Basics medical knowledge and first aid procedures.
Subject: First aid for wounds.
Injury (from the Greek trauma - wound) is damage to the tissues of the human body with a violation of their integrity and functions, caused by external (mainly mechanical, thermal) influence. Wound (open damage) is a violation of the integrity of the skin, mucous membranes with damage to various tissues and organs, caused by mechanical action.
Shallow wounds with damage to only the superficial layers of the skin or mucous membrane, caused by a flat object over a large area, are called abrasions , and surface damage caused by sharp object in the form of a thin line, scratches .
According to the mechanism of wounding, the nature of the injuring object and the volume of tissue destruction, there are:
cut
chopped
bitten
firearms
At venous bleeding, dark blood flows out slowly, evenly, in an indirect stream.
At capillary bleeding, blood oozes drops from the entire wound surface.
Capillary and venous bleeding is stopped by applying a pressure sterile bandage. In case of venous bleeding, the damaged surface should be raised.
When providing first aid at the site of injury, it is necessary to stop the bleeding. When treating wounds, care must be taken asepsis and antiseptics .
Asepsis - This is a method that ensures the prevention of microbes entering the wound during its treatment. When treating wounds, the basic law of asepsis must be observed: everything that comes into contact with the wound must be sterile.
Antiseptics implies a set of measures aimed at the destruction of microbes on the skin, in a wound or in the body (as a whole).
When providing first aid for injuries and wounds, taking into account their severity and characteristics, a certain sequence of first aid measures can be distinguished:
For all types of injuries, it is necessary to quickly and carefully deliver the victim to the nearest medical institution, and if possible, quickly call a doctor or an ambulance.
"First aid for bleeding" - Sample: Internal bleeding. There are three types of bleeding: capillary, venous and arterial. Arterial bleeding and first aid. First aid for bleeding. The limb must be elevated. Ways to stop bleeding. Signs of internal bleeding: - paleness, weakness, dizziness, cold sweat.
"Wounds and bleeding" - With bullet wounds, the inlet is smaller than the outlet. Bullet wounds predominate among gunshot wounds; splinters are less often noted. The outpouring of blood from a blood vessel is called bleeding. Facial injuries. Classification of bleeding. Soft tissue injuries to the scalp are always dangerous.
"First aid for injuries" - Trauma of the pelvic region. If the victim is not breathing, start resuscitation. If you are forced to transport the victim yourself, call several helpers. It is UNACCEPTABLE to put splints on the legs if the victim is lying in the "frog" position. Injury of the spine, back. First aid for injuries of the pelvic region, spine, back.
"First Aid" - Man. Equipment. Such a roller is used for head injuries. What are the symptoms of sprained ligaments? Crossword. - What is the structure of the joint? "Hot Chair" The student comes out to the board, sits on a chair, facing the class, with his back to the board. What is indicated by numbers 1 and 2? What injury is shown in the picture?
"Medical care for injuries" - First aid medical care with an abdominal injury. Perform immobilization (immobilize the fracture site). Give the victim an anesthetic. Give the victim an elevated position in a sitting (reclining) position. Providing first aid for fractures of the pelvic bones. Providing first aid for head or spinal injuries.
"Artificial respiration" - The tasks of such cardiopulmonary resuscitation are - ensuring the patency of the airways, maintaining ventilation of the lungs and blood circulation. Artificial respiration by mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-nose method. Theoretical preparation. The statement of clinical death requires immediate and active therapeutic measures at the scene.
In total there are 17 presentations in the topic
slide 2
Wounds. Characteristics of wounds. P.M.P. Bleeding. Ways to stop bleeding
topic disclosure -
slide 3
Topic: "Wounds, ways to stop bleeding"
slide 4
Wounds
Wounds - violation of the integrity of the skin and mucous membranes.
slide 5
slide 6
Chopped wounds - inflicted with a sharp object
Slide 7
Laceration. Characterized by torn edges and a high degree of contamination
Slide 8
Incised wound. This wound is applied with a sharp object
Slide 9
gunshot wound
Slide 10
Stab wound. Applied mainly with piercing weapons
slide 11
Wound care
- Stop the bleeding
- Wash the wound with a disinfectant solution or water
- treat the skin around the wound
- put on a pressure bandage
slide 12
Injuries to the scalp
Soft tissue injuries to the scalp are always dangerous. They can be accompanied by heavy bleeding, damage to the bones of the skull, brain contusion (concussion) or cerebral hemorrhage (hematoma), the occurrence of cerebral edema and inflammation of the meninges (meningitis, encephalitis).
slide 13
Giving help
- clean and wash the wound
- treat the skin around the wound
- stop the bleeding
- apply a bandage (preferably sterile)
- apply cold
- see a doctor
In all cases of head injury, seek medical attention without delay.
Slide 14
Abdominal wounds with prolapse of internal organs
slide 15
Giving help
- clean and wash the wound
- bandage a wound
- put cold on the bandage in the wound area
- transport the victim to the hospital as soon as possible
It is unacceptable to delay, since there is a great danger of developing peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum), then helping the victim will be extremely difficult.
slide 16
Facial injuries
Any injury to the face is always extremely life-threatening. First, they are usually accompanied by significant bleeding. Second, they can cause brain damage. It is also possible to develop a wound infection (first of all, there is a great danger of developing tetanus or rabies - when a wound is bitten by a sick animal), damage to the nerves and ducts of the glands (salivary, lacrimal). In the end, wounding the face entails the formation of rough, disfiguring scars.
Slide 17
Giving help
- clean and wash the wound
- stop the bleeding
- treat the skin around the wound
- put on a pressure bandage
- impose cold
Slide 18
- bandage
- give pain medication
- immediately take the victim to an ophthalmologist
- Eye wounds.
Slide 19
chest wounds
Slide 20
Giving help
- clean and wash the wound
- treat the skin around the wound
- apply a sealing (occlusive) bandage
- give the patient pain medication
- urgently deliver the victim to the doctor in a semi-sitting position
slide 21
Bleeding
The human body tolerates the loss of only 500 ml of blood without any special consequences. The flow of 1000 ml of blood is already becoming dangerous, and the loss of more than 1000 ml of blood threatens human life. If more than 2000 ml of blood is lost, it is possible to save the life of a bled man only if the blood loss is immediately and quickly replenished. Bleeding from a large arterial vessel can lead to death in just a few minutes. Therefore, any bleeding should be stopped as soon as possible and reliably.
Signs of clinical death Main Lack of consciousness. Rare shallow breathing less than 8 times per minute or its absence. Absence of a pulse in the carotid artery. Additional bluish skin. Attention: In case of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, the color of the skin is pink. In case of sodium nitrite poisoning, the skin is purple-cyanotic. Wide pupils and lack of their reaction to light.
Initial examination Approach the victim. Fixing your head with your hand, shake his shoulder and ask the question: “What happened?” Assess the level of consciousness of the victim on the following scale: In consciousness - the victim is able to say his name; your location; day of the week. Responsiveness to speech - understands speech, but is not able to correctly answer the three questions above. Pain reaction - reacts only to pain. The pain reaction is checked in three ways: 1. pressure on the sternum, 2. compression of the earlobe, 3. compression of the victim's trapezius muscle between the thumb and forefinger. No reaction - means that the victim does not respond to speech or pain.
Checking the reaction to pain irritation: a - pressure on the sternum; b - compression of the trapezius muscle Check pupillary response to light. Close the victim's eyes with your palm and open. Normally, the pupils constrict. Quickly check the victim's ability to move limbs.
Brief algorithm of actions A-If the airway is obstructed, then restore its patency: finger manipulation, lower jaw protrusion, two test breaths, as well as the Heimlik maneuver. C-If there is no pulse, start CPR in the ratio of 2 breaths - 15 clicks. * Cardiopulmonary resuscitation pulse
Artificial ventilation of the lungs CHECKING AND CLEANING THE AIRWAYS If the airway is closed, it is necessary to remove foreign objects from the oral cavity that interfere with breathing. To do this, turn the victim's head to one side, while also tilting it back, as shown in the picture. Bend the first two fingers with a hook and slide them inside the mouth, trying not to push the foreign object into the larynx. Then check your breath again
Lay the victim on their back. Open his mouth, clean it of foreign contents, remove removable dentures (Figure 1). Tilt your head back (Figure 2). Make sure that the tongue does not cover the larynx With one hand, hold the head and neck of the victim, with the other, pinch his nostrils. Inhale deeply and, pressing your mouth tightly against your mouth through the handkerchief, exhale vigorously (Figure 3). Take the first 5-10 breaths quickly (in 20-30 seconds) and follow them at the rate of breaths per minute. Watch the movement of the victim's chest if, after you exhale into your mouth or nose, his chest rises, it means that the airways are passable, and you are doing artificial respiration correctly. Artificial respiration from mouth to nose. With one hand, hold the head of the victim in a tilted state with the other, close his mouth. Inhale deeply and, clasping the victim's nose with your lips, (through a handkerchief) exhale vigorously. Procedure:
The method of artificial respiration "mouth to mouth", applied to children, the breath into the lungs of the child is done by the rescuer simultaneously through the mouth and nose with a frequency of about 20 breaths per minute. After the first two doses, you need to check if there is blood circulation. In young children under two years of age, carefully monitor the position of the head, if it is too thrown back. Check your airways to make sure they are clear.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is carried out if the victim is not breathing and has no carotid pulsation. The main goal of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is to ensure sufficient airway, breathing and circulation until the diagnosis is clarified and subsequent treatment. External cardiac massage, when performed at a rate of compressions per minute, provides less than 23% (1/4) of normal cardiac output.
Pressing Technique Place the base of the left palm on the lower part of the sternum, two fingers from the xiphoid process. Place the base of the palm of one hand on top of the other hand, two fingers above the xiphoid process, lift the fingers so as not to touch the ribs. Lean over the victim, keeping your forearms in a strictly vertical position so that your body weight “works”. Don't bend your elbows. Press down on the sternum vertically, lowering it by about 1/3 of the thickness of the chest. Do not allow oscillatory movements of the body of the victim and follow the rhythm of the massage, ensuring equal intervals of squeezing and relaxing the chest. For adults or middle-aged and older children, perform chest compressions per minute. In children younger age perform at least 100 clicks per minute.
When cardiac arrest is combined with respiratory arrest, artificial respiration and cardiac massage are performed simultaneously. Regardless of whether assistance is provided by one person or two, 2 quick exhalations into the mouth or nose of the victim alternate with 15 pressures on the sternum. The effectiveness of resuscitation measures is determined by the appearance of a pulse in large arteries, the narrowing of the pupils, the appearance of a reaction to light, and the restoration of spontaneous breathing. In the presence or restoration of breathing and cardiac activity, the victim in an unconscious or coma is laid on his side to prevent suffocation with his own sunken tongue or vomit. Retraction of the tongue is often evidenced by breathing, reminiscent of snoring and sharply difficult inhalation. To restore the work of the heart in many cases, it may be sufficient to conduct a precordial stroke. To do this, the palm of one hand is placed on the lower third of the sternum and a short and sharp blow is applied to it with the fist of the other hand. The presence of a pulse on the carotid artery is checked and, in its absence, they begin to conduct an external heart massage and artificial ventilation of the lungs.
RULES FOR PERFORMING CLOSED HEART MASSAGE 1. Place the victim on a firm surface, kneel in front of him next to his heart 2. Place the convex part of the palm along the sternum (in the upper part of the chest) so that the fingers do not touch the body. Put the other hand on top of the palm and interlace the fingers. Your shoulders should be just above the victim's breastbone and your arms straight or as shown. 3. Without bending straightened arms, press vertically down on the lower part of the sternum 45 centimeters (for an adult). Stop squeezing. Do 15 rounds at an average of 80 compressions per minute. The rescuer's actions should be rhythmic and smooth, not jerky. In order to determine the correct speed, count: one - two - three, one - two - three 4. Throw back the victim's head and take two mouth-to-mouth breaths. It is very important that the pressure exerted by your hands is applied correctly. 5. After 15 compressions and two breaths, check his pulse. Check the pulse every three minutes 6. As soon as the pulse appears, immediately stop external compression. Continue mouth-to-mouth resuscitation until spontaneous breathing is restored, helping the victim breathe if necessary.
Test for consolidation of educational material Questions: 1) Give the decoding of the abbreviation: a-CPR; b-IVL; c-NMS - indirect heart massage 2) Signs of respiratory arrest (choose the correct answer): a-lack of a pulse in the carotid artery; b-dilated pupils; c-lack of air flow near the mouth and nose 3) Add the 3rd way to check the pain reaction: a-pressure on the sternum; b-compression of the earlobe 4) Add the 2nd sentence: a-if there is no breathing, start mechanical ventilation; b-if there is no pulse, ? 5) Give a name to the second method of artificial respiration: a- "from mouth to mouth" b-? 6) When is CPR performed? 7) The frequency of pressure on the sternum (choose the correct answer): a-20-30 times per minute. b times per minute once every 5 min. 8) IVL with NMS is performed in rhythm (choose the correct answer): a-3 pressures and 2 breaths; b- 2 breaths and 15 pressures; in-5 breaths and 3 pressures Russian educational portal Life safety textbook "Fundamentals of medical knowledge" / Grade 10 / Smirnov et al. Design: Power Point, MS Word
