Social interaction and its types. Social connections and interactions 3 social connections and interactions

society political power social

System analysis of public life

Throughout the history of sociology, one of its most important problems has been the problem: what is a society? Sociology of all times and peoples has tried to answer the questions: how is the existence of society possible? What are the mechanisms of social integration that ensure social order, despite the huge variety of interests of individuals and social groups? Consideration of this problem is our task in this topic.

Let's start with how sociology interprets the concept of "society". E. Durkheim considered society as a supra-individual spiritual reality based on collective ideas. According to M. Weber, society is the interaction of people, which is the product of social, that is, other people-oriented actions. The prominent American sociologist T. Parsons defined society as a system of relations between people, the connecting beginning of which are norms and values. From the point of view of K. Marx, society is a historically developing set of relations between people that develop in the process of their joint activities.

It is obvious that in all these definitions, to one degree or another, an approach is expressed to society as an integral system of elements that are in a state of close interconnection. This approach to society is called systemic. The main task of a systematic approach in the study of society is to combine various knowledge about society into an integral system that could become a theory of society.

Consider the basic principles of a systematic approach to society. To do this, it is necessary to define the basic concepts. System- this is a certain way ordered set of elements interconnected and forming some integral unity. The internal nature, the content side of any integral system, the material basis of its organization is determined by the composition, the set of elements.

The social system is a holistic formation, the main element of which are people, their connections, interactions and relationships. These connections, interactions and relationships are stable and are reproduced in the historical process, passing from generation to generation.

social connection is a set of facts that determine joint activities in specific communities at specific times to achieve certain goals. Social ties are established not at the whim of people, but objectively. The establishment of these connections is dictated social conditions in which individuals live and act. The essence of social ties is manifested in the content and nature of the actions of people who make up this social community. Sociologists single out connections of interaction, relations, control, institutional, etc.

social interaction is a process in which people act and are affected by each other. The mechanism of social interaction includes individuals who perform certain actions, changes in the social community or society as a whole caused by these actions, the impact of these changes on other individuals that make up the social community, and, finally, the feedback of individuals. Interaction leads to the formation of new social relations. social relations-- these are relatively stable and independent ties between individuals and social groups.

So, society is made up of many individuals, their social connections, interactions and relationships. But is it possible to consider society as a simple sum of individuals, their connections, interactions and relationships? Supporters of a systematic approach to the analysis of society answer: "No." From their point of view, society is not a summative, but an integral system. This means that at the level of society, individual actions, connections and relationships form a new, systemic quality. System quality-- this is a special qualitative state, which cannot be considered as a simple sum of elements. Social interactions and relations are of a supra-individual, transpersonal nature, that is, society is some kind of independent substance that is primary in relation to individuals. Each individual, being born, finds a certain structure of connections and relations, and in the process of socialization is included in it. Due to what is this integrity, that is, systemic quality, achieved?

A holistic system has many connections, interactions and relationships. The most typical are correlative connections, interactions and relationships, including the coordination and subordination of elements. Coordination- this is a certain consistency of elements, that special nature of their mutual dependence, which ensures the preservation of an integral system. Subordination - this is subordination and subordination, indicating a special specific place, the unequal significance of elements in an integral system.

So, as a result, society becomes an integral system with qualities that none of the elements included in it separately have. As a result of its integral qualities, the social system acquires a certain independence in relation to its constituent elements, a relatively independent way of its development.

1) What is religion in the broad and narrow sense of the word? Is it possible, in your opinion, to give such a definition of it, which will equally suit both people of faith and faith?

atheists? Why?

2) Describe the role of religion in the life of a person, society, state. What is the moral force of religion?

3) What is a world religion? What is the essence of the discussion about the number of world religions? What do you think, what criteria are used by those experts who name more than three world religions?

4) What role have world religions played and are playing in the history of mankind?

5) What role does the religious factor play in contemporary conflicts? Is it possible to say that often it is only a pretext for starting an armed confrontation?

Please check the understanding of the problem and the theoretical argumentation, and also help with the arguments) What is a society? Talking about

to this problem, Émile Durkheim says: "Society is not a simple sum of individuals, but a system formed by their association."

This statement by Emile Durkheim means that society is a systematized, regular community of people, and not just a sum of individuals.

We all know from textbooks that society is a part of the material world isolated from nature, which includes the ways in which people interact. This is a kind of integrity of people, which has a collective character. However, is society necessarily systematized?

I think so: originally people existed outside of society, united in small groups, just like animals. However, in the process of anthroposociogenesis, man became a social being. Sociums were formed: at first they were tribes, then peoples and nations. In them, a person has a set of social roles that determine his place (son, student, Russian, and so on). Society, gradually becoming more complex, was divided into strata, classes, spheres, which are also divided within themselves. All this together forms a complex dynamic natural system - society.

1. What is the spiritual life of society? What components does it include?

2. What is culture? Tell us about the origin of this concept.

3. How do traditions and innovation interact in culture?

4. Describe the main functions of culture. On the example of one of the phenomena of culture, reveal its functions in society.

5. What kind of “cultures within a culture” do you know? Describe a situation in which the interaction of several cultures would manifest itself.

6. What is the dialogue of cultures? Give examples of interaction and
interpenetration of various national cultures, using knowledge,
obtained in the courses of history and geography.

7. What is the internationalization of culture? What are her problems?

8. Describe the manifestations of folk culture.

9. What is mass culture? Tell us about its symptoms.

10. What is the role of mass media in modern society?
What problems and threats can be associated with their spread?

11. What is an elite culture? How is its dialogue with the masses?

Social connections- this is the dependence of people, realized through social actions, carried out with a focus on other people, with the expectation of an appropriate response from the partner. M. Weber identified the following types of social action: 1) purposeful rational action - a person's clear idea of \u200b\u200bhis goal and the means to achieve it, taking into account the reaction of others. Rationality is usually always oriented towards success;

2) value-rational action is performed through faith;

3) affective action occurs in the state of the unconscious, on a sensual level;

4) traditional action - habit, inertia.

In the theory of T. Parsons, social action is considered as a system in which the following elements are distinguished: the actor; object (individual or community on which the action is directed); the purpose of the action; mode of action; the result of the action (the reaction of the object).

In sociology, the following varieties of social connections: social contact and social interactions. If the connection between people is superficial and the subject of communication can be easily replaced by another person, then they speak of social contact. Social interaction (interaction), in turn, implies a regular systematic influence of individuals on each other, as a result of which new social ties are renewed and created within the community or between its elements. Social interaction involves at least two subjects, which are called interactants. Their interactive actions must certainly be directed at each other, the purpose of which is to evoke a certain response from the partner.

Interaction can be of the following types:

- direct (interpersonal) with various modifications related to the social position of the subjects and the social roles they perform;

- indirect (through intermediaries) - involves the distribution of roles between the participants, the existence of agreed norms, a system of values that regulate this interaction.

Social interaction can be classified:

By the number of participating entities: bilateral, multilateral;

Type of contacts: solidary or antagonistic;

Level of organization: organized or unorganized;

The nature of assessments: emotional, volitional or intellectual;

Level: interpersonal, group, societal.

Theories of social interaction(interactions) developed mainly within the framework of American sociological thought, in which the ideas of utilitarianism, pragmatism and behaviorism were strong. The behaviorist principle of "stimulus-response" was given a broad sociological meaning. Stimulus and reaction began to be considered in the aspect of human action and interaction, when one person (or group), acting on another, expects a certain positive reaction from the latter.

The classical theories of this direction include the theories of the “mirror self”, symbolic interactionism, and the “exchange theory”.

The concept of "mirror self": In the process of socialization, the transformation of individual consciousness into a collective mind takes place with the assimilation social norms and reassessment of one's personality from the position of perception by others, i.e. carried out

transition from intuitive "self-perception" to "social feelings". A person looks at another person, as if in a special mirror, and sees his own reflection in it. Moreover, this reflection does not always coincide with own assessment person. Socialization, according to Ch. Cooley, means the need to harmonize assessment and self-esteem, the transformation of the "individual I" into the "collective I".

Theories of symbolic interactionism. Symbolic interactionism (from Latin interaction - interaction) is a direction in sociology that focuses on the analysis of social interactions mainly in their symbolic content.

Representatives of symbolic interactionism are G. Bloomer, J. Mead,

A. Rose, G. Stone, A. Strauss and others.

Meade George Herbert(1863-1931) - American psychologist, sociologist, philosopher, creator of the theory of symbolic interactionism, considers personality as a social product, discovering the mechanism of its formation in role interaction. Roles set boundaries for the appropriate behavior of an individual in a particular situation. What is necessary in role interaction is the acceptance of the role of another, which ensures the transformation of external social control into self-control and the formation of the human "I". The main characteristic of human action, according to Mead, is the use of symbols. The scientist distinguishes between two forms or two steps

social action: communication through gestures and symbolically mediated communication. Mead explains the emergence of symbolically mediated interaction functionally - by the need to coordinate the behavior of people, since they do not have reliable instincts, and anthropologically - by the ability of a person to create and use symbols.

The general ideas of symbolic interactionism were further developed in the works of the American researcher G. Bloomer ( 1900 - 1967), who in his work "Symbolic Interactionism: Perspectives and Method" proceeded from the definition of the meaning of an object, based not on its properties, but on its role in people's lives. An object is what it means in expected and actual interaction. Moreover, the stability of meanings makes interaction habitual, allows it to be institutionalized. In the interaction itself, two levels can be distinguished: non-symbolic (uniting all living things) and symbolic (peculiar to humans only). By means of a sign system, a person sets distances, i.e. structures the outside world. By developing and changing meanings, people thereby change the world itself.

The original version of symbolic interactionism was developed in the works

E. Hoffman(1922 - 1982), who is called the author of the "dramatic approach", since he expressed the manifestations of personal and social life in theatrical terminology. At the same time, a person simultaneously acts as an author, director, actor, spectator and critic, as if trying on different social roles.

Social exchange theory- a direction in modern sociology that considers the exchange of various social benefits (in the broad sense of the word) as the fundamental basis of social relations, on which various structural formations (power, status, etc.) grow. Representatives of the theory of social exchange (action theory) - J. Homans and P. Blau. Homans George Kaspar(1910 - 1989) - American sociologist, according to whose views, people interacting with each other on the basis of their experience, weigh possible rewards and costs. Social action, according to Homans, is a process of exchange, which is based on the principle of rationality: participants seek to obtain maximum benefit at minimum cost.

Unlike simple interaction, social relations differ in that they are perceived by individuals as long-term, repetitive, and, therefore, stable. Thus, social relations are a stable system of normalized interactions between two or more partners based on a certain interest.

The problem of social interactions is most thoroughly considered in symbolic interactionism, the theory of social exchange and phenomenology. The main provisions of the theory of social interactions are as follows.

Social interaction is one of the types of social connection - a mutually directed process of exchanging social actions between two or more individuals.

Communication is always mutual, available and feasible (at least in the imagination).

There is two types of connections: direct (as a rule, visual, interpersonal) and indirect (when communication is carried out through intermediaries; in this case, the phenomenon of deindividualization arises - the illusion that all social relations exist independently of the will and desire of people).

Types of links:

1) social contact (single or regular) - a connection of a superficial, fleeting nature in the absence of conjugated (interdependent, interdependent) actions of partners in relation to each other (you asked a passer-by: "How to get to the pharmacy?"; Do you regularly go to the bakery and make contact with the seller);

2) social interaction (interactionism) - systematic, fairly regular social actions of individuals directed at each other and aimed at evoking a well-defined response from the partner. In this case, the response generates a new reaction of the influencer (that is, a system of actions of partners in relation to each other arises).

Traits of social interaction:

1) conjugation of actions of both partners;

2) recurrence of actions;

3) sustained interest in the partner's response;

4) coordination of partners' actions.

Types of Social Interactions:

1) rigid exchange (exchange on the basis of certain agreements (most often in the economic sphere, in the relationship between the leader and subordinate, in political life));

2) diffuse (non-rigid) exchange (mainly in moral and ethical interactions: friendship, neighborhood, relationships between parents and children, partnership);

3) direct-indirect interactions (direct - direct (two-way) interactions between individuals, indirect - complex, mediated through 3-4 persons (indirect interactions prevail in modern society));

4) individual-group interactions (individual-individual, individual-group, group-group).

I. Goffman, within the framework of a phenomenological perspective, offers a slightly different view of social interactions. To analyze them, he uses a "dramatic approach" based on the premise that individuals are actors playing social roles. Accordingly, interaction is a "performance", an "acting game", designed by an actor with the aim of "making an impression", corresponding to his goals. The actions of the actor, according to I. Goffman, correspond to the concept of "presenting oneself and managing the impression." "Presentation of oneself" includes gestures, intonations, clothes, with the help of which an individual seeks to make a certain impression on his partner, to cause him this or that reaction. At the same time, the individual in the process of interaction, as a rule, provides only selected, partial information about himself, trying to control the impression that he makes on others.

P. Blau, relying on the theory of exchange and structural functionalism, argues that not all social interactions can be considered as exchange processes. The latter include only those that are focused on achieving goals, the implementation of which is possible only in the process of interaction with other people and for the achievement of which funds are needed that are also available to other people. That part of human behavior that is governed by the rules of exchange underlies the formation of social structures, but the rules of exchange themselves are insufficient to explain the complex structures of human society.

However, it is social exchange that largely determines the interactions of each individual. The success or failure of our interactions ultimately depends on the knowledge and ability (or ignorance and inability) to practically use the principles of their regulation formulated in the framework of the exchange theory.

social interaction

Social interaction- a system of interdependent social actions associated with cyclic dependence, in which the action of one subject is both the cause and effect of the response actions of other subjects. It is related to the concept of “social action”, which is the starting point for the formation of social ties. Social interaction as a way of implementing social ties and relationships presupposes the presence of at least two subjects, the process of interaction itself, as well as the conditions and factors for its implementation. In the course of interaction, the formation and development of the individual, the social system, their change in the social structure of society, etc. take place.

Social interaction includes the transfer of action from one social actor to another, the receipt and reaction to it in the form of a response action, as well as the resumption of the actions of social actors. It has a social meaning for the participants and involves the exchange of their actions in the future due to the presence in it of a special causality - social relation. Social relations are formed in the process of interaction between people and are the result of their past interactions that have acquired a stable social form. Social interactions, by contrast, are not "frozen" social forms, and "live" social practices people who are conditioned, directed, structured, regulated social relations, but are able to influence these social forms and change them.

Social interaction is determined by the social statuses and roles of the individual and social groups. It has an objective and a subjective side:

objective side- factors that are independent of interacting, but influencing them.
Subjective side- the conscious attitude of individuals to each other in the process of interaction, based on mutual expectations.

Classification of social interaction

Primary, secondary (ideological, religious, moral)
By the number of participants: the interaction of two people; one person and a group of people; between two groups
Multinational
Between people of different incomes, etc.

Social interaction and its types. Social connections and interactions 3 social connections and interactions

Classification of social interaction

Notes

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