In the course of operation, fixed production assets (OPF) gradually wear out, and their value is transferred to manufactured products.

Classification

For OPF classification two indicators are used - the degree of participation in manufacturing process and implemented function.

Within the framework of the implemented function, the BPF is divided into:

Building. Industrial premises, warehouses, offices, buildings, etc. Buildings allow for the placement of personnel and production equipment.
Structures. Objects for obtaining and storing natural resources. For example, quarries, mines, raw material storage tanks, etc.
Equipment. Machine tools, units, measuring instruments and computing machines used to convert raw materials into finished products.
Tools. Inventory with a service life of more than one calendar year.
Transport. Automobiles and special equipment for transportation of raw materials, materials and finished products.
Transfer devices. They deliver heat, electricity, gas or oil products.

All the main production assets in the process of operation are reused and retain their shape.

Grade

The structure and composition of the OPF affects:

cost of finished products;
the possibility of introducing new production technologies;
expediency of privatization and lease of funds.

There are three costing methods used in estimating the OPF:

Initial. Calculation of the necessary costs for putting the fund into operation.
Recovery. Determination of the value of the object, taking into account current prices.
Residual. Cost calculation taking into account depreciation.

Types of wear

Depreciation of the OPF can be moral and physical.

Obsolescence

Decrease in the cost of the BPF inexpediency of their use due to the emergence of new technologies and types of equipment.

Physical deterioration

Material depreciation of funds and their deterioration specifications due to thermal, chemical and mechanical effects during operation.

Result of use

The result of using the main production assets reflect:

capital intensity;
capital productivity.

Capital intensity - the ratio of the cost of OPF to the value of the volume of output. Return on assets is the ratio of the value of the volume of output to the value of the OPF. You can increase the return on the use of fixed assets by:

hiring qualified employees;
increasing the intensity of the use of OPF;
conducting high-quality operational planning;
increase in the share of equipment in the structure of the BPF;
carrying out technical modernization.

The concept of the average annual price (hereinafter - SP) in the economy is interpreted as a value that reflects the change in the price of fixed production assets (OPF) throughout the year as a result of their introduction and liquidation. The calculation of the average annual cost is necessary for the analysis economic efficiency production, is made taking into account the initial cost of funds. We will tell in the article how the average annual cost of fixed assets is calculated, by what formula and indicators.

Characteristics of the average annual price of fixed production assets

When making calculations, the accountant must be guided by the following documents in force in the Russian Federation.

Title of the document	What does it include?
PBU 6/01 No. 26n	OPF accounting
Guidelines for accounting of fixed assets No. 91n dated 10/13/2003	Rules for organizing accounting of OPF
Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 03-05-05-01/55 dated 07/15/2011	On the average value of property on which property tax is calculated
Tax Code of the Russian Federation, art. 376	Determining the tax base

Calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets

There are several options for calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets. The accountant has the right to choose one or even a number of calculation methods, depending on the goals pursued.

SP calculation method

Formula for calculating SP

Characteristic

The month of input (output) of fixed assets is not counted

SP = (OPF price at the beginning of the year (January 1) + OPF price at the end of the year (December 31)) / 2;

price of OPF at the beginning of the year + price of introduced OPF - price of written off

The book price of the OPF is involved in the calculation;

this option is recognized as less accurate, since the month when the deposit and withdrawal of the OPF took place is not counted

The month of input (output) of the main assets is counted

Formula 1 (for economic indicators of capital productivity, etc.):

SP = price at the beginning of the year + the number of months from the date of the assets input - the number of months from the moment the assets were withdrawn until the end of the year;

Formula 2 (Intermediate):

SP = (price at the beginning of the first month

Price at the end of the first month

Price at the beginning of the second month

Price by the end of the second month, etc...

Price at the beginning of the last month

Price by the end of the last month) / 12;

Formula 3 (definition of SP for taxation in the tax period):

SP = (residual price at the beginning of the first month

Residual price at the beginning of the second month, etc.

Residual price at the beginning of the last month

when calculating the advance for half a year, 3, 9 months, a denominator is taken equal to the sum of months and one

A reliable method, since all the proposed formulas take into account the month of withdrawal (input) of assets, in addition, the method makes it possible to use several calculation options

The data for the calculation is taken from the available documents:

balance sheet (value of assets);
turnover balance sheet for account. "Main assets" (the value of the introduced assets);
credit turnover on account. "Main Assets".

Of the described calculation options, taking into account the month of input (output) of funds, the formula for calculating the average level is recognized as the most accurate. This formula 2, by which the chronological average is calculated, is also recognized as the most reliable. As for the SP calculation for property tax calculations, formula 3 is considered the only one acceptable for this kind of calculation. Other calculation options do not apply to property tax calculation.

Example 1. Calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets, taking into account the month of their commissioning (write-off)

The results of this calculation option look more convincing, because the month of input (output) of assets is taken into account in the calculations. The following values are used for calculations:

price at the beginning of the year (10 thousand rubles);
the price of the introduced OPF (150 thousand rubles - March, 100 thousand rubles - June and 200 thousand rubles - August);
the prices of written-off OPF are 50 rubles (250 thousand for February, October).

So, the calculation is carried out according to the formula: price at the beginning of the year + (number of months from the time of entry / 12 * price of entered OPF) - (number from the time of withdrawal / 12 * price of written off OPF).

According to the SP calculation, it turns out: 10,000 + (9/12 * 150 + 6 / 12 * 100 + 4 / 12 * 200) - (10 / 12 * 50 + 2 / 12 * 250) = 10,000 + (112 + 50 + 66) - (41 + 41) = 10,146 rubles. This is the value of the SP of the main assets.

Example 2. Calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets without taking into account the month of their entry (write-off)

This is a simplified calculation method, less accurate than the one used in the previous example. The SP is calculated according to the formula: (OPF price at the beginning of the year (January 1) + OPF price at the end of the year (December 31)) / 2.

The cost at the end of the year is calculated as follows: the price of OPF at the beginning of the year + the price of introduced OPF - the price of written-off OPF. For calculations, the numerical data given in example 1 are used.

Analysis of the values obtained when calculating the average annual value of fixed assets in examples 1 and 2 So, in the two examples given, the same numerical values were used. These data show that the commissioning and write-off of assets were uneven throughout the year. Thus, OPF were introduced in March, June and August, and write-offs were made in February, October.

The calculation of the SP was carried out by two different ways: without taking into account the month of input (write-off) of assets and taking into account it. The SP calculation option described in example 1 takes into account the month of commissioning (writing off) of fixed assets. It is complex, but more reliable. In example 2, a simplified method of calculation was used for the calculation (without taking into account the month of entry and write-off of assets). But it was he who gave the wrong result.

The difference in the obtained digital totals for the SP in the calculations in the two examples is obvious. The value of the SP in one and the second examples is somewhat different (10,145 rubles and 10,075 rubles). The difference is 70 rubles. Thus, if the input (output) of fixed assets is uneven, the calculation of SP can be carried out in any way, but the one that takes into account the month of input and write-off of assets will be more accurate.

Common mistakes related to calculating the average annual value of fixed assets

A fairly common mistake is to include the value of land plots on the balance sheet in property tax calculations. First, property tax is not calculated from land plots. Secondly, only those lands that are the property of the organization are included in the OPF.

Another error is observed in the calculation of SP. When calculating property tax calculations, the cost indicator of fixed assets is taken, the tax base of which is determined as the cadastral value. At the same time, the price of such funds for calculating the residual value of assets when calculating the SP does not need to be taken.

Economic indicators characterizing the efficiency of using fixed assets

The degree of effectiveness of the application of the OPF is determined by the core economic indicators - capital productivity, capital intensity, capital-labor ratio. So, the return on assets reflects the ratio of finished products per ruble of OPF. Capital intensity is the amount of funds for each ruble of finished products. Fund arming testifies to the degree of provision of working organizations with assets.

The analysis of the considered economic indicators is aimed at finding, eliminating and preventing problem situations in relation to the profitability of enterprises. To carry out calculation operations on these indicators, the SP of the main assets is used. Calculations are carried out according to different formulas:

For return on assets: the volume of output / SP of the main assets.
For capital intensity: SP of fixed assets / volume of output.
For capital arming: SP of main assets / average number of employees.

The dynamics of these economic indicators throughout the year characterizes the consistency of the use of funds from different sides. Thus, the positive development of the return on assets indicator, that is, its increase, indicates the effectiveness of the use of the OPF. Low capital intensity indicates sufficient efficiency of the equipment. In interrelation, both indicators manifest themselves as follows.

The capital intensity is growing, but the return on assets is decreasing, which means that there is an irrational use of funds by the organization. Accordingly, urgent action should be taken.

For studies on the use of fixed assets, the dynamics of changes in each indicator separately is taken into consideration. Thus, the inconsistency in the use of resources is also indicated by an increase in the capital-labor ratio with a low growth in labor productivity in comparison with the indicator.

Since the technical condition of funds depends on the degree of their wear and tear, the relative wear rate is also of no small importance for characterizing fixed production assets. The depreciation coefficient is calculated as follows: the credited amount of depreciation for the period of use (end, beginning of the year) / initial price of the OPF (beginning, end of the year). If, during the calculation, it turns out that the depreciation coefficient at the end of the year is less than at the beginning of the year, then the condition of the assets has improved.

Answers to questions on the calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets

Question number 1. How do return on assets and average annual cost relate to each other?

The return on assets is considered by economists as a general economic indicator that shows the effectiveness of the application of the OPF. High level a return on assets exceeding the industry average indicates that the organization is highly competitive, and vice versa. The level of capital productivity below the average value in the industry indicates the non-competitiveness of the organization.

Question number 2. How does capital productivity (fixed assets) affect profit?

When OPF and capital productivity exceed the value of production and sales expenses, profit will also grow. The return on assets is increasing - economic stability is also growing, as well as the efficiency of the use of funds. With a fall in the level of capital productivity, these characteristics are reduced.

All calculations for the average annual price are carried out according to the above standard formulas. However, it is more appropriate to use the exact calculation method shown in example 1. If a number of OPFs were introduced and written off in a year, then the SP is calculated for each asset, taking into account the period of use. Finally, the results are summed up.

Question number 4. How to correct accounting errors made in the last year (period) in the data that was used to calculate property tax?

Standard calculation options:

OPF input coefficient = price of entered OPF for the period / OPF price according to the balance sheet at the end of the year.
OPF write-off ratio = prices of written-off OPF for the period / OPF price for the balance sheet at the beginning of the year.

The average annual cost of production fixed assets (fixed assets, funds) is calculated in economic activity enterprises with the following goals:

Entering information into the relevant accounting and statistical reporting,
Determination of the tax base for property settlements;
Achievement of managerial and financial goals of an internal nature.

The full book value of the fixed assets object is the initial price of the object, adjusted for the revaluation amount (that is, when the asset is depreciated). Revaluation may be due to:

reconstruction,
retrofitting,
modernization,
completion,
partial liquidation.

In the process of use, fixed assets are subject to wear and tear, while losing in full or in part their original properties, so the calculations of their average annual value affect the determination of the residual value.

The residual value is calculated by subtracting the amount of depreciation (deductions) from the amount of the initial cost.

Fixed assets are characterized by the fact that they are able to transfer their value to the finished product (goods) over a certain long period, consisting of several cycles. That is why the organization of accounting simultaneously reflects and retains the original form, including the loss of price over time.

To study the formula for the average annual cost of fixed assets, it is necessary to consider in more detail the composition of fixed assets.

The fixed assets (means) of production include:

Buildings that are architectural objects and are used to create working conditions (garages, warehouses, workshop premises, etc.).
Structures consisting of objects of an engineering construction type and used in the process of transportation (tunnels, bridges, track construction, water supply systems, etc.).
Transmission devices through which the transmission of electricity, as well as gas and oil.
Machinery and equipment, including presses, machine tools, generators, engines, etc.
Devices for making measurements.
Electronic computing and other equipment.
Vehicles including locomotives, cars, cranes, loaders, etc.
Tools and inventory.

The formula for the average annual cost of fixed assets

The formula for the average annual cost of fixed assets is as follows:

Sof \u003d Spn + (Svved * M) / 12 - (Svyb x Mvyb) / 12

Here Sof is the average annual cost of fixed assets,

С mon - the initial cost of funds,

Svved - the value of the introduced funds,

M is the number of months of operation of newly introduced funds,

Svyb - the cost of retired funds,

Mrelease - the number of months of retirement,

The formula for the average annual cost of fixed assets contains indicators in their initial cost, which is formed at the time of acquisition. In case of revaluation of fixed assets in the organization, the cost is taken as of the date of the last revaluation.

The formula for the average annual cost of production fixed assets according to the balance sheet

The formula for the average annual cost of fixed production assets can be calculated using information from financial statements enterprises. This accounting method is used to calculate the company's profitability indicators.

The formula in accordance with the balance sheet is calculated by finding the sum of indicators for the balance sheet line "Fixed assets" at the end of the reporting year and at the end of the base year (previous year), then the amount must be divided by 2 or multiplied by 0.5.

For calculations using the formula, information is taken from the balance sheet, covering the totality of transactions not only for the period as a whole, but also separately for each month.

The formula for these calculations is as follows:

Sof \u003d PS + (Svvod × M) / 12 - [D (12 - L)] / 12

Here PS is the initial cost of OF,

Conversion - the cost of the funds introduced,

M - months of validity of the introduced funds,

D - the cost of liquidation of funds,

L - the number of months of operation of retired funds.

Examples of problem solving

EXAMPLE 1

The average annual total book value of fixed assets (fixed assets, funds) is calculated by accountants for the following purposes:

preparation of relevant accounting and statistical reporting,
determination of the property tax base;
achievement of internal goals of a managerial and financial nature.

The full book value of fixed assets is the original price of the object, which is adjusted for the amount of the revaluation (depreciation). Revaluation may be caused by reconstruction, additional equipment, modernization, completion and partial liquidation.

During operation, fixed assets are subject to wear and tear, while they completely or partially lose their original properties. For this reason, the calculation of the average annual value of fixed assets has an impact on the calculation of residual value.

The residual value is calculated by subtracting the amount of depreciation from the amount of the initial cost.

Fixed assets, as a rule, transfer their value to finished products over a fairly long period, which may include several cycles. For this reason, the organization of accounting is organized in such a way that there is a one-time reflection and preservation of the original form, including price losses over time.

Before considering the formula for calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets, you should consider the classification of fixed assets.

The main production assets (means) include:

Buildings, which are architectural objects that are designed to create working conditions (garage, warehouse, workshop, etc.).
Structures that include engineering and construction objects that are used to carry out the transportation process (bridge, tunnel, track devices, water supply system, etc.).
Transmission devices (electricity transmission, gas and oil pipelines).
Machinery and equipment (press, machine tool, generator, engine, etc.).
Measuring devices.
Electronic computing and other equipment.
Vehicles (locomotive, car, crane, loader, etc.),
Tool and inventory.

To calculate the average annual cost of fixed assets, the following formula is used:

C \u003d Spn + (Svv * FM) / 12 - (Svbh FMv) / 12.

Here C mon is the initial cost of the OS,

Svv - the cost of the introduced OS,

Chm - the number of months of operation of the introduced operating systems,

Svb - the cost of retired fixed assets,

Nmv - the number of months of retirement,

The formula for calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets uses all indicators at historical cost, which is formed at the time of acquisition. If the organization had a revaluation of fixed assets, then the cost is taken as of the date of the last revaluation.

The formula for the average annual value of fixed assets according to the balance sheet

The formula for calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets can be calculated according to the balance sheet. This method is used in determining the profitability of the enterprise.

The formula for calculating the average annual value of fixed assets on the balance sheet is the sum of the indicators for the balance sheet line "Fixed Assets" at the end of the reporting year and at the end of the base year (previous), then the amount is divided by 2.

To calculate the formula, use information from the balance sheet, which covers transactions not only for the period as a whole, but also for each month separately.

The formula for calculating the average annual value of fixed assets according to the balance sheet is as follows:

C \u003d R + (W × FM) / 12 - / 12

Here R is the initial cost of the OS,

W is the cost of fixed assets introduced,

FM - the number of months of operation of the introduced OS,

D - liquidation cost of fixed assets,

L is the number of months of operation of retired OS.

Section 2. Formation of property and use of the main factors of production

Topic 2. Fixed assets of the enterprise

Practical work

Target: learn to give a comprehensive description of the fixed assets of the enterprise, analyze the effectiveness of their use and assess the future needs of the enterprise for them.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks:

Master the methods of calculating the coefficients that characterize the structure of the main production assets of the enterprise;
Learn to count different types cost of fixed assets of the enterprise;
master modern methods calculation of the depreciation rate and depreciation charges;
Learn to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise;
Learn to determine the economic profitability of a leasing transaction.

Tasks for the development of methods for calculating the coefficients characterizing the structure of the main production assets of the enterprise

The basis of the characteristics of the composition and structure of fixed assets of the enterprise is the calculation of the coefficients of renewal, disposal and growth of fixed assets.

Task 1

Formulation of the problem:

The main production assets of the enterprise at the beginning of 2005 amounted to 3,000 thousand rubles. During the year, fixed assets were commissioned in the amount of 125 thousand rubles, and liquidated - in the amount of 25 thousand rubles. calculate the value of fixed assets at the end of the year.

Technology for solving the problem:

The cost of fixed production assets at the end of the year is the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, taking into account the changes that have occurred in their structure during this year:

(1)

where F to ;

F cc

F to– cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, rub.

Substituting the values known from the condition of the problem, we calculate the value of fixed assets at the end of the year

F k \u003d 3000 + (125 - 25) \u003d 3100 thousand rubles.

Answer: the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year is 3,100 thousand rubles.

Task 2

Formulation of the problem:

During the year, the enterprise introduced fixed production assets in the amount of 150 thousand rubles. so that the value of fixed assets at the end of the year amounted to 3,000 thousand rubles. Calculate the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets.

Technology for solving the problem:

The renewal coefficient is one of the indicators that are used to analyze changes in the structure of fixed production assets.

Knowing the cost of fixed assets of the enterprise at the end of the year, as well as how much fixed assets were introduced, the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets can be calculated using the formula:

where F cc- the cost of introduced fixed assets, rub.;

F to– cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, rub.

The coefficient of renewal of fixed production assets will be:

Thus, over the year our company has undergone a 5% renewal of fixed production assets.

Answer: the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets is 0.05.

Task 3

Formulation of the problem:

The main production assets of the enterprise at the beginning of 2005 amounted to 3,000 thousand rubles. During the year fixed assets were liquidated in the amount of 300 thousand rubles. Calculate the retirement ratio of fixed assets.

Technology for solving the problem:

The retirement rate of fixed assets is calculated by the formula:

where F sel

F n– cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, rub.

Calculate the retirement rate of fixed production assets:

Thus, 10% of fixed production assets were liquidated at the enterprise.

Answer : the retirement ratio of fixed assets is 0.1.

Task 4

Formulation of the problem:

At the enterprise during the year, fixed production assets were introduced in the amount of 150 thousand rubles, and liquidated in the amount of 100 thousand rubles. Calculate the increase in fixed assets of the enterprise in monetary terms.

Technology for solving the problem:

The increase in fixed assets is calculated as the difference between the newly introduced and liquidated funds according to the formula:

F prir \u003d F vv - F sel.

Substituting the data known from the condition, we get:

F prir \u003d 150 - 100 \u003d 50 thousand rubles.

Answer : the increase in fixed assets of the enterprise in monetary terms amounted to 50 thousand rubles. in a year.

Task 5

Formulation of the problem:

At the enterprise during the year, the increase in fixed production assets amounted to 80 thousand rubles. the value of fixed assets at the end of the year - 4000 thousand rubles. rub. Calculategrowth rate of fixed assets.

Technology for solving the problem:

The growth rate is another indicator that, along with the renewal and disposal rates, is used to analyze changes in the structure of fixed production assets.

The growth rate of fixed assets is calculated as the ratio:

where F natural– increase in fixed assets in monetary terms, rub.;

F to– cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, rub.

Accordingly, the growth rate of fixed assets:

Answer : the increase in fixed assets amounted to 2%.

Tasks for conducting a valuation of fixed assets of an enterprise

Conducting a valuation of fixed assets involves determining the initial, replacement and residual value. In further calculations, the value of the average annual cost of fixed production assets may be needed.

Two methods can be used to calculate the average annual cost. According to the first method, the input and disposal of fixed production assets is timed to the beginning, and according to the second - to the end of the analyzed period.