Castles in Medieval Europe A castle is a building (or a complex of buildings) that combines residential and defensive tasks. In the most common sense of the word, the fortified dwelling of a feudal lord in medieval Europe. A castle is a building (or a complex of buildings) that combines residential and defensive tasks. In the most common sense of the word, the fortified dwelling of a feudal lord in medieval Europe.
Functions The main functions of the feudal castle with suburbs were: The main functions of the feudal castle with suburbs were: military (center of military operations, means of military control over the district), military (center of military operations, means of military control over the district), administrative-political (administrative center of the district , the place where the political life of the country was concentrated), administrative and political (the administrative center of the district, the place where the political life of the country was concentrated), cultural and economic (handicraft and trade center of the district, a place of the highest elite and folk culture). cultural and economic (handicraft and trade center of the district, a place of the highest elite and folk culture).
Defensive system of the castle Mound of earth, often mixed with gravel, peat, limestone or brushwood. The height of the embankment in most cases did not exceed 5 meters, although sometimes it reached 10 meters or more. The surface was often covered with clay or wooden flooring. The hill was round or nearly square at the base, and the diameter of the hill was at least twice its height. A mound of earth, often mixed with gravel, peat, limestone, or brushwood. The height of the embankment in most cases did not exceed 5 meters, although sometimes it reached 10 meters or more. The surface was often covered with clay or wooden flooring. The hill was round or nearly square at the base, and the diameter of the hill was at least twice its height. At the top, a wooden, and later a stone, defensive tower was erected, surrounded by a palisade. Around the hill there was a moat filled with water or dry, from the earth of which a mound was formed. Access to the tower was through a swinging wooden bridge and a staircase built on the hillside. At the top, a wooden, and later a stone, defensive tower was erected, surrounded by a palisade. Around the hill there was a moat filled with water or dry, from the earth of which a mound was formed. Access to the tower was through a swinging wooden bridge and a staircase built on the hillside.
Inner courtyard A large courtyard with an area (with rare exceptions) of no more than 2 hectares, surrounding or adjacent to the hill, as well as various residential and outbuildings of the dwelling of the owner of the castle and his soldiers, stables, forge, warehouses, kitchen, etc. inside it. Outside, the courtyard was protected by a wooden palisade, then a moat, which was filled from the nearest reservoir, and an earthen rampart. The space inside the courtyard itself could be divided into several parts, or several adjoining courtyards were built near the hill. A large courtyard with an area (with rare exceptions) of no more than 2 hectares, surrounding or adjacent to the hill, as well as various residential and outbuildings of the dwelling of the owner of the castle and his soldiers, stables, forge, warehouses, kitchen, etc. inside it. Outside, the courtyard was protected by a wooden palisade, then a moat, which was filled from the nearest reservoir, and an earthen rampart. The space inside the courtyard itself could be divided into several parts, or several adjoining courtyards were built near the hill.
Donjon The main tower in European feudal castles. Unlike the towers on the walls of the castle, the donjon is located inside the fortress walls (usually in the most inaccessible and protected place) and is usually not connected with them, it is like a fortress inside the fortress. Along with the defensive, donjons usually served as the direct dwelling of the feudal lords. It also often housed various important armory rooms, the main well, food warehouses. The forms of donjons are very diverse: in the UK, quadrangular towers were popular, but there were also round, octagonal, regular and irregular polygonal donjons, as well as combinations of several of these shapes. The change in the shape of donjons is associated with the development of architecture and siege technology. A round or polygonal turret is better able to withstand projectiles. Sometimes, when building a donjon, builders followed the terrain, for example, placing a tower on an irregularly shaped rock.
Fortress wall Fortress walls are protective walls around the courtyard. They had to be high enough to make it difficult for attackers to assault using ladders, and thick enough to withstand the power of siege mechanisms, which from the 15th century included artillery. A typical wall was 3 meters thick and 12 meters long, but the dimensions varied greatly from castle to castle. To protect them from undermining, stone pavements were sometimes arranged in front of the fortress walls. The battle move at the top of the fortress wall allowed the defenders to throw shells at opponents from below, and the parapet gave them additional protection. Numerous towers on the fortress wall allowed the defenders to conduct longitudinal fire along the wall. Loopholes in walls were not common in Europe until the 13th century, as it was believed that they could weaken the strength of the wall. Fortress walls are protective walls around the courtyard. They had to be high enough to make it difficult for attackers to assault using ladders, and thick enough to withstand the power of siege mechanisms, which from the 15th century included artillery. A typical wall was 3 meters thick and 12 meters long, but the dimensions varied greatly from castle to castle. To protect them from undermining, stone pavements were sometimes arranged in front of the fortress walls. The battle move at the top of the fortress wall allowed the defenders to throw shells at opponents from below, and the parapet gave them additional protection. Numerous towers on the fortress wall allowed the defenders to conduct longitudinal fire along the wall. Loopholes in walls were not common in Europe until the 13th century, as it was believed that they could weaken the strength of the wall.
Moats As a rule, moats were dug around castles as part of a defensive system. They made it difficult to access the fortress walls, including siege weapons such as a battering ram or a siege tower. An important property of a water-filled moat is the prevention of undermining. Often, rivers and other natural bodies of water were connected to ditches to fill them with water. The ditches needed to be periodically cleared of debris to prevent shallowing. Sometimes stakes were placed at the bottom of the ditches, making it difficult to overcome it by swimming. Access to the fortress was usually organized by means of drawbridges. As a rule, ditches were dug around the castles as part of the defensive system. They made it difficult to access the fortress walls, including siege weapons such as a battering ram or a siege tower. An important property of a water-filled moat is the prevention of undermining. Often, rivers and other natural bodies of water were connected to ditches to fill them with water. The ditches needed to be periodically cleared of debris to prevent shallowing. Sometimes stakes were placed at the bottom of the ditches, making it difficult to overcome it by swimming. Access to the fortress was usually organized by means of drawbridges.
slide 2
Consider the defensive value of medieval castles
1. Consider the reasons for the appearance of castles in Europe.
2. Consider various defensive structures
fortresses in terms of their purpose.
3.Build a model of a medieval fortress. (Recreate a model of a medieval fortress using the constructor.)
slide 3
Plan.
1. Introduction.
2. The appearance of castles in Europe.
3. Defense of castles.
4. The conquest of castles.
5. Model of a medieval castle.
6. Conclusion.
7. Literature.
slide 4
The emergence of castles in Europe
Starting from the 9th century, local leaders began to build fortifications in the form of castles. The first castles had a simple construction and design, but later they evolved into powerful and beautiful stone structures. The reason for building castles was to protect the territory from the barbarians, but the real reason was to consolidate their control over the subject territory. This was possible due to the fact that in Europe at that time there was no unified defense strategy and there was not a single strong centralized authority. An example of building castles in Europe is the French province of Poito. There were only three castles before the Viking raids in the 9th century and 39 castles in the 11th century. Similar processes took place throughout Europe. Castles could be built very quickly. Before the advent of cannons, castle defenders had a huge advantage over those who stormed castles. But the wide distribution of castles and the creation of huge armies for their defense did not lead to truces between the warring parties, but, on the contrary, inflamed the wars even more.
slide 5
Castle Defense
The main principle of castle defense was to increase the losses of the attacking enemy while reducing the negative consequences for the defenders. A well-built castle could effectively defend even a small army and hold it for a very long time. Strong defenses allowed the castle's defenders to hold out against an assault or siege until reinforcements arrived, or until the attacking troops were forced to retreat due to food shortages, disease, or casualties.
Fortress: A fortress is a small castle, often part of a large castle complex. This is a heavily fortified building that often served as the residence of the owner of the castle. If the enemy took the outer walls of the castle, the defenders could retreat to the fortress and continue to defend themselves. Many castles grew from fortresses, which were the initial fortified points. Over time, the castles expanded and the old outer walls of the castles became the outer defenses of the fortress.
slide 6
Defenders
In peacetime, very few warriors were needed to protect the castle. At night, the bridges were raised, and the lowered bars were lowered, thus blocking the castle. In the event of a threat or assault, a much larger army was involved in the defense of the castle. Well-aimed archers or crossbowmen could prevent the enemy from storming the castle or preparing for an assault by shelling. Also, many people were needed to throw stones from the walls and pour hot liquids on the attackers. A considerable number of workers were needed to repair the walls damaged by the storm and extinguish fires caused by fire arrows. Aggressive defenders occasionally sally out of the castle and attack the besieging army. These lightning-fast raids allowed the defenders to burn down the besiegers' ladders and forests, lowering their morale. In case of danger, local peasants took to defending the walls. Lacking sufficient skill with a sword, spear, or bow, they could do many other important jobs.
Slide 7
Locks
Slide 8
donjon
The main tower of the castle, surrounded by walls with loopholes.
Slide 9
Barbican
Powerful castles had external and internal gates. Between them was an open space called the Barbican. It was surrounded by walls and became a trap for the enemy, who managed to destroy the outer gate. Once in the Barbican, the enemy became very vulnerable and could either retreat through the outer gates or storm the inner ones. The defenders at this time generously poured tar or boiling oil on the attackers, threw stones and spears at them.
Slide 10
Loopholes
The walls and towers were adjusted to provide maximum protection to the defenders. A platform behind the top of the wall allowed the defenders to stand and fight. Slotholes were cut into the upper part of the walls so that the defenders could shoot or fight while under partial cover. The slits may have had wooden shutters for even more protection. In the upper part of the walls, battlements were often built with thin slots, due to which the archers could shoot with little or no risk. During the assault, closed wooden platforms expanded from the tops of the walls and towers. From them, the defenders could shoot straight down at the attackers, or throw stones and boiling liquids at them, while remaining protected. These wooden buildings were upholstered with skins to prevent the wood from burning. Stone versions of these scaffolds were called hinged loopholes and were sometimes built over gates.
slide 11
Walls
Stone walls protected the castle from arson, arrows and other projectiles. Enemies could not climb smooth walls without special equipment such as ladders or siege scaffolding. The defenders on the walls could shoot down or drop heavy objects on the attackers. The attackers, who were in the open and fired upwards, were at a very disadvantageous position compared to the defenders, who were protected and fired down. If possible, they tried to strengthen the defensive power of stone walls by building walls on hills and cliffs. Gates and doors in the castle walls were few and heavily fortified.
slide 12
Ditches and drawbridges
To enhance the advantage of the walls, ditches were often dug at their base, completely surrounding the castle. Where possible, these ditches were filled with water. Such ditches greatly hampered the assault on the walls. Armored soldiers could drown if they fell into shallow water. Moats with water also made it very difficult to dig walls, as water could wash away the digging tunnel and flood the diggers. Often the attackers had to drain the water ditches in order to continue the assault. Often the ditch was also partially filled in to set up ladders or siege scaffolding. Drawbridges over ditches or water ditches allowed the inhabitants of the castle to enter and leave the castle as needed. In case of danger, the drawbridge was raised, thus disconnecting the castle from the outside world. Bridges were raised by a mechanism inside the castle, well protected from the enemy.
slide 13
Retractable Grille
A lowered grate made of thick metal rods tightly blocked the gates of the castle in case of danger. The gates of the castle, as a rule, were inside a special tower, which was well fortified. The bypass gate (a secret underground passage) could also be located in this tower. This tunnel was usually blocked by several powerful bars. The mechanism that lifted the bars was on top of the tower and was heavily protected. The lowered bars could be combined from iron rods and thick logs. Defenders and attackers could shoot at each other and stab through the bars.
Slide 14
Poterna for food delivery with a lifting ramp
Some large castles were furnished in such a way as to avoid surprise attacks and, at the same time, the accidental entry of spies.
Heavy loads and carcasses of animals were pulled inside by a winch along the skids lying in the middle of the flooring.
slide 15
shutters
In addition to performing protective functions, they covered archers or crossbowmen from being blinded by the sun and from the eyes of the enemy, who could be viewed quite calmly.
slide 16
towers
In the corners and often at regular intervals along the walls stood towers. The towers protruded beyond the castle walls, allowing the defenders from the towers to bombard the castle walls. From the corner towers, the defenders could fire on two walls. Gates were often defended by towers on both sides. Some castles started out as simple towers and grew into false complexes of walls, an inner fortress, and additional towers.
Slide 17
Castle conquest
The conquest and defense of castles was the main military activity in the Late Middle Ages. At that time, cities grew and developed rapidly and were of great strategic importance. A well-fortified castle city could defend and hold a small well-armed detachment of warriors, and to capture such a fortress, much more military force was needed. The attackers had to have a large enough army to seize and subjugate the lands adjacent to the castle, prepare positions for the assault on the castle, or at least not give the castle defenders a break.
Siege: To prevent escapes or sorties from the enemy's castle, the besieging army took up positions around this castle. Nearby farms and villages were captured by the besieging troops. Patrols were posted everywhere so that they could quickly bring information about the approach of the enemy army and for food. The leaders of the patrols examined the situation and decided what to do: either simply lay siege to the castle, or actively prepare for a massive assault. If they were going to take the castle with the help of hunger, then they did not attack the castle, but allowed the defenders to starve to death by preventing food carts and reinforcements from reaching the castle.
Slide 18
Siege equipment
Siege equipment was used to overcome the walls and other fortifications of the castle. Having broken through with the help of siege equipment through the fortifications of the castle, the entire power of the attacking army comes face to face with a small garrison of defenders. Most siege equipment is designed specifically to crush or breach walls. In addition to the usual ladder, siege equipment was most commonly used during the Middle Ages. Siege weapons consisted of large catapults - trebuchets *, ballistas **, siege towers, massive rams and large shields to cover people. As soon as a breach was made in the wall or the siege tower was brought into place, detachments of brave volunteer soldiers began the assault.
These detachments of volunteers are known in history as "suicide squads," since almost all of them died in battle with the defenders of the fortress. But those few who managed to survive received the highest rewards in the form of promotions, titles and loot.
Slide 19
Storm
Until the last moment of the assault, the warriors will shoot at the castle wall to prevent the defenders from preparing for the assault from the siege tower. If the first group of attackers from the tower manage to get onto the wall, then a stream of armed warriors will rush along the bridge behind it in order to finally capture the castle.
Slide 20
Medieval castle model
slide 21
The model of my castle was made by me with the help of my dad, based on the Medieval Stone Fortress set and completed with homemade structures and toy warriors. The castle is the main tower - donjon, surrounded by walls and towers with loopholes. The tower with the main gate is protected by a lattice and a drawbridge across the moat. Inside the castle there are outbuildings - a warehouse and a stable under a canopy. Outside the castle is the first line of defense - a palisade with a small gate and a wooden watchtower, connected to the castle by an easily destroyed bridge.
Natural obstacle: the castle is located on a hill and is surrounded by a moat.
The castle was captured at the time of the assault. The attackers use siege machines and devices - a battering ram, ladders, mobile shields, a large siege tower with a bridge. The defenders of the castle are defending from the walls, the tower of the palisade with the help of throwing and edged weapons. A detachment is moving along the bridge to make a sortie.
After I examined the various defensive structures of the fortresses, I realized that by their design the castles were fully prepared for a long defense and repulse of assaults.
When my dad and I made a model of a medieval fortress, I really saw the fortifications of the fortress and realized how important they were during a long defense and repelling assaults.
I concluded that in the Middle Ages the defensive value of castles was very high, although with the advent of cannons it lost its significance.
Slide 29
LITERATURE
- Edited by E. Lavisse and A. Rambaud "The Age of the Crusades", Polygon,
- St. Petersburg 2003.
- E.A. Razin "History of military art", Polygon, St. Petersburg 1999.
- N.I. Ionin "100 Great Castles", Veche, Moscow, 2004.
- L. Funken and F. Funken "Encyclopedia of weapons and military costume MIDDLE AGES", Astrel, Moscow 2002.
Preliminary work.
Prepare 4 students with mini-messages for a presentation on topics
Knight at war.
Code of chivalry.
Feudal castle.
Knight Tournaments.
Create a presentation "Behind the walls of castles", prepare silhouettes of shields, shield icons on the map "Medieval Europe", memos, copies of documents, tests, start filling in the comparative table "Living conditions of various classes of medieval society in Western Europe"
Lesson Objectives:
Educational.
- Empirical level
- To form in students an idea of the lifestyle of typical representatives of the knightly class in the Middle Ages. To acquaint students with the peculiarities of the style of behavior, the knightly code and the main occupations of the feudal knights.
II. theoretical level.
- To form new concepts in students:
Warring class, castle, knight, donjon, tournament, armor, visor, coat of arms.
- Help me understand the lessons learned:
- Knights in the Middle Ages constituted the military class in Western Europe.
- The main occupation of a knight is war, and in peacetime tournaments, feasts and hunting.
- Continue working on known concepts and conclusions:
- Feudal ladder, estate, feud, feudal lord, feudal patrimony, feudalism, duties, quitrent, corvée, vassal, lord.
- People who owned land with peasants were called feudal lords in the Middle Ages, and the social system based on the relationship of land dependence of peasants on feudalism is feudalism.
Developing.
- Continue to develop skills
- Work with the map - find the studied early states on the territory of Western Europe.
- Graphically draw conclusions, continue filling in the table based on the material of the textbook and the information received in the lesson.
- Analyze document.
Educational.
- Continue work on the formation of a culture of mental work.
Equipment : computer, screen, presentation, test cards, map No. 29, “Medieval castle”, “Feudal stairs” schemes, shield silhouettes, shield signs on the map, printouts of documents, memos on evaluation and work with the document.
Lesson type . Combined lesson (direct).
Type of lesson . Lesson presentation.
DURING THE CLASSES .
Lesson stages | Time | Teacher activity | Student activities |
1. Organizing moment | 1 minute. | My friends, I am very happy Enter your friendly class. And for me, already a reward The radiance of your lovely eyes. The girls sat down. The boys sat down. I see that today there are no absentees, the class is clean and everyone is ready to go on a new journey through medieval Europe. | Standing at work They sit down. |
Checking d / z. Levels A, B, C. | 10 min. (5+3+2) 5 minutes. 3 min. 1 minute. | But first, let's remember what we already know about the life of people at that time, or rather, about the life of peasants in a medieval village. A. Monological answer at the blackboard to the question "How did the peasants live in a medieval village" according to the card - plan (app. 1) B. The class is doing test #8 On separate sheets according to options. C. Solution of the problem. In what centuries and in what regions of Europe was there a prayer: "From the sword of the Norman and the arrow of the Magyar, save us, Lord" Evaluation of verbal response and collection of cards and verified tests | 1 student answers. Prepare 5 minutes. The class is doing a test at this time. (Appendix 1) Mutual verification of the test. The key is on the back of the board. Assessment on the memo under the test. Perform 2 studies on cards. Answer: This prayer existed from the end of the 10th century until the middle of the 10th century throughout Central Europe, which was subjected to raids by the Vikings from the west and Magyar horsemen from the east. Monological answer at the blackboard. Analysis of the answer according to the memo. |
Exploring a new topic | 20 minutes. 1 minute. Physical pause. | So, we learned how the peasants lived - the class of eternal workers, and today we will look beyond the walls of the impregnable castle of the feudal lord. (incl. comp) (slide 1) Behind the castle walls. How do you think about what will be discussed in our lesson? What are we going to learn about today? Now look at our lesson plan. (slide 2) Do your assumptions match the plan? It's true, a lot of things are the same. Write down the plan.
And at the end of our lesson, we will be able to answer the main question Who was called a knight, and what was the main occupation in his life? But in the beginning, let's remember who the feudal lords are and what is feudalism? That's right (slide 3). And what did the feudal lords get their lands for? That's right, that is, the feudal lords also made up the owl estate and it was called the “Warring” or military estate. And they were also called in the Middle Ages - knights. Write down the definition of the term knight (slide 4) So, knights are a military estate and they spent most of their lives in war. He will tell us about this (1st student. adj.3) (slides 5-) What did knights use to defend themselves in battle? That's right, and the knight's head was protected by a helmet with a visor. The face is not visible, and in armor it is difficult to recognize a person. For this, they began to invent coats of arms - symbols of each kind. The lion is strength, the dragon is wisdom, the wolf is devotion. In order for the symbols - emblems not to be repeated, a whole service of heralds appeared who followed this. The coat of arms was inherited from father to son, along with the feud, was placed on helmets and shields. And what can you notice by looking at the silhouettes of the shields? That's right, it's because they are from different countries. Let's try to determine which of them are on this map. So, where is it on the map, in which state, is the coat of arms of this form .... so this shield is called Norman, and this ....... in which state is it on the map? So this is…. (app.4) So, we learned that the shields of the knights of different countries were different, and now we will find out if the rules and laws by which the knights lived differed. (slide) What did the knights value and respect most of all? This document will help us to find out. So what did the knights value and respect most of all? And with everyone, did the knight observe the rules of gallant or respectful behavior? That's right, usually only with people of their class, but not with "rude bumpkins", they treated them with contempt. | Student Answers write down the plan in a notebook Answer: the feudal lord is the owner of the feud and lives off the exploitation of the land with the peasants. Feudalism is a social system based on the relationship of land dependence of the peasants from the feudal lord. Feudal lords received land for serving their lord in war. Write down the definition. Listen and watch the presentation. Answer: armor and shields were used for protection. Answer: They are different shapes. Working with shield silhouettes and map 2nd student's message Working with a document. Learn answers (courage, loyalty, bravery) Student Answers |
Anchoring | 7 min. | So, today we got acquainted with the lifestyle of what class? True, we got acquainted with the way of life of the belligerent or military estate, but what are estates? That's right, estates are large groups of people with the same rights and duties, into which the medieval And what other classes of medieval society do we already know? In the previous lessons, we started filling out the comparative table "Living conditions of various classes of medieval society." Let's now recall what we learned today in the lesson and finish filling out the table in the column "Warring class". Comparison table. (app.2) | Answer: We got acquainted with the way of life of the belligerent or military class. Answer: estates are large groups of people with their own rights and duties, into which medieval society was divided. We have already got acquainted with the life of the peasants - eternal workers and priests - the praying class. Fill in the column in the comparative table. |
Conclusion on the topic | 3 min. | So, what did we learn today in the lesson about the life of a knight? So we can conclude that (on the slide) Knights were a military class in medieval Western Europe. The main occupation of the knight is war, and in peacetime - tournaments and hunting. Write the conclusion in a notebook. | Student answers. Write down in a notebook |
D / s | 2 minutes. | And now. Attention! We write down d / z (on a slide) Read §7. Answer the question "How did the knights of the Middle Ages live and what did they do" *Write mini-essays on topics of your choice.
Are there any questions about the implementation of d / s? | |
Outcome of the lesson and evaluation of student activity. The end of the lesson on a call. | 2 minutes. | Yes, we have seen and heard quite a few by looking beyond the walls of the castle. Did you enjoy our trip? What do you remember the most? Giving and commenting on ratings Thanks for the lesson, everyone is free. | Children's answers. Submission of diaries for grading. |
Knights at war.
Knights preferred to fight on horseback. The main unit of the knightly army is a heavily armed horseman. The battle in the Middle Ages is a series of knightly duels. The knights tried to fight the most noble rivals, the victory over which brought glory and a trophy in the form of enemy weapons. The knights fought on horseback, if it was not possible to knock the opponent out of the saddle with a heavy spear, then the battle continued with swords. The knight was protected from wounds by steel armor, a helmet and a shield. But, despite this, in battle, many knights were seriously injured or died. However, war was considered among the knights the most worthy occupation.
Knightly code of honor.
The knight had to follow certain rules of conduct in order to be a respected person in his class. He was supposed to be the defender of the church and faith, to defend Christians from the raids of the Gentiles.
He had to make every effort to eradicate lies and injustice. The knight is the hope of the weak and offended, the ideal of kindness and mercy. The knight had to be true to his word and noble, educated, generous and gallant with the ladies. And the lady of the heart to be faithful until the end of her days. Of course, the knight should not have observed all these rules with people not of his own circle, with “rude louts”. Moreover, many knights did not shine with all the virtues in their circle, often they turned out to be uneducated and cruel people. And, nevertheless, the norms of knightly life were accepted by all representatives of this estate, and the knights tried to comply with them.
Appendix 3
Make a comparative table "Living conditions of various classes in medieval society" using the following reference material
Questions for comparison
Priests
Peasants
Knights
Occupation
They pray, read holy books, teach monks, they don't pay taxes.
They plow, sow, pay taxes, bear duties.
They fight, hunt, hold tournaments, do not pay taxes.
Housing
Monasteries and abbeys.
Poor huts.
Castles and palaces.
Food
Often simple, but good and in sufficient quantity
The most modest, not in sufficient quantities, often go hungry
Luxurious dishes and dishes.
Entertainment
Prohibited by church rules.
Fairs and folk holidays. (Very rare)
feasts, hunting,
Performance of wandering artists and minstrels
Sources
existence
Monastic farms, church tithes and taxes from peasants.
Own labor, subsistence farming.
Taxes from peasants, war booty.
Document.
The medieval poet Baron Bertrand do Born wrote many ballads about knights.
An excerpt from the ballad "The First Song"
... And I also love that knight to me,
What, the first to rush forward,
Fearlessly riding a horse
And betrays vigor to the army
"Knights and castles" - Castles were built on the banks of rivers and seas. Prepared by the teacher of the Lopatinskaya secondary school Artemova I.V. Chainmail. The fourth is extra. Armor and a helmet with a visor. Military competition of knights in strength and dexterity. Sign of military prowess A short saying explaining the meaning of the coat of arms. A bridge led across the moat to the castle. The service of a squire to his knight.
"Architecture of Byzantium" - Initially, the traditions of ancient art were strong in Byzantium. PLAN OF THE BYZANTINE BASILIC (basilica is a type of temple). SAVIOR. Main nave. DEESIS. Then the Christian CANON gradually took shape, and the appearance of the icons changed. View of the dome from the inside. West. Interior. GREGORY THE WONDERWORKER. Icon of the 6th c. Anthimius of Tralus and Isidore of Miletus.
"Culture of Western Europe" - Cradle of a new culture. Students needed more and more textbooks. The individual comes into his own. Culture of Western Europe in the XIV - XV centuries. Petrarch and Laura. With the development of crafts and trade in the cities, literacy grew rapidly. Instead of ontological questions, ethical questions come to the fore.
"The Hundred Years' War" - Chapter 8 CENTURIES OF CRISIS AND RENEWAL: § 31. The Hundred Years' War 1337 - 1453 (1471) French miniature. Magna Carta. Miniature of the 15th century. Edward III. The execution of Joan of Arc. XIV - XV centuries. England Flanders Holy Roman Empire Portugal Aragon. The role of Joan of Arc. The heirs of Philip IV the Handsome.
“Noble Knight” - Oh, Holy Motherland, What heart does not tremble, blessing You? .. Icon “The Miracle of George about the Serpent” (XV century) The rider soars on a white horse. Saint George became the ideal image of a warrior - the defender of the Motherland. The knight was on horseback. He came from a noble family in Asia Minor, which was part of the Roman Empire. 3. What do you know about jousting tournaments and military battles of knights?
Topic: Beyond the castle walls
Target: create conditions for the formation of a figurative representation of the castle of the feudal lord, the equipment of the knight, their entertainment; introduce moral values, norms and attitudes of feudal lords, the ability to work with texts according to the algorithm; draw up a plan, find definitions in the text, express their own opinions, which will contribute to the development of positive personal qualities, respect for people.
During the classes:
Terminological dictation:1 option
feud
feudal stairs
Vassals
Seniors
estate
Option 2
Corvee
quitrent
tithe
Natural economy
feud
Write terminological dictation
Introduction to the topic and purpose of the lesson
Task: Listen to an excerpt from a poem and answer the question: What is this poem about?
The medieval poet Baron Bertrand do Born wrote many ballads about knights.
An excerpt from the ballad "The First Song"
…And I also love that knight to me,
What, the first to rush forward,
Fearlessly riding a horse
And betrays vigor to the army
Courage away.
As soon as the battle boils
Let everyone hurry after him,
Risking my head.
Worthy of praise,
Who is ready to strike and fall! ...
Baron Bertrand do Born (1140-1215)
Frontal conversation:
And what is another name for the warriors of the Middle Ages?
Can you tell me the names of famous knights?
Guys, how do you know these names?
What are we going to talk about in our lesson? What's the theme? What is the goal for the lesson?
Quite right.
Listen determine the topic and purpose of the lesson,
Children's answers: About the Middle Ages, about warriors, tournaments, about meanness, courage, nobility.
Medieval warriors are called knights.
Answers: Ivanhoe, Don Quixote, Richard the Lionheart, Lancelot, King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.
Answers: from literature, from historical films, from history.
Guess the topic of the lesson. We will talk about the concept of "knight", a knight's castle, knightly tournaments, etc.
Problem assignment for the lesson
Answer the question at the end of the lesson
Learning new material
But in the beginning, let's remember who the feudal lords are?
And what did the feudal lords get their lands for?
Teacher's word: That's right, that is, the feudal lords also made up their estate and it was called the “Warring” or military estate. And they were also called in the Middle Ages - knights.
Write down the definition of the term knight
So the knights military class and they spent most of their lives in the war.
Answer: the feudal lord is the owner of the feud and lives off the exploitation of the land with the peasants
Feudal lords received land for serving their lord in war.
Listen to the teacher, write down the definition in notebooks.
Using a presentation
What did knights use to defend themselves in battle?
That's right, and the knight's head was protected by a helmet with a visor. The face is not visible, and in armor it is difficult to recognize a person. For this, they began to invent coats of arms - symbols of each kind. The lion is strength, the dragon is wisdom, the wolf is devotion. In order for the symbols - emblems not to be repeated, a whole service of heralds appeared who followed this. The coat of arms was inherited from father to son, along with the feud, was placed on helmets and shields. And what can you notice by looking at the silhouettes of the shields?
Work with the document: Answer the question what was the knight in battle?
Knights at war.
Knights preferred to fight on horseback. The main unit of the knightly army is a heavily armed horseman. The battle in the Middle Ages is a series of knightly duels. The knights tried to fight the most noble rivals, the victory over which brought glory and a trophy in the form of enemy weapons. The knights fought on horseback, if it was not possible to knock the opponent out of the saddle with a heavy spear, then the battle continued with swords. The knight was protected from wounds by steel armor, a helmet and a shield. But, despite this, in battle, many knights were seriously injured or died. However, war was considered among the knights the most worthy occupation.
Listen and watch the presentation.
Answer: armor and shields were used for protection.
Answer questions in the document
Teacher's word:
So, we learned that the shields of the knights of different countries were different, and now we will find out if the rules and laws by which the knights lived differed.
Working with a document:
1. What did the knights value and respect most of all? This document will help us to find out. So what did the knights value and respect most of all?
2. Did the knight follow the rules of gallant or respectful behavior with everyone?
Knightly code of honor.
The knight had to follow certain rules of conduct in order to be a respected person in his class. He was supposed to be the defender of the church and faith, to defend Christians from the raids of the Gentiles.
He had to make every effort to eradicate lies and injustice. The knight is the hope of the weak and offended, the ideal of kindness and mercy. The knight had to be true to his word and noble, educated, generous and gallant with the ladies. And the lady of the heart to be faithful until the end of her days. Of course, the knight should not have observed all these rules with people not of his own circle, with “rude louts”. Moreover, many knights did not shine with all the virtues in their circle, often they turned out to be uneducated and cruel people. And, nevertheless, the norms of knightly life were accepted by all representatives of this estate, and the knights tried to comply with them.
Read documents and answer questions
Working with the textbook:
Describe the castle
Answer questions
Fixing:
So, today we got acquainted with the image
1. life of what class?
True, we got acquainted with the way of life of the warring or military class,
what are estates?
Who was called a knight, and what was the main occupation in his life?
Conclusion
