An invitation to a knight's castle ... A lesson-journey on the course of the history of the Middle Ages Grade 6 Goals and objectives of the lesson To acquaint students with the conditions of life and life of knights; lead to an understanding of how the feudal knights maintained their dominance over the peasants and what moral standards they had. Brief annotation of the lesson The lesson is conducted in the form of a virtual journey, during which we will visit the knight's castle. We will get acquainted with the main structures of the castle, the construction of the drawbridge, the interior decoration of the premises and outbuildings. We will visit the center of the castle - the Donjon tower. Where were the castles located? They tried to build the castle in the most impregnable place on top of a steep hill, on a rock, on an island in the middle of the river. The castle was surrounded by a high and thick stone wall. At the top of the wall, a covered path was made, along which the soldiers walked. Some castles had several rows of walls. Castle House of the feudal Hoz. buildings Living quarters Donjon Feudal refuge Shelter of the feudal family during the siege Powerful walls Deep moat with water Stables Halls Food supplies Drawbridge Pantry Workshops Kitchen Bedrooms Women's room Premises for servants In the basement a prison and a well Underground passage outside the castle Iron bars "Porticuli" "If if one of my feet were in heaven and the other in the castle, I would rearrange the first one to go to fight, ”this was the attitude to life and death of a medieval knight. What was in the castle so that for the sake of returning to it one could refuse paradise? Gates Gate towers tower Corner tower Drawbridge Castle wall Drawbridge and castle gates A bridge over the moat leads to the outer wall of the castle. The outer part of the bridge is fixed, but its last segment (right next to the wall) is movable. 1. Drawbridge 2. Counterweights on the gate lift 3. Castle gate This drawbridge is designed so that in a vertical position it closes the gate. The bridge is powered by mechanisms hidden in the building above them. From the bridge to the lifting machines, ropes or chains go into the wall holes. To facilitate the work of people servicing the bridge mechanism, the ropes were sometimes equipped with heavy counterweights that took part of the weight of this structure onto themselves. Donjon tower The internal structure of the castles was diverse. Behind the main gate there could be a small rectangular courtyard with loopholes in the walls - a kind of “trap” for the attackers. An indispensable attribute of the castle was a large courtyard (outbuildings, a well, rooms for servants) and a central tower, also known as a donjon. Donjon at the Château de Vincennes. The pentagonal tower of Laenc Castle. The life of all the inhabitants of the castle directly depended on the presence and location of the well. Problems often arose with him - after all, as mentioned above, castles were built on hills. Solid rocky soil also did not make it easier to supply the fortress with water. There are known cases of laying castle wells to a depth of more than 100 meters (for example, the Kuffhäuser castle in Thuringia or the Königstein fortress in Saxony had wells more than 140 meters deep). Digging a well took from one to five years. In some cases, this consumed as much money as all the interior buildings of the castle were worth. Main Conclusions Castles served as a support for the independence of the feudal lord; Traveling kings and nobles stopped at castles; Itinerant troubadours, jugglers and minstrels performed in castles; In the castle, the seigneur did justice and reprisals against the serfs; Noble captives were kept in the castle, in anticipation of a ransom for their lives; The castle was a fine example of medieval architecture. Questions?
"Knights and castles" - Castles were built on the banks of rivers and seas. Prepared by the teacher of the Lopatinskaya secondary school Artemova I.V. Chainmail. The fourth is extra. Armor and a helmet with a visor. Military competition of knights in strength and dexterity. Sign of military prowess A short saying explaining the meaning of the coat of arms. A bridge led across the moat to the castle. The service of a squire to his knight.
"Architecture of Byzantium" - Initially, the traditions of ancient art were strong in Byzantium. PLAN OF THE BYZANTINE BASILIC (basilica is a type of temple). SAVIOR. Main nave. DEESIS. Then the Christian CANON gradually took shape, and the appearance of the icons changed. View of the dome from the inside. West. Interior. GREGORY THE WONDERWORKER. Icon of the 6th c. Anthimius of Tralus and Isidore of Miletus.
"Culture of Western Europe" - Cradle of a new culture. Students needed more and more textbooks. The individual comes into his own. Culture of Western Europe in the XIV - XV centuries. Petrarch and Laura. With the development of crafts and trade in the cities, literacy grew rapidly. Instead of ontological questions, ethical questions come to the fore.
"The Hundred Years' War" - Chapter 8 CENTURIES OF CRISIS AND RENEWAL: § 31. The Hundred Years' War 1337 - 1453 (1471) French miniature. Magna Carta. Miniature of the 15th century. Edward III. The execution of Joan of Arc. XIV - XV centuries. England Flanders Holy Roman Empire Portugal Aragon. The role of Joan of Arc. The heirs of Philip IV the Handsome.
“Noble Knight” - Oh, Holy Motherland, What heart does not tremble, blessing You? .. Icon “The Miracle of George about the Serpent” (XV century) The rider soars on a white horse. Saint George became the ideal image of a warrior - the defender of the Motherland. The knight was on horseback. He came from a noble family in Asia Minor, which was part of the Roman Empire. 3. What do you know about jousting tournaments and military battles of knights?
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Text content of presentation slides: Assyrian conquerors. Presentation on General History in grade 5. Author: history teacher MBOU secondary school No. 2 p. Dobrinka Rodionova Irina Vasilievna Lesson objectives: Tell about the history and culture of the Neo-Babylonian state; Describe the development of the countries of Western Asia - the Lydian and Median kingdoms. Instill students in the world of beauty. Develop interest in the past. Kingdom of Lydia A rich state in the west of the peninsula of Asia Minor, where gold and silver coins were minted for the first time in the ancient world. The creation of the Neo-Babylonian state Egypt captured: Palestine, Syria, Phoenicia. Carchemish Ruler of Babylon Nebuchadnezzar in 605 BC Carchemish recaptured from the Egyptians Captured: Syria, Phoenicia, the Kingdom of Judah. Became king of Babylon. In 587 B.C. after a long siege, Jerusalem was taken. Its walls and the temple of Yahweh were destroyed, thousands of inhabitants were forcibly relocated to Babylon. Thus began the “Babylonian captivity” of the Jews, which is described in the Bible. Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BC) was one of the greatest conquerors in history. The Neo-Babylonian kingdom was not much inferior in size to the Assyrian military power. But the Babylonian kings did not have despotic power, like the rulers of Assyria. The priests and the nobility, with whom the kings reckoned, played a large role here. The city of Babylon in the 7th-6th centuries BC Babylon was rebuilt. Remember what happened to him? Under Nebuchadnezzar, he became the largest city in the world with a population of about 200 thousand people. Nebuchadnezzar built a huge palace in Babylon, the decoration of which was the “hanging gardens.” In ancient times they were considered one of the “seven wonders of the world.” A seven-story ziggurat towered over the city, the temple of the main god of Babylon, Marduk. The pearl of Babylon was the Ishtar Gate, which was one of the eight gates that surrounded Babylon. The gates were lined with blue tiles depicting bulls. Decorations on the Ishtar Gate Babylonian Scientific Knowledge Assignment: Based on the text in your textbook on page 99, complete the following table. Name of Science Achievements Medes and Persians. In the east and north, the possessions of the Babylonian kings bordered on the Kingdom of Media, which belonged to the number of Aryan tribes. Aryan nomads came from the north through the Caucasus and settled a vast country from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf. This country was called Iran. The Aryan tribes were engaged in agriculture and crafts. Assyrian kings often made predatory campaigns in Iran, rich in copper, silver and iron. The Medes united against them and created a state with the capital Ecbatana. Cyaxares, king of the Median kingdom May 28, 585 BC the battle with the army of the Lydian kingdom, but a sudden solar eclipse forced the parties to stop the battle and make peace! He married his daughter to Nebuchadnezzar II, and married his son Astyages to the daughter of the Lydian king, thereby establishing peace between the three states. CHECK YOURSELF 1. Complete task 3 in the workbook on page 44-45 Complete task 6 paragraph on page 100??? What do the following dates mean: 605 BC. , 587 BC, May 28, 585 BC Homework: § 18 Workbook-task 1, p. 44 Preparation for test work Internet resources used: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nebukadnessar_II.jpg?uselang=ruhttp://icocnews.ru/images /stories/2013/4/ishtar_lion.jpghttp://icocnews.ru/images/stories/2013/4/ishtar_gate.jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2ee0OJ5yDWo/UGKvVztdGyI/AAAAAAAAEYY/uMokeA72zIg/s1600/ 350px-Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon.jpghttp://karnegi.blogspot.ru/2012/09/blog-post_26.htmlhttp://www.mysticspot.ru/wp-content/uploads/vav1.jpghttps://www.google.ru/ search?q=temple+of+marduk&newwindow=1&safe=off&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=Nh2OUvTDNIzGswad1YCgAg&ved=0CCkQsAQ&biw=1920&bih=935#facrc=_&imgdii=oKQQ_Cgg_S9kVM%
Castles in Medieval Europe A castle is a building (or a complex of buildings) that combines residential and defensive tasks. In the most common sense of the word, the fortified dwelling of a feudal lord in medieval Europe. A castle is a building (or a complex of buildings) that combines residential and defensive tasks. In the most common sense of the word, the fortified dwelling of a feudal lord in medieval Europe.
Functions The main functions of the feudal castle with suburbs were: The main functions of the feudal castle with suburbs were: military (center of military operations, means of military control over the district), military (center of military operations, means of military control over the district), administrative-political (administrative center of the district , the place where the political life of the country was concentrated), administrative and political (the administrative center of the district, the place where the political life of the country was concentrated), cultural and economic (handicraft and trade center of the district, a place of the highest elite and folk culture). cultural and economic (handicraft and trade center of the district, a place of the highest elite and folk culture).
Defensive system of the castle Mound of earth, often mixed with gravel, peat, limestone or brushwood. The height of the embankment in most cases did not exceed 5 meters, although sometimes it reached 10 meters or more. The surface was often covered with clay or wooden flooring. The hill was round or nearly square at the base, and the diameter of the hill was at least twice its height. A mound of earth, often mixed with gravel, peat, limestone, or brushwood. The height of the embankment in most cases did not exceed 5 meters, although sometimes it reached 10 meters or more. The surface was often covered with clay or wooden flooring. The hill was round or nearly square at the base, and the diameter of the hill was at least twice its height. At the top, a wooden, and later a stone, defensive tower was erected, surrounded by a palisade. Around the hill there was a moat filled with water or dry, from the earth of which a mound was formed. Access to the tower was through a swinging wooden bridge and a staircase built on the hillside. At the top, a wooden, and later a stone, defensive tower was erected, surrounded by a palisade. Around the hill there was a moat filled with water or dry, from the earth of which a mound was formed. Access to the tower was through a swinging wooden bridge and a staircase built on the hillside.
Inner courtyard A large courtyard with an area (with rare exceptions) of no more than 2 hectares, surrounding or adjacent to the hill, as well as various residential and outbuildings of the dwelling of the owner of the castle and his soldiers, stables, forge, warehouses, kitchen, etc. inside it. Outside, the courtyard was protected by a wooden palisade, then a moat, which was filled from the nearest reservoir, and an earthen rampart. The space inside the courtyard itself could be divided into several parts, or several adjoining courtyards were built near the hill. A large courtyard with an area (with rare exceptions) of no more than 2 hectares, surrounding or adjacent to the hill, as well as various residential and outbuildings of the dwelling of the owner of the castle and his soldiers, stables, forge, warehouses, kitchen, etc. inside it. Outside, the courtyard was protected by a wooden palisade, then a moat, which was filled from the nearest reservoir, and an earthen rampart. The space inside the courtyard itself could be divided into several parts, or several adjoining courtyards were built near the hill.
Donjon The main tower in European feudal castles. Unlike the towers on the walls of the castle, the donjon is located inside the fortress walls (usually in the most inaccessible and protected place) and is usually not connected with them, it is like a fortress inside the fortress. Along with the defensive, donjons usually served as the direct dwelling of the feudal lords. It also often housed various important armory rooms, the main well, food warehouses. The forms of donjons are very diverse: in the UK, quadrangular towers were popular, but there were also round, octagonal, regular and irregular polygonal donjons, as well as combinations of several of these shapes. The change in the shape of donjons is associated with the development of architecture and siege technology. A round or polygonal turret is better able to withstand projectiles. Sometimes, when building a donjon, builders followed the terrain, for example, placing a tower on an irregularly shaped rock.
Fortress wall Fortress walls are protective walls around the courtyard. They had to be high enough to make it difficult for attackers to assault using ladders, and thick enough to withstand the power of siege mechanisms, which from the 15th century included artillery. A typical wall was 3 meters thick and 12 meters long, but the dimensions varied greatly from castle to castle. To protect them from undermining, stone pavements were sometimes arranged in front of the fortress walls. The battle move at the top of the fortress wall allowed the defenders to throw shells at opponents from below, and the parapet gave them additional protection. Numerous towers on the fortress wall allowed the defenders to conduct longitudinal fire along the wall. Loopholes in walls were not common in Europe until the 13th century, as it was believed that they could weaken the strength of the wall. Fortress walls are protective walls around the courtyard. They had to be high enough to make it difficult for attackers to assault using ladders, and thick enough to withstand the power of siege mechanisms, which from the 15th century included artillery. A typical wall was 3 meters thick and 12 meters long, but the dimensions varied greatly from castle to castle. To protect them from undermining, stone pavements were sometimes arranged in front of the fortress walls. The battle move at the top of the fortress wall allowed the defenders to throw shells at opponents from below, and the parapet gave them additional protection. Numerous towers on the fortress wall allowed the defenders to conduct longitudinal fire along the wall. Loopholes in walls were not common in Europe until the 13th century, as it was believed that they could weaken the strength of the wall.
Moats As a rule, moats were dug around castles as part of a defensive system. They made it difficult to access the fortress walls, including siege weapons such as a battering ram or a siege tower. An important property of a water-filled moat is the prevention of undermining. Often, rivers and other natural bodies of water were connected to ditches to fill them with water. The ditches needed to be periodically cleared of debris to prevent shallowing. Sometimes stakes were placed at the bottom of the ditches, making it difficult to overcome it by swimming. Access to the fortress was usually organized by means of drawbridges. As a rule, ditches were dug around the castles as part of the defensive system. They made it difficult to access the fortress walls, including siege weapons such as a battering ram or a siege tower. An important property of a water-filled moat is the prevention of undermining. Often, rivers and other natural bodies of water were connected to ditches to fill them with water. The ditches needed to be periodically cleared of debris to prevent shallowing. Sometimes stakes were placed at the bottom of the ditches, making it difficult to overcome it by swimming. Access to the fortress was usually organized by means of drawbridges.
