 24% per annum, which is about one and a half times higher than interest on deposits in banks. For borrowers, the average overpayment on a loan per year can be 28-46%. 6 The higher fee for a loan than in the banking sector is compensated by the speed of the decision to issue a loan and the absence of many formalities. The term for making a decision on issuing a loan, as a rule, is no more than three days. At the same time, a higher loan price is by no means an obligatory condition for cooperative lending; in a number of cooperatives, the loan fee is the same as the deposit fee. Differences in the credit policy of different organizations are due to the "specialization" of the cooperative and the composition of depositors and borrowers.

On average, credit cooperatives in Russia issue 100-120 thousand loans per month, the average loan amount is 70 thousand rubles for a consumer loan, 250-0300 thousand rubles for a business loan. In the last two years, the share of business loans in the total number of loans has been constantly growing, and at the moment it has already reached 40%. The average savings contribution in Russia as a whole is about 60,000 rubles, but it varies considerably by region. The most developed regional systems of credit cooperation so far have been in the Kemerovo Region, Altai Territory, Volgograd Region, Rostov Region, the Far East (in particular, Primorye).

The highest density of placement of rural credit cooperatives is observed in the Central, Southern, Volga and Siberian federal districts. Rural credit cooperatives are widely represented here not only in regional centers, but also in rural municipalities.

The largest cooperative in terms of the number of shareholders is the Chest credit cooperative, registered in the city of Kamyshin, Volgograd Region, with over 35,000 members. In terms of assets, the cooperative "Eco" from the city of Urai, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, is in the lead - 1 billion 300 thousand rubles of assets.

In the new Russia, the revival of domestic credit unions began in 1991 in response to the aggravated problem of consumer credit for citizens and the need to save family budgets from rapidly growing inflation. The adoption in 1992 of the federal law "On consumer cooperation in the Russian Federation" played a decisive role. Credit unions began to register as consumer cooperatives or consumer societies. The first credit union in Russia was registered in 1992 (CS "Suzdalsky"). In January 1993, the first forum took place in Suzdal, where the main principles of the Credit Union Movement were formulated. The growth of their numbers and the accumulation of operational experience required organizational formalization. In November 1994, the founding assembly of the Union of Consumer Societies "League of Credit Unions" (SPO LKS) was held. 7 Today, this league includes more than 200 CUs. In turn, LKS is an official member of the World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU) 8 and is also represented in the National Partnership of Microfinance Market Stakeholders (NAMMS). 9

The development of the movement required the creation of a fundamental legal field. In August 2001, a new law No. 117-FZ "On Credit Consumer Cooperatives of Citizens" was signed. It consolidated the non-entrepreneurial nature of the main activities of credit unions, their non-commercial status, the mutual and internal nature of work, the principles of membership, prescribed measures to protect the financial interests of shareholders, limit the financial and managerial risks of the credit union.

The benefits of credit cooperation can be summarized as follows:

Accessibility for low-budget segments of the population. The use of the principle of personal and group surety instead of collateral allows the cooperative to expand its activities to those sectors of society that cannot provide collateral.

Transparency and ease of control over resources. Members of the credit cooperative provide control over the issuance of loans. Since they usually know each other well, this is usually more effective than the control of an outside financial institution.

Low cost of doing business. This is due to the fact that the group takes on part of the administrative work in the process of issuing loans (formation of a credit group, evaluation and monitoring of projects).

Mutual support of group members. This strengthens social ties and reduces the need for advisory services from an external financial institution.

These factors provide a high level of payments and an affordable interest rate on loans.

The prerequisites for the transformation of a credit cooperative into social entrepreneurship are already laid down in the above principles of credit cooperation, combining social and economic components. Since this is a much less formalized and regulated procedure, it is based on close interaction with the client, with his business and social environment (family, friends, neighbors). This allows not only to focus on the specific financial needs and capabilities of a person, adapting lending opportunities to them, but also to carry out various types of business consulting and even mediation when concluding transactions. The latter is a distinguishing feature of a credit cooperative compared to other types of microfinance institutions in Russia. Another feature of Russian microfinance is the focus on small business, which is primarily due to the institutional and organizational barriers to its development. The latter are to a certain extent overcome by the flexibility of combining economic and social levers of support and control on the part of cooperative members, as well as by using the resource of informal social ties.

1 alter. S.K. Social Enterprise Typology. Virtue Ventures LLC. Nov.27, 2007 (revised vers.), p.12.

2 Dees, J.G. The meaning of social entrepreneurship. Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship, Duke University's Fuqua School of Business, 2001 (revised vers.)

3 For more on M. Yunus’ experience, see Yunus, M. Banker to the poor: Microlending and the battle against world poverty/ New York: Public Affairs, 1999, http://www.grameen-info.org

4 For more details on the experience of well-known social entrepreneurship organizations abroad, see M. Batalina, A. Moskovskaya, L. Taradina "Review of the experience and concepts of social entrepreneurship, taking into account the possibilities of its application in modern Russia." M., SU-HSE, 2008. WP-1/2008/02.

5 Cooperative - in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation - a voluntary association of citizens and legal entities in the form of a non-profit organization on the basis of membership in order to meet the material and other needs of participants, carried out by combining property shares by its members. The activities of specialized credit cooperatives are regulated by a number of special laws.