Economic forced labor the relation of economic dependence and coercion characteristic of capitalism between wage-workers and capitalists. economic basis it is the monopoly of private property of the capitalists on the means of production. Deprived of the material conditions for the application of labor and means of subsistence, legally free workers are forced to sell their labor power to the owners of the means of production, to work for the capitalists. Thus, material conditions of labor become a means of subordinating the labor of others for the purpose of exploiting it. The capitalist commands labor, manages it, determines its duration, intensity, organizes and controls it. With the growth of the scale of production, the capitalists transfer these functions to a special hired administration, labor manager on behalf of capital. As the owner of the means of production, the capitalist becomes the owner of the entire product produced by the labor of the workers. The relations of economic dependence and coercion are reproduced throughout the entire course of the uninterrupted process of production: the product of the worker's labor is constantly removed from him as someone else's property and returns back only partially, in the form wages(See Salary); the other part is constantly being converted into means of production and income for the capitalist. Labor is reproduced as wage labor, the means of production as capital. In contrast to non-economic coercion, which is characteristic of a slave-owning and feudal society (based on relations of direct subordination), e.p. In reality, the labor of a worker for a capitalist means wage slavery. In the conditions of the modern scientific and technological revolution, capitalism uses science and technology to strengthen and expand the relationship of economic coercion. Capital intensifies labor, ousts part of the workers from production, and makes demand only for an educated and highly skilled workforce. Intellectual workers - scientists and engineers - are increasingly being drawn into the orbit of capitalist exploitation. This proves the inconsistency of modern bourgeois theories of "harmony of interests", "social partnership", "collective", "people's" capitalism, which try to present the relations of domination and subordination, objectively inherent in capitalism, as equal cooperation. The system of economic efficiency cannot be abolished under capitalism. For this it is necessary that the means of production pass into the hands of the working people, i.e., the abolition of private ownership of the means of production. Lit.: Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed. v. 23, sec. 3, 4, 5; Archive of Marx and Engels, vol. 2 (VII), M., 1933, p. 5-146, 167-77; Lenin, V. I., The economic content of populism and its criticism in the book of Mr. Struve, Poln. coll. soch., 5th ed., vol. 1, p. 459-60; see also lit. at Art. Capitalism. L. G. Krylova.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
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Economic forced labor
Economic coercion to work is basis of any period of human development. At the heart of satisfying human needs is his own work. And life itself forces a person to work in order to survive. But for some reason, the concept of “Economic coercion to work” is tied by some theoretical economists only to capitalism, believing that the relationship of economic dependence and coercion between wage workers and capitalists arises only under capitalism. They explain this by saying that the economic basis for this is the monopoly of private property of the capitalists on the means of production. And deprived of the material conditions for the application of labor and means of subsistence, legally free workers are forced to sell their labor power to the owners of the means of production, to work for the capitalists. However, under socialism, almost the entire population is deprived of the right to have their own means of production, which are completely in the hands of the state, or rather its top. And therefore, all the population automatically become mercenaries from the state. Explanations that all state property is also people's property is just an ideological ploy to attract poor citizens to their side. Neither the land nor the factories and factories promised by the Bolsheviks were ever handed over to the people. And they were always disposed of by the Bolshevik (communist) elite in their own interests. That is, as the founders of Bolshevism themselves said, "real working conditions become a means of subordinating someone else's labor with the aim of exploiting it." It makes absolutely no difference to any person whether the capitalist or the state "commands his labor, manages it, determines its duration, intensity, organizes and controls it." Moreover, with the growth of the scale of production, the capitalists transfer these functions to a special hired administration that manages labor on behalf of capital. The state does the same thing under socialism, which was in the USSR and other socialist countries.
Historically and economically, the product produced by some collective or community does not belong to the entire collective or community, but only to the owner of the means of production. Whether this is fair or not, everyone thinks differently, but it happened. These relations originated at the end of the primitive period during the separation of isolated families within the clan and the birth of a neighboring community. And it was the economic coercion to work, as a means of a more prosperous life, that led to the separation of patriarchal families and the birth of a commercial (mutually beneficial) constant exchange between them. Actually, labor itself is the result of a person forcing himself to do something in order to survive, and survive as best as possible. At first, labor was expressed in activity for oneself, then labor became collective, in which everyone received a part of the result of this collective labor. This part may or may not correspond to the labor expended. So, of course, old people and children received more than they could really give due to their physical capabilities. That is, collective labor, which appeared in the primitive period of human development, already implied a certain level of social protection.
So, when a person began to more clearly define or feel the difference in skills among themselves, the difference in the amount of labor expended, and when it became large, then the idea arose among craftsmen and workaholics to isolate themselves in order to have more from their labor expended. But any economic isolation is, first of all, the isolation of property and the results of one's labor, that is, the means of production and consumer goods. And if, before isolation, all the labor expended was dissolved in the labor of the entire community, then after isolation, it all remained within the family, that is, a collective much smaller than the community. The most capable, skillful and enduring people, in order to obtain great benefits or achieve some of their goals, almost always force themselves to action, to more work, and therefore do not consider themselves economically coerced, although, in fact, they are still coerced, only by themselves. yourself. But people who are less eager to work are directly economically coerced, and therefore feel disadvantaged in the benefits they receive in comparison with the labor expended.
Initially, after isolation, each family in the conditions of subsistence farming had exactly as many benefits as it itself created them. But with the advent of exchange, and the emergence of economic differences in this or that activity, which means the emergence of not only skill in real labor, but also exchange skill, the amount of goods often depended not on real labor, but on the ability to exchange. It is this skill that over time began to be valued in society much higher than real work that creates real benefits. This difference began to look especially significant after the appearance of money (intermediary goods). Nowadays, real work is usually valued salary, that is, someone's assessment of your work, but exchange skill is expressed by the concept of profit (or profitability), because it does not create anything real by itself, but it knows how to best use someone else's labor or product.
Labor is the only and fair source of our benefits, and therefore, it is precisely it that should determine our well-being in the first place, and not only conventionally accumulated past labor, which can be partially or completely alien in life (which most often happens). But the established division of the common newly created product according to the property or power principle is far from perfect.
Economic coercion to work is a completely natural thing, inherent in a relatively normal society. But besides this coercion, there is also direct coercion to work (or it is also called non-economic), characteristic of slavery and feudalism, in which there is no concept of worthy (appropriate) remuneration for labor at all. For in these societies, as a rule, the entire result of his labor is taken away from a person, leaving him only the minimum amount of the product with which he can live (survive), and no more.
Of course, the work of a mercenary is valued much higher than that of a slave or a serf, but one must always remember that a mercenary exchanges his labor for wages. But how fair and mutually beneficial this exchange depends on the state of society as a whole, the state of the economy, legislation, the structure of the economy and the level of unemployment. The last indicator is the most indicative for determining the level of fairness of the exchange between the mercenary and the employer. The higher the unemployment rate, the less mutually beneficial for the mercenary is this exchange, that is, the lower his real and potential wages. For a fair, truly mutually beneficial exchange between an employer and an employee, there must be at least a conditional surplus of jobs. Only in this case, this exchange can be considered fully mutually beneficial. With other worse conditions for the mercenary, this exchange can only be considered conditionally mutually beneficial, and its profitability for the mercenary decreases with the growth of unemployment, up to direct exploitation. For in this case, the whole benefit and even part of the labor costs in the exchange goes into the hands of the employer. And in order to avoid this, the state must, firstly, constantly create itself or conditions for increasing jobs and ensure that the minimum wage is higher than the living wage, and not vice versa, as is the case today in Russia. Otherwise, one can slide from the concept of “Economic coercion to work” to the concept of “Direct (non-economic) coercion to work, that is, to slavery or feudalism, despite the presence of capitalist relations in society.
Good luck with economics!
Economic coercion to work, the relation of economic dependence and coercion, characteristic of capitalism, between capitalists and wage-workers. Its economic base is formed by the monopoly of private property of the capitalists on the means of production. Deprived of material means of subsistence and working conditions, legally free workers are forced to sell their own labor power to the owners of the means of production, to work for the capitalists.
Thus, material conditions of labor become a means of subordinating the labor of others for the purpose of exploiting it. The capitalist directs labor, directs it, determines its duration and intensity, organizes and controls it. As the scale of production grows, the capitalists transfer these functions to a special hired administration that manages labor on behalf of capital.
As the owner of the means of production, the capitalist becomes the owner of the entire product produced by the labor of the workers. The relations of economic dependence and coercion are reproduced throughout the entire course of the constant process of production: the product of the worker's labor is always removed from him as someone else's property and returns only partially, in the form of wages; the second part always turns into the income of the capitalist and the means of production.
Labor is reproduced as wage labor, the means of production as capital. In contrast to non-economic coercion, which is characteristic of a slave-owning and feudal society (based on a relationship of vivid subordination), economic power to commodity acts from the outside as a relationship of free, legally equal commodity owners, and the labor of workers as optional. Ultimately, the labor of the worker for the capitalist is evidence of wage slavery.
In the conditions of the modern scientific and technological revolution, capitalism uses science and technology to expand and strengthen the relationship of economic coercion. Capital intensifies labor, ousts part of the workers from production, and makes demand only for a literate and highly skilled workforce. Intellectual workers - engineers and scientists - are increasingly being drawn into the orbit of capitalist exploitation.
This substantiates the inconsistency of modern bourgeois theories of harmony of interests, social partnership, collective, people's capitalism, which try to present subordination and relations of domination, which are objectively characteristic of capitalism, as equal cooperation. The totality of E. p. to t. cannot be wiped off the face of the earth under capitalism. For this it is necessary that the means of production should pass into the hands of the working people, that is, that personal ownership of the means of production should be abolished.
Lit .: Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed. v. 23, sec. 3, 4, 5; Archive of Engels and Marx, vol. 2 (VII), M., 1933, p. 5¾146, 167-77; Lenin V. I., criticism and economic content of his populism in the book of Mr. Struve, Poln. coll. soch., 5th ed., vol. 1, p. 459-60; see also lit. at Art. Capitalism.
ECONOMIC FORCED LABOR
coercion to work, the relation of economic dependence and coercion characteristic of capitalism between wage workers and capitalists. Its economic basis is the monopoly of private property of the capitalists on the means of production. Deprived of the material conditions for the application of labor and means of subsistence, legally free workers are forced to sell their labor power to the owners of the means of production, to work for the capitalists. Thus, material conditions of labor become a means of subordinating the labor of others for the purpose of exploiting it. The capitalist commands labor, manages it, determines its duration, intensity, organizes and controls it. As the scale of production grows, the capitalists transfer these functions to a special hired administration that manages labor on behalf of capital.
As the owner of the means of production, the capitalist becomes the owner of the entire product produced by the labor of the workers. The relations of economic dependence and coercion are reproduced throughout the entire course of the uninterrupted process of production: the product of the worker's labor is constantly removed from him as someone else's property and returns only partially, in the form of wages; the other part is constantly being converted into means of production and income for the capitalist. Labor is reproduced as wage labor, the means of production as capital. In contrast to non-economic coercion, which is characteristic of a slave-owning and feudal society (based on relations of direct subordination), economic labor to labor appears outwardly as a relationship of free, legally equal commodity owners, and the labor of workers as voluntary. In reality, the labor of a worker for a capitalist means wage slavery.
In the conditions of the modern scientific and technological revolution, capitalism uses science and technology to strengthen and expand the relationship of economic coercion. Capital intensifies labor, ousts part of the workers from production, and makes demand only for an educated and highly skilled workforce. Intellectual workers - scientists and engineers - are increasingly being drawn into the orbit of capitalist exploitation. This proves the inconsistency of modern bourgeois theories of "harmony of interests", "social partnership", "collective", "people's" capitalism, which try to present the relations of domination and subordination, objectively inherent in capitalism, as equal cooperation. The system of economic efficiency cannot be abolished under capitalism. For this it is necessary that the means of production pass into the hands of the working people, i.e., the abolition of private ownership of the means of production.
Lit .: Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed. v. 23, sec. 3, 4, 5; Archive of Marx and Engels, vol. 2 (VII), M., 1933, p. 5-146, 167-77; Lenin, V. I., The economic content of populism and its criticism in the book of Mr. Struve, Poln. coll. soch., 5th ed., vol. 1, p. 459-60; see also lit. at Art. Capitalism.
L. G. Krylova.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is ECONOMIC FORCED LABOR in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
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BALANCE - state economic system, the market, characterized by the presence of balance, the balancing of two differently directed factors. For example, the balance of supply and demand, production and ... - ECONOMIC in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
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cf. 1) The process of action by value. verb: compel, compel. 2) unfold Same as: ... - COMPULSION in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
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coercion... - COMPULSION in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
coercion, pl. no, cf. 1. Action on verb. coerce - coerce. Do something. under duress. || Violence, violent measure. Apply coercion. Measures … - COMPULSION in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
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Economic dictionary-reference book
economic coercion- a way of influencing the production activity of people and its regulation by changing the conditions of production. E. p. is used in conjunction with non-economic coercion (direct command, subordination), as well as the use of material, moral and administrative incentives to work. In various socio-economic formations, these methods are used differently, combined in a peculiar way. Under the conditions of the slave-owning mode of production, the methods of non-economic coercion, the direct subordination of one class, sections of the population to others, were mainly used. It was based primarily on the appropriation of land, irrigation facilities and other means of production. In the conditions of feudalism, with the transition from a partial form of rent to a productive one, and subsequently to a monetary one, E. p, to labor, intensifies. Under capitalism, economic production plays a dominant role, since workers are given personal freedom and are deprived of the means of production and means of consumption. Economic production at the stage of simple cooperation and manufacture is combined with non-economic (supervision of the worker in the production process, forced lengthening of the working day, etc.). In the conditions of large-scale machine production, there arises such a specific means of compelling the worker as rhythm control. production activities the rhythm of the movement of machines and mechanisms. With the emergence of mass unemployment, an additional form of indirect economic activity appears on the activity of the worker. At the present stage of development of capitalism, a highly effective system of material, administrative and moral incentives to work has been formed, and in general, throughout the entire period of the existence of the capitalist mode of production (almost five centuries), through strict discipline, most workers have developed the habit of a conscientious attitude to work. In our time, favorable working conditions include improving sanitary and hygienic conditions (reducing the degree of environmental pollution, vibration, humidity, noise intensity, lighting, establishing an optimal temperature level, etc.); physical conditions (elimination of physical hazards, establishment of an optimal work rhythm, duration of the work cycle, job rotation, etc.). The main role among the methods of E. p. in modern conditions plays the introduction of the most progressive wage systems. These include tariff, premium, collective. Under the tariff system, wages are made dependent on the smooth operation of equipment, on the complexity of labor, expressed in the corresponding tariff category and rate. Tariff systems are developed on the basis of an assessment of various labor characteristics. The method of analytical evaluation is most widely used in this case, when tariff rates are set depending on the complexity of the work performed for the following groups of factors: the qualifications of the performer (education, work experience, professional training), mental and physical efforts, his responsibility for materials, equipment, etc. For a thorough study of the quality of the workforce, a merit assessment system is used, according to which for each factor that is evaluated (quality of work, productivity, professional knowledge, adaptability, reliability, attitude to work, etc.), a rating scale for workers is compiled in points. To the assessment of merits, such indicators as devotion to the company, readiness for cooperation, which are equated to the qualification factor, are also included. All this strengthens the E. p. of workers to work. Premium systems wages link tariff rates with the norms of labor costs by a certain functional dependence. The current control here is reduced to a minimum, the use of bonus forms is based on the methods of piecework and time wages. Among bonus systems of wages allocate piece-bonus. Most bonus systems provide for the use of a technological allowance (for compliance with technological discipline, trouble-free operation, maintaining equipment in good condition). Bonus wage systems are designed so that the incentives associated with the improvement of individual performance indicators complement each other, and also that the size of one-time increases tariff rates and salaries for direct workers were not less than 3% of the basic salary, for craftsmen and technicians - not less than 5%. Otherwise, they cease to play a stimulating role. The most common form of collective payment is the profit sharing system. At the same time, a bonus fund is formed, from which, depending on the employee's salary, his personal and labor characteristics (rationalization activities, the absence of delays and absenteeism, etc.), bonuses are paid to him. Such payments are exempt from taxes, which stimulates the introduction of this system. Often under this system, employees are paid bonuses or their share in the form of shares. In the conditions of the former USSR, especially from the end of the 1920s to the end of the 1950s, non-economic coercion to work was widely used, and at all stages of the existence of the USSR, material incentives were underestimated, leveling prevailed. In modern conditions in Ukraine, the most important areas of strengthening E. p. to work is the introduction of progressive forms and systems of wages, the use of market levers in an organic combination with methods state regulation, elimination of leveling, etc.
