Scheduling a project in different task schedulers. Basis for the project What the project serves

Project

A project is works, plans, activities and other tasks aimed at creating a new product (devices, works, services). Project execution is project activities which includes:

• management activities (project management). Achieved through the use, including principles and methods project management, which is part of the enterprise management system, universal for solving various production problems;
• solution of a specialized problem:
  • product development for the customer. Project products can be:
    • marketing research results (marketing),
    • design documentation (design management). This set of documents is called project. It is designed to create a developed device, its operation, repair and elimination, as well as to verify or reproduce the intermediate and final solutions on the basis of which it was developed. (Note that the meaning of the word "project" in managerial and scientific and technical activities is different),
    • technological documentation (production management),
    • software (project management),
    • etc.;
  • solution of internal production tasks:
    • improving product quality (quality management),
    • improving the efficiency of labor organization (personnel management),
    • optimization of financial flows (financial management),
    • and etc.

Projects can be combined into a project program to achieve a single result, or into a portfolio of projects for more effective management. A project portfolio may consist of programs.

Project characteristics

The project has a number of characteristics inherent in it, having determined which, it is possible to say for sure whether the analyzed type of activity belongs to projects.

1. Temporality - any project has a clear time frame (this does not apply to its results); if there is no such framework, the activity is called an operation and can last for an arbitrarily long time.
2. Unique products, services, results - the project must generate unique results, achievements, products; otherwise, such an enterprise becomes mass production.
3. Sequential development - any project develops over time, passing through previously defined stages or steps, but the preparation of project specifications is strictly limited to the content established at the start stage.

Despite the fact that the final result of the project should be unique, it has a number of characteristics in common with process manufacturing:

1. Performed by people
2. Limited by resource availability

Project environment

Each project develops in a specific environment. And no matter what subject area it belongs, this environment directly affects the project. All influences are divided into several categories.

• Socio-cultural environment (mores and customs of the area, ethical considerations of project activities, etc.)
• International political environment (political situation in the territory, economic influence, resource intensity of the area, etc.)
• Environment (environmental parameters, availability of natural resources, etc.)

The project environment can change during its execution, changing its influence on it. Such changes are both positive and negative. Change management is handled by the corresponding section of the project management discipline. project management).

Project life cycle

Project plan development

After the goal of the project is defined, the creation of the activity diagram begins. The diagram is built in the form of a tree. Let the project need to build a house. Let's call the top node "build a house". It breaks down into the main parts: "make the foundation", "build the walls" and "install the roof". "Make a foundation" can be broken down into "dig a hole" and "drive piles". In order to drive piles, it is necessary to “bring piles” and “provide special equipment”, etc. For the final tasks, time is set for their implementation.
This process is called target decomposition. The decomposition is performed until the end element of the tree becomes an obvious task for its executor. That is, if the task of “setting the roof” is obvious for the performer, then it is not necessary to further decompose the goals.

Relationships are established between dependent tasks, after which the tree structure is translated into a Gantt chart. It produces chains of tasks related by sequence and performer. The time that will be spent on the longest chain can be taken as the time of the project. Usually this time is multiplied by 1.3-2 times, taking into account the possibility of force majeure during implementation.

Control points are set for the main parts into which the project was divided (foundation, walls, roof). At milestones, the project manager compares the planned result with the actual one and adjusts the further action plan.

General information

Due to its uniqueness project activity associated with many risks, work with which is singled out in a separate area - risk management. There is a separate discipline in management - project management. project management).

Signs that an activity is not a project:

• the goal is not initially defined, not specific, not achievable, etc. However, a change in the goal / scope of the project can be regulated in the project scope management plan; the simplest case - the contract specifies the cost limit for the project, within which work is possible under additional agreements to the contract);
• activity constraints are not initially defined or not achievable (terms, resources, time, quality, acceptable risk level), for example, the activity is not manageable, that is, external dependencies exceed the ability to influence the activity (control actions do not allow achieving the set goals with an acceptable risk level );
• the result is not unique, such as mass production.

Unlike a process, a project is finite and has certain sustainable goals and constraints. Distinguish project and process (functional) business organization.

see also

• Project Portfolio Management Software

Notes

Links

• A practical guide to the American Design Institute's Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMI PMBOK). Third edition. (American national standard ANSI/PMI 99-001-2004)

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Synonyms:

See what "Project" is in other dictionaries:

PROJECT, project, husband. (lat. projectus thrown forward). 1. A developed plan for the construction, construction of something. Project of the Palace of Soviets. Volgo-Don Canal project. Architectural and technical design of the new plant. Machine project. 2.… … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Project A ... Wikipedia

See plan... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian dictionaries, 1999. project scheme, plan, program, drawing; version, edition, reading; purpose, calculation, intention; intention; calculation, projection ... Synonym dictionary

PROJECT (lat. project “thrown forward”) 1) product of design activity; 2) organization of cooperative forms of activity; 3) one of the concepts of existentialist anthropology (eg, J. P. Sartre). In the first sense, the concept of "project" ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

project- PROJECT, PROJECT a, m. projet m. German Project lat. projectus. 1. Plan, idea, preliminary sketch of something. PPE. I don't know about the project. 1765. M. A. Muravyov Zap. // ROA 5 66. Dozens of projects .. regarding transformations in Maryinsky ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

- (often also referred to as the E 4 project) a project developed in the Soviet Union to detonate an atomic charge on the Moon. The project was proposed by atomic physicist Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich. The main goal of the project is to prove to the whole world that ... ... Wikipedia

Project 34 ... Wikipedia

- (Moscow) Plays in the Moscow Basketball League Founded 2007 RGUFKSiT Hall City ... Wikipedia

Index (number) of two ship projects developed by Soviet design bureaus. Project 24 destroyer leaders unrealized project of an armored destroyer leader developed in the 1930s; battleships project ... ... Wikipedia

Project 35 index (number) of two ship projects developed by Soviet design bureaus. Project 35 destroyers project of a three-turret destroyer with universal long-range anti-aircraft artillery developed ... Wikipedia

Many do not even imagine how project planning differs in different task schedulers, although there are significant differences. It cannot be said that one scheduler has only advantages, and all the others have disadvantages. Each is good in its own way and suitable for certain tasks.

Thinking about the future, constantly thinking about how to do more, gives rise to a state of mind in which nothing seems impossible. (Henry Ford)

To see it all clearly - I decided to make this review. Especially for you, I will consider the same project in different task schedulers:

• MyLifeOrganized
• wunderlist
• ToDoIst
• Microsoft To Do

For example, I take the project that I have already considered in my video. FROM real project will be more interesting.

How does project planning work in MyLifeOrganized

How do I plan my projects?

My projects in MyLifeOrganized look like this (in the review, for the convenience of display, I did not set deadlines and start dates):

• there is a clear structure of what goes for what
• dependencies are used - until one task is done, some other will not be able to start executing under any circumstances
• in the right places, subtasks are set in order - the principle of "supplying cartridges in a pistol clip"

What does this give us?

Thanks to this construction of projects, we form lists of active actions that can be performed here and now.

On the initial stage Our list of active actions looks like this:

And taking into account the use of contexts, this list is divided into places where I can do this and the tools that I need to do this:

Please note that this is just one example project. AT real life such lists are formed from

• many projects
• recurring tasks
• one-time (important and not very important)

Without the right skills, the mentioned tools and the built system, it will be difficult to track and build it all into sorted lists.

What MLO features are not available in other schedulers

Calculated percentage of project completion

Depending on the effort made to complete each task of the project, the percentage of project completion is automatically generated. On the project itself, you can visually see how far you have progressed, and which projects have not yet begun. Visually and conveniently!

Project statuses

If you have 50-100-200 projects that are displayed in a single linear list, and you try to control them all every day, you will not last long. MyLifeOrganized allows you to divide projects into statuses according to the status of the project: Not Started, In Progress, Pending, Completed. This way you can sort out a large number of projects that you won't be doing any time soon, and focus on a small number of projects with a status of "In Progress".

Create project from template

If you repeat the same project with some frequency, you can create a template once, and then, if necessary, create new project from template.

For example, I have my project templates individual trainings. When a new order arrives, I create a new project based on the template and call it the name of the student. With minimal planning costs, I keep the entire training process under control.

Tasks in order

After creating a project, we often see that a huge number of project subtasks have fallen into our list of active actions. Although it is possible to avoid this just by setting one tick "Subtasks in order". It turns out the principle of a clip in a pistol - while one cartridge is in the barrel, the rest are waiting for their turn and “do not stick out”. It is implemented in the same way, if necessary, in MLO: if the tasks go sequentially one after another, we set “Subtasks in order” and in active we see only one task, on which we need to focus.

The fact that "Subtasks in order" only affects one level of task nesting allows us to assign projects an individual sequence with all possible turns of events.

Dependencies

There are situations when the project freezes, and can only continue after the completion of some third-party project. How to act in such situations?

In MLO, the interweaving of projects with each other is not a problem. No need to "invent a wheel" how to display and configure it all. We establish the dependence of one task on another (or even on several). Until the task is completed, the rest of the active actions will not be shown, regardless of their properties and priorities.

Delayed addiction allows you to create even greater “miracles”. For example, you are doing repairs in an apartment, you have lined the walls with plaster and now you need to stick wallpaper. Without delayed dependency, as soon as you complete the "Plaster" task, the scheduler will immediately prompt you to glue the wallpaper. How many days does it take for plaster to dry? Let's say 3 days (I'm not strong in repairs and construction). Set a deferred dependency to show the "Wallpaper" task 3 days after completing the "Plaster" task. Brilliant!

What such a plan would look like on Wunderlist

For simple projects like this, it's fine. The project can be seen as a whole, but it is not entirely clear what, when and why should be done.

What I didn't like

• After years of using MLOs, I can't get used to subtasks in Wunderlist. They are not shown in the lists, hashtags are not displayed as links in them. More like a checklist
• You can only correct the execution with the help of the deadline. If there is no date, the tasks can only be seen in the list with the project and nowhere else.

What such a plan would look like in Todoist

The task tree structure is very similar to the structure in MyLifeOrganized. But due to the lack of displaying active tasks in a separate list, this tree structure is actually useless. We can say that the task tree was made not for work, but for general idea.

What I didn't like

• It is not possible to work with the list as with a project: add information, describe the desired result, prescribe the criteria for the project. It's just a name and that's it!
• Useless task tree in the project. More confusing than helpful. If the project were more complicated, it would be confused for sure.
• You can only correct the execution with the help of the deadline. If there is no date, tasks can only be seen in the list with the project and nowhere else.

Are there projects in Microsoft To-Do?

I don't even know if it's worth taking a screenshot. There are simply no projects. There are lists, but there are no projects ....

Maybe I have some special concept about projects, but such a list can be made in any text editor or written on paper. What is the feature?

And by the way, I already very much doubt that Microsoft To-Do will be able to replace or make an alternative to such a productivity monster as Wunderlist. There was a stuffing of information about a super-product, which I immediately expressed my opinion on my blog. Almost a month has passed, and not a single function has been added to the scheduler. Nothing has been added at all. After the announcement, there was not even a single article on this issue ...

Maybe broke off? It turned out "not according to Juan sombrero", as they say ...?

Summing up

Each planner is good in its own way and pursues certain goals. It seems to me that the matter

• in habit
• in the required depth of elaboration and planning of projects. Not everyone can be a strategist
• ready to try something new. Many do not want to switch to advanced products just because “you need to understand them”

If I only did what people want me to do, they would still ride carriages. (Henry Ford)

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The project operator will be an organization established by the Government of the Belgorod Region and controlled by the Department of Construction and Transport of the Region. The operator will work without profit, so the square meters will be transferred to the project participants practically at cost.

Does it make sense to apply if I do not have pre-emptive rights to participate in the project, I am 23 years old, I am not married and I have no children?

During the implementation of the project, we will try to cover as much as possible target audience citizens and to give everyone the opportunity to participate in the project.

On the territory of Belgorod, the project is planned to be implemented in 3 years, 600 apartments respectively. In addition, from 2018 the project is planned to be implemented in other cities of the region.

All those who will not be included in the list of project participants this year, but in general will meet the conditions of the project, will be included in the reserve list.

In case of release for any reason of places in the main list, the participant will get into it according to the order of the reserve list. In addition, and not least, the citizens included in the reserve list, will have a priority right to participate in the project next year.

Therefore, an application must be submitted.

What materials will the house be built from? What will the apartments be like? What layout? Where to be located?

The houses will be built of expanded clay concrete blocks with prefabricated floor elements and the use of environmentally friendly mineral wool insulation.

All apartments are one-room apartments ranging from 26 to 33 sq.m.

The layouts of the apartments are distinguished by ergonomics and functionality.

AT current year the project is being launched in the southwestern region of Belgorod, not far from the Botanical Garden.

Will it be possible to use maternity capital funds as a down payment or to pay off the remaining part of the debt?

Certainly, and as down payment, and as funds to pay the principal debt.

When does the participant become the owner of the apartment? When can the apartment be sold?

The participant becomes the owner of the apartment after full payment of its value.

The apartment can be sold after the expiration of 5 years from the moment the house was put into operation.

To date, there is no school or kindergarten in the South-Western microdistrict. Are these facilities planned? What will the overall infrastructure look like?

MKR project " New life"construction is envisaged elementary school for 200 students (places), interlocked with preschool educational institution for 200 pupils (places). Commissioning is planned for the fourth quarter of 2019.

In general, the microdistrict will have all the necessary infrastructure. The microdistrict is already provided with roads. Shops, pharmacies are planned on the ground floors of the buildings; there will be enough non-residential premises to accommodate the entire social infrastructure.

Is it planned to implement the project in other settlements of the Belgorod region?

Yes. There are plans to implement the project in the village of Severny, as well as in Alekseevsky, Valuysky, Novooskolsky, Shebekinsky and other districts of the region.

I have been working at my last job for 5 months. Is it necessary to take a 2-NDFL certificate from a previous place of work?

No. A certificate from the last place of work will be enough.

I am not married and have no children. Do I need to prepare documents for my parents as members of my family?

No. Documents need to be prepared only for you.

In clause 4 in the package of documents it is indicated that an extract from the USRN is needed for each family member. Is an extract also required for a child aged 1.5 years?

Yes. An extract is taken for the project participant, his (her) spouse (spouse) and for all children, regardless of age.

I have a house in Prokhorovka 50 sq. m., I own it. Can I participate in the project if I meet all other criteria?

Since the population of the village Prokhorovka is less than 15 thousand people, then the year of construction of your house will be taken into account. If it was built before 1991 inclusive, then its area will not be taken into account when calculating the provision of housing.

I work in the Belgorod branch (separate subdivision) of the company, the head office is located in Moscow. Who must sign the petition?

The petition can be signed by the head of the Belgorod branch, representative office, or separate subdivision.

The project approach to achieving the set goals makes it possible to:

1) Combine goals that are significant for the company, the achievement of which is possible in the foreseeable future.

2) Plan allocation of funds more effectively.

3) Coordinate the actions of managers and performers.

What is a project? Concept definition

The word "project" (projectus) is translated from Latin as "outstanding, moving forward, protruding." And if you reproduce this word in the Oxford lexicon, you get: "a well-planned start of a business, a personally created company, or joint work necessary to achieve specific goals." If we approach the answer to this question in more detail, then the project is:

• a campaign (or list of sequential actions) through which some problematic issues or a brilliant idea will be implemented;

• one or more one-time tasks, without which the implementation of the project, the definition and achievement of the main goals will be difficult;

• a temporary assignment that must be completed within a set time frame using a certain amount of resources;

• a case, the completion of which is tantamount to obtaining the desired result;

• a set of efforts limited by time and resources or carrying out activities necessary to approach the goal (all work is carried out by a special organization created for such tasks);

• a list of time-bound activities, the implementation of which will lead to the achievement of the only correct result; as a rule, such events are aimed at qualitative changes or the development of a new product (service);

• popularization and structuring of several ideas and determination of the goals of projects that are part of the main project, joint implementation of various action plans (events);

• designing sequential operations, the implementation of which will achieve certain results in the future;

• a detailed statement of the actions planned for a specific period and in specific conditions, the purpose of which is to change the situation in the future;

• an event that requires a detailed plan and provides for a series of operations aimed at fundamentally changing the existing situation;

• a dream, a trend, a mechanism through which one can realize oneself in the future, with the subsequent use of the concepts listed here for self-realization;

• researching a subject of interest in the present in order to draw up a plan of action for the future.

By variety, projects can be personal (for example, developing a personal website) or developing, forcing society to change (sometimes beyond recognition).

Features

A project whose definition has no analogues is called innovation or novelty. And if in the near future there is no need to repeat the implementation of any points of the project (or it will never need to be solved), it is called one-time.

If the final result must be obtained by a predetermined deadline, then distinguishing feature this project is a time limit. And when the participation of specialists from different areas, the definition of the project can "fit" in one word - interdisciplinarity.

Risks

Risks and difficulties in the development and management of the project arise mainly if such tasks have not been previously solved. The riskiness of the project directly depends on its scale and the equipment of the performers (availability of necessary equipment, materials and tools). Many risks, for example, are borne by an investment project, the determination of the sources of which is impossible without obtaining the necessary knowledge.

Financing of investment projects

Internal financing or self-financing is carried out at the expense of the enterprise - the founder of the project and provides for the expenditure of personal funds of shareholders. It is also possible to use net profit enterprises, as well as damper deductions, and the formation of capital is strictly targeted. This type of funding is only possible if the project is small.

Definition of an externally funded project:

1) External financing can be carried out at the expense of the state, financial and non-financial enterprises, the population, foreign investors and additional funds at the disposal of the founders.

2) Shareholding and share contributions.

3) Investment bank loans and bonded loans.

Limiting factors

Any project consists of three limiting factors:

• Deadlines. In order to correctly calculate the duration of the task, it is divided into building blocks, then the “lifting” of the amount of work is evaluated and the results obtained are compared with the experience of successful developers.
• Resources. For example, human resource: managing employees, defining project work using their talents and abilities.
• Result. The components of this paragraph are: financial viability, skillful marketing, economic efficiency, professionalism of the project manager and performers.

Project programs

Considering the work of any organization, one can almost always note two key options for its activities that exist at a time:

• the so-called "churn" and periodically recurring operations or transactions;

• projects.

The main differences between these two activities are the cyclicity of repetitive processes and subordination to a specific schedule of actions focused on achieving a unique result.

For example, in a car manufacturing plant, the operation of shop conveyors, accounting calculations, and handling correspondence are repetitive operations. Recurring transactions are characterized by a fairly high degree of certainty and require a systematic approach, the purpose of which is to increase the production efficiency of existing facilities and equipment.

The definition of a project oriented to the implementation of any internal or external changes is, for example, the creation of the latest modifications, the readjustment of conveyors or the introduction of new automatic systems. External changes can be related to marketing campaigns, expanding the field of activity of the organization, changing market relations. In particular, the following options can be noted:

• projects of coordination formation (reorganization of the enterprise, introduction of innovations, and so on);

• business development projects (research developments, production latest products, the formation of progressive trends, access to previously unknown markets);

• projects for the formation (maintenance) of infrastructure (scheduled repair, replacement of equipment, and so on);

• commercial plans carried out under the contract (production and delivery of original or unpresentable products, development, provision of original services).

This list can be continued if we supplement it with examples from different industrial areas, which have significant differences in the scale of work, deadlines, the number of employees and the significance of the results.

Focus on getting results

The goal of any project is to obtain a specific result, that is, to achieve the goal. The specific goal is driving force project.

The definition of a project implies the execution of interdependent tasks. Goal-oriented projects are endowed with a deep inner meaning necessary for their implementation. The primary feature of project management is accuracy in the definition and formulation of goals, from the highest level to the detailed formulation of less significant goals.

In addition, the project can be regarded as a step-by-step achievement of very clearly articulated simple tasks, and its promotion - as the achievement of more significant tasks. The project is considered completed only after the final goal is achieved.

What is a project portfolio

Portfolio - a collection of projects (programs), united with one goal: to make management more comfortable and successful. The projects collected in the portfolio may not be interconnected, not combined common goal and exist independently of each other.

At the initiation stage, the curator and the project manager develop the charter. They need to identify the goal of the project, to coordinate it with strategic goals enterprises in the section "Justification for the initiation of the project". Managers also draw up a list of works that are drawn up in a task form. Gradually, step by step, the subject and context of the contractual relationship between the customer and PM is built. Under these conditions, the parties must determine the composition of the responsibility that the manager will have to take on, and the customer forms a vision of the composition of the results necessary for the success of the project.

Criteria for the correct formulation of the problem

A task as a special category of management should be understood as an object that meets five criteria, the presence of which or the absence of at least one of them indicates whether it actually exists or not. The key parameter is the exact formulation of the result. It is assumed that each task is a special point in the future, some specific result.

Formulating a task is the most subtle and difficult moment in the process of setting it up. In literal prescribing, the success or failure of the decision is laid down. When it was not possible to correctly formulate the result, the likelihood of disputes increases, which can be beneficial to each of the parties: the director and the performer. Often the wording is performed as a description of some action. Is this smart?

Let's say they write: "dig, saw, deliver ..." or closer to modern project management: "carrying out marketing research”, “personnel training”, “purchase of equipment”. The expression is vague and uncertain. What parameters should the entry meet? The criteria for the correctness of the formulation are the following theses:

• the wording should contain the specifics of the achievement of the result;
• purely qualitative formulations are not considered, only the indicated quantitative data are considered to be problematic;
• from the point of view of the wording, the task is a point in the future, adequate in the understanding of "achieved - not achieved";
• it is a kind of "black box" - it does not matter what is inside.

Correctly formulating a problem means half solving it. The four above conditions testify to us that the results, including intermediate ones, are the design task. How should she prepare?

Five key parameters

Let us introduce the concept of a responsible resource for a project task. By a responsible resource we mean a person (an employee of the company or an involved contractor) who has the right to take over the performance of the work and is obliged to complete it without referring to the difficulties that arise. Thus, the responsible resource implies the last name and first name, as well as the assigned budget for the solution.

A task is a special microcontract to achieve its result. Therefore, in addition to the responsible resource, which is a party to this agreement, it must also have a second party, namely, the director. There is also a need to fix the deadline - the exact calendar date.

Not only in design, but also in general management we have to observe situations of disputes, conflicts caused by discrepancies in understanding the task. It is not difficult to guess the reasons for the dissatisfaction of the parties with each other - there was no formalization of agreements. Therefore, it is very important to correctly formulate the problem statement. Summing up, we can summarize and offer five criteria for the existence of a task.

1. Exact formulation of the result.
2. Deadline - the exact calendar date of delivery and acceptance.
3. Director - first and last name.
4. Responsible resource - last name, first name and budget.
5. Documented form of setting.

The concept of goal and its difference from tasks

Under the goals we will understand the totality of the desired results, for the sake of which the project is started, the project begins. In other words, this is such a changed state of the business that we want to achieve and formulate in qualitative (acceptable) and quantitative (desirable) forms. Can we say that the key task is design goal? Yes, ideally this is possible. In business, however, goals differ from objectives by the difference in the questions they answer.

The former, in their formulation, answer the question of what state should be achieved as a result of the project. At the same time, the latter should answer the question of what intermediate and final results should be provided in this case. The tasks of the project can and should be considered as a kind of decomposition of the top-level control object. Your attention is presented to a typical example of such a decomposition - the "Tree of tasks".

A typical example of the "Task Tree" of the project

Pyramid of project goals

The pyramid of project goals is also of interest. It is necessary to characterize the levels of this pyramid and determine the place that our control objects occupy on it. Goals have two levels. The top is the strategic goals of the organization level, and below are the goals of the project itself.

The strategic goals of the project are goals achieved in the long term, aimed at achieving the mission and fulfilling the company's strategy. It is not advisable to tie PM to them. They serve to align project goals with the company's strategic goals to provide a long-term focus.

Pyramid of project goals

The product of the project is the watershed line in the pyramid model. Above the product are the goals of the project - why we created the product and what effects we want to get from it. Below the project product in the pyramid diagram are the tasks. They represent the sequence of actions by which a product is created.

This article briefly discusses the project objectives and goals. Definitions are given to these important categories, which, together with the product, together give the object of project management. The key parameters that make it possible to judge the quality of the problem statement are substantiated. The project manager, taking responsibility to the customer, will only be satisfied with his work when he is able to assess the risks of not achieving results. Thanks to this, tasks are solved and goals are achieved.