Presentation from the cycle "Folk crafts. Modeling" for students. AT short form describes the main methods of processing clay. All settings are canceled, only text and pictures, which will allow the teacher to independently adapt the presentation to the educational process.
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CERAMICS HISTORY, TYPES, TECHNOLOGY Performer: Karkavina Olga Vladimirovna, teacher of additional education
Clay is one of the ancient materials that is used to make pottery and art products.
Ceramics - clay products with or without mineral additives, which are obtained by molding and firing. To improve the aesthetic properties, ceramics can be glazed.
It is hard to even imagine how diverse ceramics are. By appointment, ceramics are usually divided into construction, household and technical.
Building ceramics: bricks, tiles, pipes, facing tiles of various types for exterior and interior walls of buildings, tiles and slabs for floors, sanitary wares (sinks, bathtubs, toilet bowls, tanks for them, etc.)
Household ceramics: dishes, art products.
Technical ceramics: a wide variety of products for mechanical engineering, rocket science, radio electronics, electrical engineering and other industries.
Making pottery
The manufacture of ceramics consists of six stages: preparation of clay, preparation of clay mass, molding of the product, firing, glazing and decoration.
Preparing the clay Having put the right amount of clay in pieces in the box, fill it with water approximately so that the water covers the clay, and let it stand until the water is absorbed. The clay is then allowed to stand with the lid open until the excess water has evaporated.
Preparing the clay mass To do this, the raw lump is thoroughly kneaded, just as hard dough is kneaded. In this case, it is necessary to periodically knock on it with a fist. This is done so that the clay becomes homogeneous throughout the volume, all excess air is removed from it, which guarantees the quality of the resulting product.
Product molding There are several ways to make pottery: from rolled flat pieces and from bundles; on the potter's wheel; by casting in a plaster mold
Forming from pieces and strands
Modeling on the potter's wheel
Casting products in a plaster mold
Firing The firing of clay products is carried out in special kilns
Glazing Glaze is a silica glass that creates a smooth transparent surface on clay when melted at high temperature.
decoration
Clay is a natural, amazing material that allows you to create products that are unique in their beauty. CREATE WITH PLEASURE!
Sources: J. Atkin. Ceramics for beginners. M., ART-RODNIK, 2006; http://www.znaytovar.ru/s/Proizvodstvo-keramicheskix-izde.html ; http://www.ceramicportal.ru/articles
- In a narrow sense, the word ceramics refers to clay that has been fired.
- The earliest pottery was used as pottery made of clay or its mixtures with other materials. Currently, ceramics is used as a material in industry (engineering, instrumentation, aviation industry etc.), construction, art, widely used in medicine, science. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were created for use in the semiconductor industry and other fields.
- Modern high-temperature superconducting materials are also ceramics.
- Technology system The production of ceramic tiles includes the following main phases:
- Slurry preparation;
- product molding;
- Drying;
- Preparation of glaze and glazing (enamelling);
- Burning.
- Raw materials for ceramic masses are divided into plastic (clays and kaolins) and non-plastic. Additives of chamotte and quartz reduce the shrinkage of products and the likelihood of cracking at the molding stage. Red lead and borax are used as glass formers.
The preparation of the slip proceeds in three phases:
- First phase: grinding feldspar and sand (grinding is carried out from 10 to 12 hours);
- Clay is added to the first phase;
- Kaolin is added to the second phase. The finished slurry is poured into containers and aged.
Transportation from the raw material warehouse is carried out with the help of a loader to the receiving hoppers. From where it is sent along the conveyor either to a ball mill (for grinding) or to turbo-solvents (for dissolving clay and kaolin)
Footwork pottery circle. Picture on ceramic tiles.
CERAMIC Urn - sample pottery Mayan art.
History of domestic ceramic tiles
- In Russia, ceramic tiles appeared in the 9th century with the advent of Christianity. During the pagan period, stone and wood were predominantly used as building materials.
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- The term ´´ceramics´´ comes from the Greek word ´´keramos´´, which means clay.
- Ceramic products are made from clay with various additives and fired to a stone state.
- From ancient times up to the present day, ceramic products occupy one of the leading places in the arts and crafts of all peoples of the world.
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- The technological scheme for the production of ceramic tiles includes the following main phases:
- Slurry preparation;
- product molding;
- Drying;
- Preparation of glaze and glazing (enamelling);
- Burning.
- Raw materials for ceramic masses are divided into plastic (clays and kaolins) and non-plastic. Additives of chamotte and quartz reduce the shrinkage of products and the likelihood of cracking at the molding stage. Red lead and borax are used as glass formers.
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- The preparation of the slip proceeds in three phases:
- First phase: grinding feldspar and sand (grinding is carried out from 10 to 12 hours);
- Clay is added to the first phase;
- Kaolin is added to the second phase. The finished slurry is poured into containers and aged.
- Transportation from the raw material warehouse is carried out with the help of a loader to the receiving hoppers. From where it is sent along the conveyor either to a ball mill (for grinding) or to turbo-solvents (for dissolving clay and kaolin)
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- pottery known from time immemorial. Clay was a ubiquitous improvised material, the rich plastic and artistic possibilities of which attracted people even in ancient times. Clay is very easy to process, you can mold anything from it.
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- Depending on the structure, fine ceramics (glassy or fine-grained shard) and coarse (coarse-grained shard) are distinguished. The main types of fine ceramics are porcelain, semi-porcelain, faience, majolica. The main type of rough ceramics is pottery.
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- Porcelain vase from the collection of Chinese porcelain of the Qing Dynasty (XVII-XIX centuries) in the Kunstkamera (St. Petersburg).
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Egyptian goddess Tawaret made of faience
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majolica
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pottery
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- CERAMIC URN - an example of Maya pottery.
- Work on the foot potter's wheel. Image on ceramic tiles.
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- In construction, cement is widely used - one of the types of ceramics, the raw material for which is clay and limestone mixed with water.
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History of domestic ceramic tiles
- In Russia, ceramic tiles appeared in the 9th century with the advent of Christianity. During the pagan period, stone and wood were predominantly used as building materials.
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Shepherdess and chimney sweep
The art of ceramics
What is ceramics ... Ceramics (Greek κέραμος - clay, earthenware) - products made from inorganic materials: clay, feldspar and quartz, made under the influence of high temperature with subsequent cooling. Clay mineral - kaolinite: Al 2 O 3 x 2SiO 2 x 2H 2 O
The use of clay materials Obtaining building materials - tiles, bricks Production of cement Obtaining pigments (ocher, umber) from colored clays Played a role in the development of writing. Ancient people wrote pictograms on clay tablets. Making dishes: pots, plates, jugs, etc. Production of art monuments
The oldest pottery found in China, their age is about 11 thousand years. A Qing Dynasty vase, for example, is valued at over $80 million.
Venus de Milo
Michelangelo "David"
Auguste Rodin The Thinker
"Pieta" - the image of the Virgin Mary. Michelangelo carved the composition from a single piece of marble.
"Caesar August".
Statue "Justice"
"Discobolus" by the ancient Greek sculptor Myron
The Hermes statue is the only known masterpiece of the ancient Greek sculptor Praxiteles
Terracotta Terracotta (from Italian terra - earth, clay and cotta - burnt) - ceramic unglazed products made of colored clay with a porous structure. It is used for artistic, household and construction purposes. Terracotta is used to make dishes, pots, vases, sculptures, toys, tiles, tiles, facing tiles and architectural details.
Majolica Majolica (from Italian Maiolica - Mallorca) is a type of ceramics made from baked clay using painted glaze. In the technique of majolica, both decorative panels, platbands, tiles, etc., as well as dishes and even monumental sculptural images are made. Products are covered with salt glaze (rock salt NaCl and water vapor are introduced into the furnace of a red-hot furnace).
Faience Faience (fr. faience, from the name of the Italian city of Faenza, where faience was produced), ceramic products (facing tiles, architectural details, dishes, washbasins, etc.) that have a dense, finely porous shard (usually white), covered with a transparent or deaf (opaque ) glaze. Opak is considered the highest grade of faience. It differs from porcelain by a high content of clay up to 85%, higher porosity, water absorption (up to 20%) and lower mechanical strength.
Porcelain - noble ceramics Porcelain (Turkish farfur, fağfur, from Persian faghfur) is a type of ceramics impervious to water and gas. It is translucent in a thin layer. When lightly struck with a wooden stick, it produces a characteristic high-pitched clear sound. Depending on the shape and thickness of the product, the tone may be different. Porcelain is usually obtained by high-temperature firing of a fine mixture of kaolin, quartz, feldspar and plastic clay.
Gzhel Porcelain Gzhel is one of the traditional Russian centers for the production of ceramics. Dishes are burned, fired, hence the whole production is called zhgel, a word that turned into Gzhel due to the ability of a commoner to rearrange consonants. For underglaze painting of porcelain, cobalt oxide (Tenar blue) is used: CoAl 2 O 4 x Al 2 O 3
Tips for collectors How to distinguish real collectible porcelain from a fake? As a rule, on the bottom of porcelain items there is a manufactory mark, according to which it is possible to establish the time and place of their origin. These stamps were most often executed with refractory paints (blue, manganese or black). On other ceramics, the mark is cut or imprinted.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
PROGRAM OF THE OPTIONAL COURSE ON DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ARTS "PAINTING ON WOOD, CERAMICS, GLASS, FABRIC" (for students aged 11-16) TEACHER FROM MBOU secondary school No. 96 of KRASNODAR Zubanova Svetlana Viktorovna.
The program of the optional course in arts and crafts "Painting on wood, ceramics, glass, fabric" was developed on the basis of the State Educational Standard, compiled in accordance with the...
Lesson of fine arts "Greek ceramics" Grade 5.
The lesson "Greek pottery" is held on final stage topics "Decorative Art of Ancient Greece". Introduces the styles and subjects of painting ancient Greek vases....
Outline of the lesson of fine arts in the 5th grade of the secondary school and the history of fine arts in the 1st grade of the children's art school and children's art school "Peculiarities of ancient Greek ceramics."
Objectives: Educational: To introduce students to the artistic culture of Ancient Greece through the main types, forms and decor of ancient Greek ceramics. ...
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General information
Ceramic products are products obtained from mineral raw materials by molding and firing at high temperatures. The term "ceramics" comes (according to P.P. Budnikov) from the word "kerameya", which in ancient Greece was called the art of making clay products. And now clays are mainly used in ceramic technology, but other types of mineral raw materials are used along with them, for example, pure oxides (oxide technical ceramics). Ceramic materials are the oldest of all artificial stone materials. Sherds of coarse pottery are found at the site of settlements dating back to the Stone Age. Age of ceramic bricks building material is over 5000 years old. Ancient ceramic roof Ceramic panel Red-figure wall ceramics
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In modern construction
Ceramic products are used: in almost all structural elements of buildings in prefabricated and individual housing construction (facing materials) in the decoration of facades of buildings and interiors ceramic porous aggregates are the basis of lightweight concrete sanitary ware, porcelain and faience dishes special ceramics for chemical and metallurgical industry (acid-resistant and refractory products), electrical engineering and radio electronics (electrical insulators, semiconductors, etc.), space technology
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CLASSIFICATION
By appointment: - wall products (brick, hollow stones and panels from them); - roofing products (tiles); - floor elements; - products for facade cladding (facing bricks, small-sized and other tiles, typesetting panels, architectural and artistic details); - products for interior wall cladding (glazed tiles and fittings for them - cornices, corners, belts); - aggregates for lightweight concrete (claydite, agloporite); - heat-insulating products (perlite ceramics, cellular ceramics, diatomite, etc.); - sanitary products (washing tables, bathtubs, toilet bowls); - floor tiles; - road brick; - acid-resistant products (bricks, tiles, pipes and fittings for them); - refractories; - products for underground communications (sewer and drainage pipes).
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Depending on the structure: porous dense (sintered shard). Porous absorb more than 5% of water (by mass), on average, their water absorption is 8-20% by mass or 14-36% by volume. These include products of both coarse ceramics - ceramic wall bricks and stone, products for roofing and ceilings, drainage pipes, and fine ceramics - facing tiles, faience. Dense ones absorb less than 5% of water, more often 1-4% by weight or 2-8% by volume. They also include products made of coarse ceramics - clinker bricks, large-sized facing slabs, and fine ceramics - faience, semi-porcelain, porcelain.
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By melting point: for fusible - with a melting point below 1350 ° C; refractory - with a melting point of 1350 ° C-1580 ° C; refractory - 1580 -2000 ° C; highest refractoriness - more than 2000 °C.
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Raw materials
KAOLINS - consist of the mineral Al2O3 2SiO2 2H2O, contain a significant amount of particles less than 0.01 mm, after firing they retain a white color; CLAYS - varied in mineral composition, more contaminated with mineral and organic impurities; clay substance (with particles less than 0.005 mm) consists mainly of kaolinite and related minerals - montmorillonite Al2O3 4SiO2 nH2O, halloysite Al2O3 2SiO2 4H2O; the content of fine particles determines the plasticity and other properties of clays; may contain impurities that reduce the melting point (calcium carbonate, feldspar, Fe(OH)3, Fe2O3); stone-like inclusions of CaCO3 are the cause of the appearance of "duff" cracks in ceramic products, because the hydration of CaO obtained during firing is accompanied by an increase in its volume; the color of clay depends on impurities of mineral and organic origin (from white, brown, green, gray to black), the usual red color of clay is given by an admixture of iron oxide; bentonites - highly dispersed clayey rocks with a predominant content of montmorillonite; tripoli and diatomites - consist mainly of amorphous silica; used for the manufacture of thermal insulation products, building bricks and stones.
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Leaning materials - to reduce plasticity and reduce air and fire shrinkage of clays: fireclay with grains of 0.14-2 mm (refractory clay, kaolin) - improves the drying and firing properties of clays, is used to obtain high-quality products - facing bricks, refractories, etc. dehydrated clay - improves the drying properties of raw and appearance bricks sand with grains of 0.5-2 mm granulated blast-furnace slag with grains up to 2 mm - an effective thickener of clay in the production of bricks TPP ash burnable additives Pore-forming materials - to produce light ceramic products with increased porosity and reduced thermal conductivity. Substances are used that, during firing, dissociate with the release of gas (ground chalk, dolomite) or burn out (burn-out additives: sawdust, crushed brown coal, waste from coal preparation plants, ash from thermal power plants and lignin, they increase the porosity of products and contribute to uniform sintering of the ceramic shard)
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Plasticizing additives - highly plastic clays, bentonites, surfactants (sulfite-yeast brew) iron ore, dolomite, magnesite, talc, etc.) Glaze or engobe - giving a decorative look and resistance to external influences. A layer of glaze (transparent and/or opaque (deaf) glass of various colors) is applied to the surface of the ceramic material and fixed on it by firing at a high temperature. The main raw materials of the glaze (quartz sand, kaolin, feldspar, salts of alkaline earth metals, oxides of lead or strontium, boric acid, borax, etc.) are used raw or fused - in the form of a frit. Engobe is prepared from white or colored clay and applied in a thin layer to the surface of an unfired product. When fired, engobe does not melt, so the surface is matte. By its properties it should be close to the main shard.
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PRODUCTION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS
Molding methods - plastic and semi-dry In the plastic method, the moisture content of the molding mixture is 15-25%, while mandatory drying of the molded products is required before firing. In the semi-dry method, drying is not required, since the moisture content of the clay is 6-7%, and the products are molded on special presses under significant pressure of 15-40 MPa. Such a brick has the correct shape and exact dimensions, but less frost resistance. Overburning - products lose their shape, melt from the surface; Underburning (incompletion of the sintering process (“scarlet” color of the brick) - a decrease in strength, a strong decrease in water resistance and frost resistance
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Properties of clays as raw materials for ceramic products
Clay, mixed with a certain amount of water, forms a clay dough with cohesiveness and plasticity. When wetting dry clay, there is a characteristic smell of moistened earth and the release of heat. Water molecules (dipoles) are drawn between the flaky kaolinite particles and wedged them, causing the clay to swell. Thin layers of water between lamellar particles of clay minerals determine the characteristic properties of clay dough. The plasticity of clays is explained by the fact that, when moistened, thin films of adsorbed water appear on the surface of the particles, which provide sliding of the particles and bind them by the forces of intermolecular interaction. Plasticity is assessed by the amount of water necessary to obtain an easily moldable mass. Clays are of high plasticity, medium plasticity and low plasticity. The more clay minerals in the clay, the more it requires water, swells more, dries more difficult and shrinks more. Such clays are called oily. Clays containing many sand particles are called lean. Optimal mixtures are obtained by introducing lean additives into fatty clays - sands, ashes from thermal power plants, slags, fireclay, etc.
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The binding ability of clay is manifested in the binding of grains of non-plastic materials (sand, fireclay, etc.), as well as in the formation of a sufficiently strong product, raw, upon drying. A feature of clay dough is the ability to harden when dried in air. The forces of capillary pressure tighten the clay particles, prevent their separation, resulting in air shrinkage. Shrinkage is a decrease in the linear dimensions and volume of raw clay during its drying (air shrinkage) and firing (fire shrinkage) of clays (and together - complete shrinkage); expressed as a % of the original product size. Caking ability - the ability of clays to turn into a stone-like state during firing (900-1200 ° C). The formation of a strong shard occurs due to the effect of gluing solid particles of clay with the resulting melt.
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Properties of ceramic products
The porosity of a ceramic shard (porous products) - 10-40% increases with the introduction of pore-forming additives into the ceramic mass. In an effort to reduce the density and thermal conductivity, they resort to creating voids in bricks and ceramic stones. Water absorption characterizes the porosity of a ceramic shard. 12-40% by volume of dense products water absorption - 1-5% by weight and 2-10% by volume
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The thermal conductivity of an absolutely dense ceramic shard is high - 1.16 W / (m ᵒ C). Air pores and voids created in ceramic products reduce density and significantly reduce thermal conductivity. For example, for wall ceramic products from 1800 to 700 kg/m3 and from 0.8 to 0.21 W/(m·ᵒС), respectively. As a result, the thickness of the outer wall and the material consumption of the enclosing structures are reduced. The strength depends on the phase composition of the ceramic shard, porosity and the presence of cracks. The brand of a wall ceramic product (brick, etc.) in terms of strength indicates the compressive strength, however, when establishing the brick brand, along with the compressive strength, the bending strength indicator is taken into account, since the brick in the masonry is subjected to bending. Products with a porous shard are produced in grades M75-M300, and dense products (road bricks, etc.) - M400-M1000.
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Frost resistance. The frost resistance mark indicates the number of cycles of alternate freezing and thawing that a ceramic product can withstand in a state saturated with water without signs of visible damage (delamination, peeling, cracking, chipping). Products, depending on their structure, have the following brands: F15, F25, F35, F50, F75, F100. The vapor permeability of wall ceramic products contributes to the ventilation of rooms, depends on the porosity and nature of the pores. Low vapor permeability is the reason for sweating of the inner surface of the walls of rooms with high humidity. The unequal vapor permeability of the layers that make up the outer wall is the accumulation of moisture. Thus, facade cladding of walls with glazed tiles can lead to accumulation of moisture in the wall-tile contact layer, and subsequent freezing of moisture causes peeling of the cladding.
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Application
Structural products operated under load conditions include wall materials (brick and ceramic stones), roofing (tiles), water, sewer and drainage pipes. In addition, brick is used for laying columnar foundations in low-rise buildings, as well as for prefabrication of large-sized blocks and panels, which, depending on the purpose (for internal or external walls), can be one-, two- and three-layer. In multilayer, to increase the heat-shielding properties, plate insulation is used.
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Materials for special purposes include: sanitary, acid-resistant, refractory, heat-insulating. Application The main raw materials for the production of sanitary wares are white-burning clays mixed with glass-forming fluxes and thinning additives. By changing the ratio of components and the technology of molding and firing, faience, semi-porcelain and porcelain products are obtained, which are respectively listed in order of increasing density and strength. The largest volume in construction falls on relatively porous faience products, the water resistance of which is ensured by glazing the surface.
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Acid-resistant materials in the form of tiles and bricks of class A, B, C, obtained from acid-resistant clays, are used to protect floors, walls, technological equipment at chemical plants. The main purpose of refractory materials is the lining of high-temperature process equipment. The maximum operating temperature of such products is determined by the composition of the raw materials: with an increased content of silica (Si02), dinas refractories (up to 1650 ° C) are obtained, refractory clays - fireclay (up to 1400 ° C), alumina (A1203) - high alumina (over 1750 ° C). Application
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Thermal insulation materials and products based on clay raw materials are produced in the form of highly porous diatomite foam bricks, used mainly for thermal insulation of process equipment, and loose bulk materials: expanded clay gravel and aggloporite crushed stone. The latter are obtained by swelling molded granules at temperatures above 1000°C or by crushing sintered raw materials with coal waste and are used as heat-insulating fillings for insulating floors, ceilings, walls, as well as aggregates for lightweight concrete for various purposes. Application
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Wall and roofing ceramic materials
The modern dimensions of bricks were legalized by the standard in 1927. In accordance with it, bricks are produced in sizes 250x120x65 and 250x120x88. The mass of one brick should not exceed 4.3 kg. Therefore, thickened bricks are usually produced with voids. The following names of brick faces are accepted: bed, spoon, poke. 1 bed, 2 spoons, 3 poke
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Physical properties ordinary solid ceramic bricks: average density should not exceed 1600-1800 kg / m3, porosity - 28-35%, water absorption - not less than 8%. The main characteristic of brick quality is the brand for compressive and bending strength. Eight grades from 75 to 300 have been established. Four grades F15, F25, F35, F50 have been established for frost resistance for bricks. The standard allows large deviations in the size and shape of the brick due to the large uneven shrinkage during its manufacture.
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Ordinary ceramic bricks, due to their sufficiently high physical and mechanical characteristics, are widely used in modern construction for laying walls, foundations, chimneys and other structures. Semi-dry pressing brick cannot be used for foundations and walls of wet rooms. More industrial in terms of manufacturing technology and thermal characteristics are hollow ceramic bricks and blocks with dimensions: 250x120x138, 380x120x138, 250x250x138. Stones are considered hollow if their void volume is more than 13%. The shape and size of voids can be different. The arrangement of voids is predominantly vertical. Hollow stones cannot be used for laying structures in contact with water. Freezing of water trapped in voids. can destroy stone. The presence of voids not only reduces the mass of products, but also speeds up and facilitates the drying and firing processes. They have much fewer defects, and their strength is the same as that of solid bricks. Ordinary solid brick Ordinary hollow brick Hollow brick blocks
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Natural ceramic or clay tiles are one of the oldest roofing materials. The history of its application has more than one millennium. Ceramic tiles are the most popular material in Europe: more than half of European pitched roofs are ceramic. Such popularity of a tile is caused, first of all, by its unique characteristics: Attractive appearance; Durability; fire resistance; Environmental friendliness; Resistance to aggressive environments, ultraviolet and wind loads; Low thermal conductivity, ability to absorb noise. The raw materials for tiles are brick clay with improved quality of preparation. The disadvantage of a tiled roof is the large mass and complexity of laying.
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ENGOBE NATURI GLAZE
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Finishing ceramic materials
There are finishing ceramics for exterior, interior cladding and for flooring. The front brick has an increased surface quality; it is prepared from white- and red-burning clays. Sometimes it is given color by coloring additives. It is decorated with engobes and two-layer molding to save white-burning clays. Glazes are sometimes used, they are decorative and very durable (they retain color for hundreds of years). Front brick
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Ceramic tiles in the form of a carpet are recessed into the mortar or concrete of the walls, followed by rinsing paper base. This process can be carried out both at the factory and at the construction site. Facade ceramic tiles are used for exterior cladding of buildings and underground structures. They are produced in various sizes from 65x120 to 600x1200 mm. The back side of the tiles is corrugated. Large-sized ones are fixed on the facades with the help of metal fixtures. One of the options for such plates is called ceramic granite. Terracotta is a classic ancient and modern material obtained by firing clay and subsequent surface treatments. Large-sized facing products in the form of slabs, parts of columns, architraves and other architectural details were used in ancient Greece. It was revived during the construction in Moscow in the 40-50s of all high-rise buildings. Facade Terracotta Shaped Products Terracotta Plates for Design Projects Handmade Terracotta Tiles Terracotta Carpet Mosaic
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Tiles for interior wall cladding are produced in various sizes from 70x70 to 330x330. They also produce various additional elements for it - friezes, belts, etc. The tiles have a porous shard and are covered with glaze on the front side, which not only decorates them, but also gives them water and chemical resistance. These tiles are used in wet areas. They can not be used for flooring and for exterior decoration. Floor tiles are made from refractory clays. They have almost no pores and are practically waterproof. They are often called metlakh (from the name of the German city Mettlach). Tiles can be colored throughout or have a colored top layer. They have high wear resistance and strength. Such a floor is called cold because of the high heat absorption of the ceramic coating. In Russia, it is customary to arrange floors from such tiles in rooms with a damp operating mode.
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PORCELAIN GRANITE This material is relatively new, but has already gained popularity among those who like to build and rebuild. Porcelain stoneware (gres) is a non-enamelled single-fired ceramic tile made from light-colored clays, quartz sand, feldspar and mineral dye pigments. Porcelain stoneware with a base of red clay is called "red gres". Advantages: low water absorption coefficient - less than 0.05% (for comparison: natural granite - 0.5%) resistance to temperature extremes hardness non-porous structure impact resistance abrasion resistance. Wood effect porcelain stoneware
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Ceramic tiles for wall decoration
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photoceramics
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Ceramic floor plinth Standard ceramic plinth has a triangular base with a concave center or relief. But no less popular are flat friezes with a narrow base and a soft chamfer along the upper edge. The use of such skirting boards facilitates the process of installing furniture, since it can be moved almost close to the wall. The height of the products is also different - from narrow at 1.5 cm to wide at 8-10 cm, however, taking into account the height of the tiles in a particular collection. The surface can be plain, patterned or textured, with either a matte or glossy finish. The plinth is selected not only to finish the joint between the floor and the wall, but also to close the gap between the wall and the bathroom (sink), since we traditionally put plumbing equipment close to the wall to save space. Plinth, pencils, friezes, belts and border
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Special types of ceramic materials
Sanitary ceramics (sinks, toilet bowls, pipes) are made from faience and porcelain. Faience - thin ceramics obtained from white-burning clays (60 ... 65%), quartz (30 ... 35%) and feldspar (3 ... 5%). The molded and dried product is subjected to firing twice: primary, and after applying the glaze, repeated. Glazing of earthenware is necessary, as it has a porous shard (P=20...25%) and high water absorption.
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Porcelain - products of fine ceramics. It is obtained in the same way as faience, slightly changing the composition of the raw materials (higher up to 20 ... 25% content of feldspars). Porcelain has a dense, fully baked shard, translucent in a thin layer. Porcelain products for sanitary purposes are also glazed to give them smoothness and improve sanitary and hygienic properties. Ceramic sanitary wares are distinguished by their decorative effect, universal chemical resistance; Thanks to their hard and smooth surface, they are easy to clean and retain their properties for a long time. The disadvantage of such products, as well as ceramics in general, is fragility. But despite this, ceramics remain best material for sanitary products. Sewer pipes are made of plastic refractory clays and glazed inside and out, which ensures their complete water tightness, chemical resistance and high throughput. They are designed for a pressure of 0.2 MPa. Their length is 800-1200 mm, diameter 150-600 mm.
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Refractory ceramic materials
Refractory materials are obtained by ceramic technology from various raw materials. They are divided into refractory (softening point 1580 ... 1770 o C), high refractory (1770 ... 2000 o C) and higher refractoriness (> 2000 o C). Depending on the chemical and mineralogical composition, refractories can be silica, aluminosilicate, magnesia, chromite, graphite. Silica refractories (the main component is (SiO 2) in structure can be glassy (quartz glass) and crystalline (dinas refractories). Dinas refractories are obtained by firing at a temperature of about 900 ° C of quartz raw materials (ground quartz sand with the addition of lime or other binder) The refractoriness of these materials - 1600 ... 1700 ° C. They are used for the installation of arches of glass melting and glass furnaces.
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Quartz glass works well at temperatures up to 1000 o C; at higher temperatures, it devitrifies (crystallizes) and crumbles. Aluminosilicate refractories are divided into three groups: semi-acid and fireclay and high alumina. Semi-acid refractories are made by firing quartz rocks on a clay binder. The refractoriness of these materials is 1580…1700 °C. Fireclay refractories are obtained by firing a mixture of fireclay and refractory clay. They are heat resistant and slag resistant. Their fire resistance is up to 1500 °C. High alumina refractories contain more than 45% alumina. They are obtained from bauxites. With an increase in the alumina content to 60%, the refractoriness of these materials can reach 2000 °C. They are used for laying blast furnaces and glass furnaces.
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