Choose only ONE of the proposed essay topics (2.1–2.4). In the answer sheet, indicate the number of the topic you have chosen, and then write an essay of at least 200 words (if the essay is less than 150 words, then it is estimated at 0 points).
Rely on the author's position (in the essay on lyrics, consider the author's intention), formulate your point of view. Argument your theses based on literary works (in an essay on lyrics, you must analyze at least two poems). Use literary-theoretical concepts to analyze the work. Consider the composition of the essay. Write your essay clearly and legibly, following the rules of speech.
2.1 Satirical denunciation of officials in N. V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls".
2.2 What philosophical questions does F.I. Tyutchev think about in his poems?
2.3 Why did V. G. Belinsky call Eugene Onegin "an unwitting egoist"? (According to the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".)
2.4 War in the lyrics of Russian poets of the second half of the 20th century. (On the example of poems by one of the poets of the student's choice.)
2.5. What plots from works of domestic and foreign literature are relevant to you and why? (Based on the analysis of one or two works.)
Explanation.
Comments on essays
2.1. Satirical denunciation of officials in N. V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls".
The term "officialdom" comes from the Old Russian "chin", which meant "row, order, established order(violation of which is outrage). But these values are now forgotten. In our view, a rank is a title that allows you to occupy certain positions. Thus, bureaucracy (its modern synonym is bureaucracy) is a category of persons professionally engaged in office work and performing executive functions in the system government controlled. Officialdom in all its manifestations is shown by Gogol on the pages of Dead Souls.
The poem "Dead Souls" is a complex work in which merciless satire and the author's philosophical reflections on the fate of Russia and its people are intertwined. The life of the provincial city is shown in the perception of Chichikov and the author's lyrical digressions. Officials are a kind of arbiters of the destinies of the inhabitants of the provincial city. The solution to any, even a small issue, depends on them. But not a single case is considered in the city without bribes. Bribery, embezzlement and robbery of the population are constant and widespread phenomena in the city. "Servants of the people" are truly unanimous in their desire to live widely at the expense of the sums of "the Fatherland dearly loved by them." The police chief had only to blink, passing by the fish row, as “beluga, sturgeon, salmon, pressed caviar, freshly salted caviar, herring, stellate sturgeon, cheeses, smoked tongues and balyks appeared on his table - it was all from the side of the fish row. All officials have a low level of education. Gogol ironically calls them “more or less enlightened people”, because “some have read Karamzin, some have read Moskovskie Vedomosti, some have not even read anything at all ....” In thinking about “thick and thin”, the author shows how gradually statesmen, "having earned universal respect, leave the service .... and become glorious landowners, glorious Russian bars, hospitable people, and live and live well." This digression is an evil satire on robber officials and on the "hospitable" Russian bars, leading an idle existence, aimlessly smoking the sky.
2.2. What philosophical questions does F.I. Tyutchev think about in his poems?
Tyutchev's poetry is full of thought, it is philosophical poetry. However, Tyutchev was primarily an artist. In poetic images, he clothed only that which was rethought and re-felt by himself. The essence of his creative process was perfectly defined by I. S. Turgenev: “... each of his poems began with a thought, but a thought that, like a fiery point, flared up under the influence of a deep feeling or a strong impression; as a result of this, so to speak, the properties of its origin, the thought of Mr. Tyutchev never appears naked and abstract to the reader, but always merges with the image taken from the world of the soul or nature, is penetrated by it and itself penetrates it inseparably and inseparably.
2.3. Why did V. G. Belinsky call Eugene Onegin "an unwitting egoist"? (According to the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".)
Evgeny Onegin, the hero of the novel of the same name by A. S. Pushkin, V. G. Belinsky called "a suffering egoist involuntarily", because, having a rich spiritual and intellectual potential, he cannot find application for his abilities in the society in which he had to live.
In the novel, Pushkin poses the question: why did this happen? To answer it, the poet had to explore both the personality of Onegin - a young nobleman of the 10s - early 20s of the XIX century, and the living environment that shaped him. Therefore, the novel tells in such detail about the upbringing and education of Eugene, which were typical for people of his circle. Onegin became disillusioned with the worldly fuss, he was seized by the "Russian melancholy", born of the aimlessness of life, dissatisfaction with it. Such a critical attitude to reality puts Eugene above the majority of people in his circle. Onegin, undoubtedly, is close to the advanced ideas of his time, and not only because on his estate “he replaced the corvée with an old dues with a light one with a yoke.” The whole circle of thoughts and reflections of Onegin reflects the atmosphere and spirit of the era. For example, Onegin and Lensky reflect on Rousseau's "social contract", on science, religion, moral problems, that is, on everything that occupied the minds of progressive people of that time. But, speaking of Yevgeny's "sharp, chilled mind", of his largely progressive views, of disappointment in the "light", Pushkin emphasizes the complex relationship between the hero and the society that shaped him. Therefore, Onegin can be considered an "egoist involuntarily."
2.4. War in the lyrics of Russian poets of the second half of the 20th century. (On the example of poems by one of the poets of the student's choice.)
Literature has come a long way in four fiery years. The path from the bright patriotic poems “We swear to victory” by A. Surkov and “Victory will be ours” by N. Aseev, published in Pravda on the second day of the war, to the immortal poem “Vasily Terkin” by A. Tvardovsky created throughout the war.
In the harsh years of the Great Patriotic War Tvardovsky's lyrics are consonant with the poetry of most authors: the feat of arms of soldiers and the heroism of the rear, when even children did not stay away from these events. The pinnacle of creativity of this period is the poem "Vasily Terkin" - a kind of monument to the spirit of the Russian people in the war:
Platoon on the right bank
Alive and well to spite the enemy!
The lieutenant is only asking
Throw a fire in there.
And after the fire
Let's get up and stretch our legs.
What's there, we'll cripple
We provide transfer...
2.5. You can see essays on a free topic on a separate page:.
The word "satire" is familiar to every educated person. But what satire is is not always easy to fully understand. After all, satire is a term not only from the field of art and literature, but even philosophy, politics and sociology.
So what is satire in literature and art? Let's try to figure it out.
Definition
Satire is rather a moral category, as it serves to expose (ridicule) social and human vices through words, music and visual means. So that satire does not look like a sermon, it is diluted with humor and irony. From artistic means to satirical works art and literature also used hyperbole, sarcasm, allegory, parody, grotesque. These are means of artistic comparison, exaggeration and ridicule.
Application examples
A striking example of satire in literature are the works of J. Swift, M. Twain, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, M. Zoshchenko and A. Averchenko. Satire on the stage (in show business) is parody artists and performers of satirical verses. A textbook example of satire in the press is the Soviet satirical magazine Krokodil and such a genre of journalism as a feuilleton. Representatives of the satirical trend in cinema can be called Charlie Chaplin and Stanley Kubrick. Modern punk rock bands such as the Sex Pistols also use satire in their work.
So what is satire? The definition of this term can be formulated as follows: it is a sharp and vivid denunciation of various phenomena with the help of comic (artistic) means.
Writers, poets, playwrights have created many bright satirical works in which social and moral vices that interfere with the normal development of life are ridiculed by the power of the artistic word. The denunciation of evil and injustice by means of art is an ancient tradition, humanity has accumulated vast experience along this path.To make bad and bad things funny means to devalue, lower it, to induce in people the desire to get rid of negative features. Satirical literature, like no other, has a strong educational impact, although, of course, not everyone likes to recognize themselves in the heroes of a satirical comedy or fable. Any satirical work: a fable, a comedy, a fairy tale, a novel - has a number of specific features that are unique to them. Firstly, this is a very large degree of conventionality of what is depicted, the proportions of the real world in a satirical work are shifted and distorted, the satirist deliberately focuses only on negative aspects reality, which appear in the work in an exaggerated, often fantastic, form. Remember Gogol's confession that in The Inspector General the writer "wanted to collect everything bad in Russia and laugh at everything at once." But this, according to the writer, is “a laughter visible to the world” through “invisible, unknown to him tears”, the satirist mourns the lost ideal of a person in his caricatured, often repulsive heroes. A satirical writer must have a special talent for creating comic, i.e. funny, in a literary work. These are a variety of comic plot collisions, illogical, absurd situations, the use of speaking names and surnames, etc. The most important artistic techniques that allow you to create satirical images are the following (see diagram 6).
Irony(Greek eironeia, mockery, pretense) - a method of ridicule, when the direct and hidden meaning of what was said contradict each other, when a sharp, stinging mockery is hidden under the mask of imaginary seriousness.
The mayor Borodavkin "led the campaign against the arrears, and burned thirty-three villages and, with the help of these measures, recovered the arrears of two rubles and a half."
M. Saltykov-Shchedrin. "History of a City"
The dialogues of the characters, which use irony, is also a common technique in satirical works, the comic effect occurs because one of the characters does not feel the ironic overtones.
Sarcasm(sakasmos in Greek, I literally tear meat) - a caustic, cruel mockery, expressed directly, without
half hints.
Gloomy-Burcheev - one of the mayors in the "History of a City" by M. Saltykov-Shchedrin - is described exclusively in sarcastic tones:
"Before the eyes of the viewer rises the purest type of idiot who has made some kind of gloomy decision and swore an oath to carry it out."
“I came two weeks later and was received by some girl with eyes slanted to her nose from constant lies.”
M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Hyperbola- exaggeration, bright and, perhaps, one of the most important satirical techniques, since exaggeration, exaggeration of negative features, is the law of a satirical depiction of reality, it is no coincidence that V. Mayakovsky called satire "a look at the world through a magnifying glass."
Hyperbole can be verbal (“bad news”), but more common is extended hyperbole, when the injection of many similar details exaggerates some feature to the point of absurdity.
Entire episodes are often built according to the laws of hyperbolization, for example, the famous “scene of lies” from The Inspector General, when in ten minutes Khlestakov made himself from a petty official into the director of a department, who subordinates “couriers, couriers, couriers ... you can imagine thirty-five thousand one couriers!”
Hyperbole is often combined with the grotesque and fantasy.
Fiction(phantastike Greek. the ability to imagine) - the image of absolutely impossible, illogical, incredible situations and heroes.
In satirical works, fantasy is very often used together with the grotesque and hyperbole, it is often impossible to separate them, as, for example, in V. Mayakovsky's poem “The Sitting Ones”: “I see: half of the people are sitting. O devilry! Where is the other half?!”
Grotesque(grotesque fr. bizarre, intricate) - the most complex satirical device, which consists in an unexpected, at first glance, impossible combination of high and low, funny and terrible, beautiful and ugly.
The grotesque contains elements of fantasy and exaggeration, therefore it contains a very strong impulse of emotional and psychological impact on the reader, the grotesque strikes, excites the imagination, calling to look at reality from a new, often paradoxical point of view. The grotesque was especially often resorted to in his work by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin and M.A. Bulgakov.
Sometimes the plot of the entire work can be built on a grotesque situation (M. Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog").
Satire (lat. satira, from earlier satura - Satura ,
literally - a mixture, all sorts of things)
A. Z. Vulis. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia.
1969-1978
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See what "Satire" is in other dictionaries:
- (lat. satira) a manifestation of the comic in art, which is a poetic humiliating denunciation of phenomena using various comic means: sarcasm, irony, hyperbole, grotesque, allegory, parody, etc. Success was achieved in it ... Wikipedia
A kind of comic (see Aesthetics), which differs from other types (humor, irony) by the sharpness of the denunciation. S. at its inception was a certain lyrical genre. It was a poem, often significant in volume, content to ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
Satire- SATIRE. In a somewhat vague and vague sense, any literary work, which expresses a certain definite attitude to the phenomena of life, namely, condemnation and ridicule of them, exposing them to general laughter ... Dictionary of literary terms
- (lat.). A kind of poetry that aims to ridicule the weaknesses and vices of modern society. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. SATIRE lat. satira, ancient lat. satura, from lat. satur, well-fed, full; first… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
SATIRE, satires, wives. (lat. satira). 1. An accusatory literary work depicting the negative phenomena of reality in a funny, ugly form (lit.). Satires of Cantemir. Funny satire. Horace. Angry satire of Juvenal. Scourge of satire. ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
- (an essay ridiculing human weaknesses and vices). Wed Poisonous satire ... forgotten ... at that moment he is ready to compose a panegyric in favor of Aristarkh Fedorovich and stigmatize his closest acquaintances with satire. Goncharov. Break. 5, 15. Wed ... ... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)
One of the most remarkable phenomena of the literature of the second half of the XVII century. is the design and development of satire as an independent literary genre, which is due to the specifics of the life of that time.
The formation of a "single all-Russian market" in the second half of the XVII century. led to the strengthening of the role of the trade and craft population of cities in the economic and cultural life of the country. However, politically, this part of the population remained deprived of rights and was subjected to shameless exploitation and oppression. The settlement responded to the strengthening of oppression with numerous urban uprisings, which contributed to the growth of class self-consciousness. The emergence of democratic satire was the result of the active participation of the townspeople in the class struggle.
Thus, Russian reality "rebellious" The 17th century was the soil on which satire arose. Social acuteness, anti-feudal orientation of literary satire brought With folk oral-poetic satire, which served as the inexhaustible source from which she drew her artistic and visual means.
Significant aspects of the life of feudal society were subjected to satirical denunciation: an unfair and corrupt court; social inequality; the immoral life of monastics and clergy, their hypocrisy, hypocrisy and greed; "state system" of soldering the people through "king's tavern".
The tales of the Shemyakin Court and Yersh Yershovich are devoted to the denunciation of the system of justice, which was based on the Council Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich of 1649.
"The Tale of the Shemyakin Court". In The Tale of the Shemyakin Court, the object of satirical denunciation is Judge Shemyaka, a bribe-taker and a chicane. Seduced by the possibility of a rich "promise", he casuistically interprets the laws. Formally accusing the defendant, "wretched"(poor) peasant, Shemyaka applies to him that retributive form of punishment, which was provided for by the Code of 1649. The judge did not allow any deviations from legal norms, but by his decision put the “plaintiffs” - a rich peasant, a priest and a city dweller - in such a position that they forced to pay off "wretched" so that he does not require the execution of a court order.
The decision of the court puts in a ridiculous position both the rich peasant, punished for his greed, and the priest, who finds himself in the position of a deceived husband.
The poor man triumphs over the world of greed, self-interest, judicial arbitrariness. Thanks to the mind and resourcefulness "wretched" seeks acquittal in court: putting a stone wrapped in a scarf in his bosom, "wretched" showed it to the judge at the trial of each claim. If the judge's decision was not in his favor, then, undoubtedly, the stone would have flown into Shemyaka's head. Therefore, when the judge finds out that instead of a rich promise, the poor man held a stone in his bosom, he began "Praise God for judging him."
So the poor man triumphs over the mighty of this world, the "truth" triumphs over the "falsehood" thanks to the greed of the arrogant judge.
The artistic structure of the story is determined by the Russian satirical folk tale about an unrighteous judge and a fairy tale about "wise guessers" - the speed of the development of action, the implausible forcing of crimes committed by the "wretched" one, the comic situation in which the judge and the plaintiffs find themselves. The outwardly impartial tone of the narration in the form of "judicial replies" sharpens the satirical sound of the story.
"The Tale of Ersh Ershovich son of Shchetinnikov". bright satirical image The practice of the voivodship court, introduced in the 60-80s of the 17th century, is the story of Ersh Ershovich, which has come down to us in four editions. The first, older, edition more fully reflected the social contradictions of the era.
The story depicts one of the characteristic phenomena of its time - the land litigation waged by the peasants - "God's orphans" Bream and Chub and "dashing man", "sneak", "robber", "boyar son Ruff".
Bream and Chub claim their ancestral rights to Lake Rostov, forcibly taken from them by Ersh, about which they beat the great judges with their foreheads "boyar" Sturgeon, Beluga and Governor Soma.
Rejecting the claim, Ruff not only tries to prove the legitimacy of his rights to own the occupied lands, but also makes a counterclaim, stating that Bream and Chub were with his father "to the serf." Thus, Ruff not only withdraws the claim (serfs did not have legal rights), but also tries to turn free peasants into their slaves.
Interrogation of witnesses establishes the guilt of Ruff, who turns out to be a simple peasant, and not "Boyar's son" The court sentences Ruff “execute with a commercial execution”, “hang against the sun on hot days for his theft and for sneaking”.
The story denounces the cunning, sly and arrogant "tether" Yersh, who seeks to appropriate other people's possessions by violence and deceit, to placate the surrounding peasants.
At the same time, the author shows the superiority of Ruff over the sluggishness, stupidity and greed of his judges, in particular Sturgeon, who almost paid with his life for his greed and gullibility. A mockery of the court's decision also sounds in one of the endings of the second edition. Ruff, after hearing the verdict, declares that the judges did not judge by truth, but by bribe, and, spitting in their eyes, he "Jumped into brushwood: only that Ruff was seen." Thus, the object of satirical denunciation in the story is not only "dashing person" Ruff, but also his eminent judges.
The system of bribery prevailing in court is exposed in the story. So, Men (burbot), not wanting to be understood, “The perch bailiff promises great promises and says:“ Lord Okun! I’m not fit to be witnesses: my belly is large - I can’t walk, but my eyes are small, I don’t see far, and my lips are thick - I don’t know how to speak in front of good people.
The story is the first example of literary allegorical satire, where fish act in strict accordance with their properties, but their relationship is a mirror of the relationship of human society. The author uses the images of folk tales about animals, satirically sharpening their social sound. The satirical denunciation is enhanced by the successfully found form of a business document - a “judgment list”, a protocol report on a court session. Compliance with the formulas of the clerical language and their inconsistency with the content give the story a bright satirical expressiveness.
“The most precious historical documents” called this story and “The Tale of the Shemyakin Court” by V. G. Belinsky, who saw in them a vivid reflection of the peculiarities of the Russian national mind with its subtle irony and mockery.
"The ABC of a Naked and Poor Man". The denunciation of social injustice, social inequality is devoted to the "ABC of a Naked and Poor Man". Using the form of didactic alphabets, the author turns it into a sharp weapon of social satire. The hero of the story "naked and poor" man, telling with caustic irony about his sad fate. He sees the cause of his troubles in "dashing people" - the rich. The main sting of satire is directed against them. These are those who "everything is a lot, money and dresses", those, “those who live richly, but they don’t give us anything naked.” The aphorism, laconicism and expressiveness of the style of the story, social sharpness contributed to its popularity.
"Kalyazin petition". A great place in the satirical literature of the XVII century. occupies an anti-clerical theme. Covetousness, greed of the priests are exposed in the satirical story "The Tale of Priest Savva", written in rhymed verses.
A vivid accusatory document depicting the life and customs of monasticism is the Kalyazinsky Petition. The monks have retired from worldly bustle, not at all in order to mortify their flesh, indulge in prayer and repentance. Behind the walls of the monastery lies a well-fed and full of drunken revelry. The story selects one of the largest monasteries in Russia - the Kalyazinsky Monastery as the object of satirical denunciation, which allows the author to reveal the typical features of the life of Russian monasticism in the 17th century.
In the form of a tearful petition, the monks complain to the Archbishop of Tver and Kashin Simeon about their new archimandrite, the rector of the monastery, Gabriel. Using the form of a business document, the story shows the discrepancy between the life practice of monasticism and the requirements of the monastic charter. Drunkenness, gluttony and depravity, and not fasting and prayer, became the norm of the life of the monks. Therefore, the monks are outraged by the new archimandrite, who abruptly changes the previously established “orders” and requires strict observance of the charter. They complain that the new archimandrite does not give them rest, “orders us to go to church soon and torment us, your pilgrims; and we, your pilgrims, are a circle of buckets without trousers, in the same scrolls, in cells we sit, not to be in time at night to fix the nine ladles of the cell rule and spoil the boil with beer in buckets in order to blow off the foam from top to bottom ... " The monks are outraged by the fact that Gabriel began to strictly observe their morality. “By his own archimandrite order
placed at the monastery gates with a rustle of crooked Falaley, he doesn’t let us, your pilgrims out of the gate, he doesn’t order to go into the settlements - to see the cattle of the yard, to drive the calves into the camp, and plant chickens in the underground, give blessings to cowsheds.
The petition emphasizes that the main source of the monastery's income is distillation and brewing, and Gabriel's ban only repairs the monastery's treasury.
The formal piety of the monks is also denounced, who are dissatisfied with the fact that they are forced to go to church and pray. They complain that the archimandrite “He doesn’t save the treasury, burns a lot of incense and candles, and thus, he, the archimandrite, dusted the church, smoked censers, and we, your pilgrims, ate our eyes, planted our throats.” The monks themselves are ready not to go to church at all: “... we will take out the vestments and books to the dryer, we will close the church, and we will bend the seal into a splint.”
The satirist did not pass by the social strife that was characteristic of the monastic brethren: on the one hand, the clergy, the lower brethren, and on the other, the ruling elites, headed by the archimandrite.
The cruel, greedy and greedy archimandrite is also the object of satirical denunciation. It is he who is hated by the kliroshans for the oppression that he inflicts on them. He introduces a system of corporal punishment in the monastery, savagely forcing the monks under "to yell canons with whispers." “He, the archimandrite, lives spaciously, on holidays and on weekdays he puts large chains on the necks of our brothers, but he broke the batogs about us and tore off the whispers.” The greedy archimandrite starves the monastic brethren, putting them on the table “steamed turnips, but dried radish, jelly with mash, porridge, stews of March, and kvass is poured into brothers.”
In the petition there is a demand for the immediate replacement of the archimandrite by a man much “lying wine and drink beer, but don’t go to church”, as well as a direct threat to rebel against their oppressors.
Behind the outward jokes of drunken monks in the story is hidden people's hatred for monasteries, for church feudal lords. The main means of satirical denunciation is the caustic irony hidden in the tearful complaint of the petitioners.
A characteristic feature of the petition style is its aphorism: mockery is often expressed in the form of folk rhyming jokes. For example: “And we ... and so not satisfying: turnips and horseradish, and the black cup Ephraim”; “The mice are swollen from bread, and we are dying of hunger” etc. These jokes reveal in the author of "Kalyazinsky Petition" "the crafty Russian mind, so inclined towards irony, so simple-hearted in its cunning."
"The Tale of Kura and the Fox". In the allegorical images of the Russian folk tale about animals, the Tale of Kura and the Fox denounces the hypocrisy and hypocrisy of priests and monks, the internal falsity of their formal piety. In the cunning, hypocritical hypocrite Lisa, it is not difficult to recognize a typical clergyman who, with unctuous "divine words" covers its base selfish goals. As soon as the Fox lured Kura and grabbed it in her claws, the unctuous mask of the confessor, grieving about the sins of Kura, fell off her. Now the Fox calculates the personal grievances that Kur caused her, preventing her from emptying the chicken coop.
The story denounces not only the clergy, but also criticizes the text of the "holy scripture", aptly noticing its contradictions. In word disputes, both Kur and Lisa operate with the text of "scripture" to prove their case. So, the Fox, accusing Kur of the mortal sin of polygamy, lack of love for one's neighbor, relies on the gospel text, and Kur parries the blow with a reference to the text of the book "Genesis" (Old Testament). The story shows that with the help of the text of the "holy books" any morality can be justified.
All this testified to the development of social consciousness, the spirit of criticism, which begins to take possession of the mind of a person who seeks to test Christian dogmas.
"The Tale of the Rogue". On the bold antithesis - "hawker" and "saints" living in paradise - the Tale of the hawk is built. This story shows the moral superiority of a drunkard over "the righteous." Heavenly bliss was awarded to the Apostle Peter, who denied Christ three times, the Apostle Paul, the murderer of the First Martyr Stephen, the adulterer King David, the sinner, extracted by God from hell, King Solomon, the murderer of Arius, Saint Nicholas. The hawker opposed to him convicts the saints of crimes, but he himself did not commit any crimes: he did not kill anyone, did not commit adultery, did not renounce God, but, on the contrary, glorified Christ with every glass.
Even the desire of the "saints" not to let the "hawker" into paradise is regarded by him as an act of violation of the gospel commandment of love: “And you and Luke wrote in the Gospel: love one another; but God loves everyone, and you hate the stranger! boldly he says to John. "John the Theologian! either unsubscribe your hand, or open your words! And John, backed up against the wall, is forced to admit: "Youecuour man, hawker; come to us in paradise! And in paradise, the hawk occupies the best place, to which the "hierarchs" did not even dare to approach.
In a funny joke, a fairy-tale situation, there is an angry satire on the church and the church dogma of the veneration of saints.
"Festival of taverns". On the parallel of the drunkard - the Christian martyr, the satirical story "The Feast of the Taverns", or "The Service of the Tavern" is built. The story denounces the "state system" of organizing drunkenness through the "king's tavern". In order to replenish the state treasury in the middle of the XVII century. a monopoly was introduced on the production and sale of alcoholic beverages. The whole country was covered with a network of "royal taverns", headed by "kissers" so called because they took an oath - kissed the cross - "bes-
it’s scary to expect his sovereign favors for profit, and don’t keep any fear in that device, don’t drive away the roosters.
"Tsar's tavern" became a source of real national disaster. Using their rights, the “kissers” shamelessly soldered and robbed the working people. Therefore, the denunciation of the tavern in the story acquired a special urgency and relevance.
The story does not give a religious and moralistic assessment of drunkenness, but attacking "king's tavern", denounces him as "indecent teacher" and "Christian Soul Robber". Used form of church service (small and large vespers) in honor of "three blinders of wine and beer and honey, Christian and human, minds of void-creators" allows the author of the story to freely develop his theme. He curses the "king's tavern" - "house of the destroyer" reason "Inexhaustible poverty" evil "teachers" leading person to "naked and barefoot".
Exposing the "king's tavern", the story pours out its anger on those who contribute to the development of drunkenness, i.e. with. to the ruling elite. The author warns against drunkenness, which brings only troubles and misfortunes, deprives people of human appearance, moral dignity.
Caustic irony is created by the inconsistency of the solemn form of church hymns, chants, the objects sung in them - to the “royal taverns”. The author speaks with irony about the "new martyrs" who suffered from the tavern, and ends the story with the life of a drunkard. Using the form of a church prologue life, the author shows a terrible picture of the moral fall of a person and says with irony: “If such misfortunes were endured for the sake of God, there would truly be new martyrs, and their memory would be worthy of praise.”
Being the result of the growth of class self-consciousness of the democratic urban strata of the population, satire testified to the loss of the church's former authority in all spheres of human life.
Democratic satire affected the essential aspects of feudal-serf society, and its development went hand in hand with the development of popular satire. The general ideological orientation, a clear class meaning, the absence of abstract moralization brought literary satire closer to folk satire, which contributed to the transition of satirical stories into folklore.
Based on the experience of folk satire, literary satire often used the forms of business writing (“court case”, judicial replies, petitions), church literature (church service, life). The main means of satirical denunciation were parody, exaggeration, allegory. In the nameless heroes of satirical stories, a broad artistic generalization was given. True, the characters are still devoid of individual traits, they are only collective images of the social environment they represent. But they were shown in everyday everyday situations, their inner world was revealed for the first time in satirical characters.
A huge achievement of democratic satire was the depiction, for the first time in our literature, of the life of disadvantaged people, "nudity and bare feet" in all its unvarnished squalor.
Exposing the disorder of the feudal-serf system, democratic satire, however, could not indicate the way to eliminate them.
Democratic satire of the 17th century. made a huge step towards bringing literature closer to life and laid the foundations for the satirical trend that developed in Russian literature of the 18th century. and reached unprecedented heights in the XIX century.
