1 of 15
Presentation on the topic: constellations of the solar system
slide number 1
Description of the slide:
MBOU "Multiprofile Lyceum No. 11 named after V.G. Mendelssohn "Each of us, peering into the endless starry placers in the night sky, probably felt regret more than once that we were not familiar with the alphabet of the starry sky. Constellations of the solar system Completed by student 3 "B" class Egor Sukharev
slide number 2
Description of the slide:
Once, a planetarium came to our school, my class and I went to watch it. There I saw how beautiful the night sky was, and I liked it even more when they began to tell us about the stars and constellations. Then for the first time I thought that it would be nice to know more about all the constellations and stars, and I set a goal
slide number 3
Description of the slide:
Purpose: to find out what constellations are, why stars combine into constellations, and what constellations we can find in the night sky of our hemisphere. Tasks:1. Conduct a questionnaire survey among the guys, what constellations and stars they know.2. Learn information from different sources on topic.3. Find out the meaning of the concept of "Constellations". 4. Find out which constellations can be seen in the starry sky.5. Come up with and offer the children a game - a home-made "Starry Sky" .6. Issue a booklet for students on the topic: "Constellations of the Solar System"
slide number 4
Description of the slide:
slide number 5
Description of the slide:
At the first stage of work, I decided to find out what my classmates and guys from the fourth grade know about the stars and constellations. I compiled and wrote down questions in the young researcher's diary, which I then asked them. Conclusions of the first stage of the study. I interviewed 50 students, of which they answered: 1 question “What is a constellation?” They know - 10 people. They don’t know - 40 people. for the 2nd question “Why do the stars unite into constellations?” They know - 5 people. They don’t know - 45 people. For the 3rd question “How many constellations are there?” They know - 7 people. They don’t know - 43 people.
slide number 6
Description of the slide:
slide number 7
Description of the slide:
Conclusions of the second stage of the study: In libraries, I looked at books about space, looked for information about what a constellation is. Conclusion 1. The sun is the brightest star visible from all over the world. Constellations are a group of stars. For example: The "bucket" that we see in the sky is part of a constellation called the Big Dipper.
slide number 8
Description of the slide:
Conclusions of the second stage of the study: I visited the museum “Meteorological station of Simbirsk. Planetarium". There, experienced guides spoke in detail about which constellations can be seen in the night sky. Conclusion 2 A constellation is a section of the sky with established boundaries. There are 88 constellations. The most famous constellations that we see are: Ursa Major, Pegasus, Cassiopeia. The stars in the constellations are on various distances from the observer; The position of the constellation changes throughout the day. All stars in the constellations are designated by the letters of the Greek and Latin alphabets.
slide number 9
Description of the slide:
Conclusions of the second stage of the study: I turned for help to the teacher of astronomy Kirillova M.M. She told me why stars form constellations and how constellations help you navigate starry sky. Conclusion 3To better distinguish between stars, in ancient world thousands of years ago, astronomers grouped them together as if they were points of an imaginary figure: a lion, a snake, scales, or other objects and mythological creatures. These groups of stars they called constellations.
slide number 10
Description of the slide:
At the third stage of work, I decided to find out how our ancestors gave the name to the constellations. The stars helped sailors and travelers navigate their way. Therefore, I turned to the Internet, since it contains the latest information in this area. Conclusion of the third stage: Knowledge of the location of stars in the sky helps to navigate in space. You can find the polar star by the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. The North Star is located in the tail of the constellation Ursa Minor. If you stand facing her, we get the direction to the north. She is constantly in the north.
slide number 14 
Description of the slide:
The universe is full of great exciting mysteries and mysteries that scientists are trying to solve. The cosmos is painted black, Since there is no atmosphere, There is no night, no day. Here there is no earthly blueness, Here the views are strange and wonderful: And the stars are all visible at once, Both the Sun and the Moon. In the north, a star is visible, And it is called the North Star. She is a reliable friend of people, And two Bears with her Among the cosmic fires Everything goes in succession. Not far away, the Dragon fell silent. He squints at Bears, He chews the ends of his mustache. And the Eagle watched for a long time, How the skinny Wolf wandered somewhere And bypassed the Constellation of the Hounds of Dogs. The heavenly Lion slept peacefully, Opening his terrible snapdragon (Don't mess with lions!) The whale swam up to Andromeda, Pegasus galloped swiftly, And proudly the Swan flew across the Milky Way. The Hydra guarded someone, After all, the Hydra has been Hydra since the beginning of time, friends! Through the gigantic firmament She creeps mysteriously. Who is Hydra guarding? It is impossible to say yet. And near the Milky Way, Where neither to pass nor pass, Lies a huge Cancer. Lies in cosmic dust, Slightly moves its claws And keeps an eye on the Hydra. (Cancer, apparently, is not a fool!) Here the Raven waved its wings, From the ashes the Phoenix resurrected, The Peacock fluffed its tail, Here the Snake wriggled, Chanterelles ran, frolicking, And the Lynx sat, hiding, The Dolphin saved the singer. The giraffe paced like God, Here is the Hare, here is the Unicorn, the Crane, the Chameleon. And there is a Dove with a Lizard... No, apparently, I can't count All these fabulous creatures Who inhabit the cosmos.
slide number 15
Description of the slide:
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
2 slide
Description of the slide:
3 slide
Description of the slide:
CONSTELLATIONS - areas of the starry sky, allocated for the convenience of orientation in the celestial sphere and the designation of stars. The entire sky is divided into 88 constellations, they bear the names of mythical heroes (Hercules, Perseus), animals (Leo, Giraffe), objects (Libra, Lyra), etc. Sometimes a group of stars with a name different from the name of the constellation is distinguished into constellations - asterism * (Ladle in the constellation M. Ursa). The brightest stars in the constellation are indicated by Greek letters (α, β, γ ..., usually in descending order of brightness) with the addition of the name of the constellation, less bright ones - in Latin letters and numbers. The boundaries of the constellations are, as a rule, along the celestial parallels and declination circles. * Asterisms are characteristic groups of stars that the eye easily picks up in the sky.
4 slide
Description of the slide:
5 slide
Description of the slide:
The word "zodiac" is based on the Greek words "animal" and "circle". Thus, its literal translation means "circle of animals". Indeed, 11 of the 12 zodiac constellations (with the exception of Libra) bear the names of living beings: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces. Against the background of these constellations, the apparent movement of the Sun, Moon and planets occurs. Therefore, different peoples associated the Zodiac with the image of the "heavenly road". The constellations of the Zodiac are among the most ancient. Archaeologists find their images on many monuments, often together with images of the Sun, Moon and planets. They are found on clay tablets, walls of tombs, sarcophagi, columns of temples of the Sumerians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Hindus, Chinese, Persians. Figurative images of the constellations of the Zodiac served and serve to this day as an element of jewelry. The image of the signs of the Zodiac can be found on the facades of various architectural structures, on the clock tower (for example, Kazansky railway station in Moscow)
6 slide
Description of the slide:
How the zodiac was discovered As studies by historians and archaeologists have shown, it was the astronomers of ancient Greece who discovered the annual movement of the Sun across the sky, that is, they discovered a number of constellations through which the ecliptic passes. But after all, the view of the Sun in the sky does not allow observing the stars, and vice versa, there is no Sun in the sky at night. How did you manage to find out which constellations it passes during the year? Very simple: it all started with the moon. There is no doubt that even in ancient times, configurations of stars were identified, along which the Moon makes its monthly path. People carefully watching the sky should have quickly noticed that a certain type of the Moon (a certain phase), observed in a certain constellation, coincides with the onset of one or another season. For example, the full moon in Sagittarius or Scorpio only happens in summer. These observations could not have practical significance, since one or another moment of the year can be determined much more accurately by the rising of any specific bright stars. Navigators and travelers do not need signs of the zodiac constellations at all. For them, accurate data on the near-polar region of the sky is much more important in order to navigate along the sides of the horizon. When astronomy developed into a science, the movements of the Moon, planets and the Sun began to be studied purposefully not just to get some kind of recipe for a particular case of life, but to find out the patterns of phenomena that are observed in the sky, and their causes. Observing the moving Moon along the belt of the Zodiac and knowing the basics of geometry, one could figure out that, firstly, it shines with the reflected light of the Sun, and secondly, once a month at the time of the full moon, it is on the line connecting the Sun and the Earth. Who was the first of the oldest observers to understand this, history does not tell. The main thing is that a point in the sky was fixed, opposing the Sun, and it was found that it moves among the stars. Making the simplest angular measurements, the ancient astronomers found that this point, and, consequently, the Sun, moves every month by almost 30o towards the daily movement of the celestial sphere. In total, there are 360o in a circle, which means that the entire celestial sphere will be traversed by the Sun in 12 months. At the time of Hipparchus, the annual path of the Sun was already well studied and divided into 12 equal parts, each of which was designated by the symbol of the constellation close to it, which was called the sign of the Zodiac.
7 slide
Description of the slide:
Why 12 zodiacs At first it was noticed that it was through these constellations that the visible path of the Moon passes through the celestial sphere. Ancient observers of the sky in the picture of the change of lunar phases saw the repetition, renewal, eternity of everything that exists in the world. The Earth makes one revolution around the Sun in a year. During this time, the Moon goes through the entire sequence of changing its phases almost 12 times, i.e. 12 times a year there is a full moon, a new moon. Therefore, the twelve-month year was established precisely thanks to the Moon, and the Zodiac belt is divided into 12 constellations. The periodicity of the change of lunar phases formed the basis of calendars. Hence the word “month” means both the appearance of the moon in the sky and the time interval (28-31 days). The number 12 has become sacred among different peoples. The Greeks had twelve Olympian gods, the Roman emperor Diocletian united 12 provinces, Alexander the Great installed 12 altars during the campaign, in India wheels were made with 12 spokes, heroes and demigods performed 12 feats. Later, they noticed the apparent movement of the Sun, people guessed that it moves against the background of the same constellations. The imaginary line of the annual motion of the Sun is called the ecliptic. And the planets, too, making their movements across the sky, cross the constellations of the Zodiac.
8 slide
Description of the slide:
9 slide
Description of the slide:
Zodiac belt Contrary to the popular belief that each sign of the zodiac corresponds to exactly one month (in the most popular version - from the 23rd of each month to the 22nd of the next month), the duration of the Sun's stay in each of the zodiac constellations is actually not the same and ranges from nine days (in the constellation Scorpio) to almost a month and a half (in the constellation Virgo). Which is not difficult to see even with a cursory glance at the star map.
10 slide
Description of the slide:
Aries and Taurus The countdown of the zodiac signs along the ecliptic begins with the vernal equinox - March 22. The ecliptic and the celestial equator intersect at two points of the equinoxes: spring and autumn. On these days, all over the globe, the day is equal in duration to the night. These points are indicated on the diagrams by the signs of Aries and Libra. Strictly speaking, this is not entirely correct, because due to displacements of the earth's axis (processions), the constellations and signs of the zodiac do not coincide at the present time. About 2500 years ago, the equinoxes were indeed in the constellations of Aries and Libra. And 2500 years earlier they were in the constellations of Taurus and Scorpio. At present, they have moved to the constellations of Pisces and Virgo, but scientists have agreed to conditionally take March 22 as the starting point, that is, the Zodiac begins with Aries. Among the ancient peoples, the most important was the constellation Taurus, since the new year began in the spring. In the zodiac, Taurus is the most ancient constellation, since cattle breeding played a huge role in the life of ancient peoples, and that constellation was associated with the bull, where the Sun, as it were, conquered winter and heralded the arrival of spring and summer. In general, many ancient peoples revered this animal, considered it sacred. In ancient Egypt there was a sacred bull, Apis, who was worshiped during his lifetime and whose mummy was solemnly buried in a magnificent tomb. Every 25 years Apis was replaced with a new one. In Greece, the bull was also held in high esteem. In Crete, the bull was called the Minotaur. Heroes of Hellas Hercules, Theseus, Jason subdued the bulls. The constellation Aries was also highly revered in antiquity. The supreme god of Egypt, Amun-Ra, was depicted as a ram's head, and the road to his temple was an alley of sphinxes with ram's heads. It was believed that the constellation Aries was named after Aries with the Golden Fleece, after which the Argonauts sailed. In the sky, by the way, there are a number of constellations that reflect the Argo Ship. The alpha (brightest) star of this constellation is called Gamal (Arabic for "adult ram"). The brightest star in the constellation Taurus is called Aldebaran.
11 slide
Description of the slide:
12 slide
Description of the slide:
Gemini In this constellation, two bright stars are very close to each other. They got their name in honor of the Argonauts of the Dioscuri - Castor and Pollusk - twins, sons of Zeus, the most powerful of the Olympic gods, and Leda, a frivolous earthly beauty, the brothers of Helen the beautiful - the culprit of the Trojan War. Castor was famous as a skilled charioteer, and Pollux as an unsurpassed fist fighter. They participated in the campaign of the Argonauts and the Calydonian hunt. But one day the Dioscuri did not share the booty with their cousins, the giants Idas and Linkey. In the battle with them, the brothers were badly wounded. And when Castor died, the immortal Pollux did not want to part with his brother and asked Zeus not to separate them. Since then, by the will of Zeus, the brothers spend half a year in the kingdom of gloomy Hades, and half a year on Olympus. There are periods when on the same day the star Castor is visible against the background of morning dawn, and Pollux is visible against the background of evening. Perhaps it was this circumstance that gave rise to the legend of the brothers living either in the kingdom of the dead or in heaven. The Dioscuri brothers were considered in ancient times the patrons of sailors caught in a storm. And the appearance on the masts of ships before a thunderstorm of the "Fires of St. Elmo" was considered a visit by their sister Elena. St. Elmo's fires are luminous discharges of atmospheric electricity observed on pointed objects. The Dioscuri were also revered as guardians of the state and patrons of hospitality. AT Ancient Rome circulating silver coin "Dioscuri" with the image of stars.
13 slide
Description of the slide:
14 slide
Description of the slide:
Cancer The constellation Cancer is one of the most subtle constellations of the zodiac. Its history is very interesting. There are several rather exotic explanations for the origin of the name of this constellation. So, for example, it was seriously claimed that the Egyptians placed Cancer in this region of the sky as a symbol of destruction and death, because this animal feeds on carrion. Cancer moves tail forward. About two thousand years ago, in the constellation of Cancer, there was a point of the summer solstice (that is, the longest daylight hours). The sun, having reached at this time the maximum distance to the north, began to “retreat” back. The length of the day gradually decreased. Arabs back in the 10th century called the brightest stars of Cancer "the nostrils and muzzle of the Lion." And this means that earlier the stars that now make up the constellation of Cancer belonged to the constellation of Leo. But then the constellation of Cancer stood out as an independent one. According to classical Greek mythology, a huge sea Cancer attacked Hercules when he was fighting the Lernaean Hydra. The hero crushed him, but the goddess Hera, who hated Hercules, placed Cancer in the sky. Ancient authors called this constellation "karkinos", which means both river cancer and sea cancer (i.e. crab). Therefore, on ancient atlases you can find both images. In the famous museum in Paris, the Louvre, the famous Egyptian circle of the zodiac is kept, in which the constellation of Cancer is located above all others.
15 slide
Description of the slide:
16 slide
Description of the slide:
Leo A very long time ago, about 4.5 thousand years ago, the point of the summer solstice was in this constellation, and the Sun turned out to be in this constellation at the hottest time of the year. That is why, among many ancient peoples, it was the Lion that became the symbol of fire. The Assyrians called this constellation “great fire”, and the Chaldeans associated the fierce lion with the no less fierce heat that was every summer. They believed that the Sun receives additional strength and warmth when it is among the Leo stars. In Egypt, this constellation was also associated with the summer period: flocks of lions, fleeing the heat, migrated from the desert to the Nile valley, which at that time was overflowing. Therefore, the Egyptians placed on the gates of irrigation canal locks that directed water to the fields, images in the form of a lion's head with an open mouth. And now you can meet lion heads or figures decorating palaces, bridges, fountains. There are a lot of such monuments in St. Petersburg and its suburbs. In Peterhof - the city of fountains - the main figure in the Grand Cascade - Samson, defeating a lion, a strong stream of water beats from the lion's mouth. In ancient art, the plot of the fight between a lion and a bull is widely spread6. The lion also appears in the myths of Hercules. The main star in the constellation Leo is Regulus. The name of this star is translated from Latin as “prince”, “king of a small state”, “king”. The word "regul" has the same root as the verb "regulate", and this is not accidental. By this star, located in the heart of Leo, they monitored the correctness of the calendar, it determined the time of the equinox and solstices. The longitude of this star was measured by Aristotle.
17 slide
Description of the slide:
18 slide
Description of the slide:
Virgo The Virgo constellation lies on the celestial equator (currently it is the point of the autumnal equinox). Located next to Leo, this constellation was sometimes presented as a fabulous sphinx. Often in early myths, the Virgin was identified with Rhea, the mother of the god Zeus, the wife of the god Kronos. Sometimes she was seen as Themis, the goddess of justice, who in her classical guise holds scales in her hands (the zodiac constellation next to Virgo). There is evidence that in this constellation, ancient observers saw Astrea, the daughter of Themis and the god Zeus, the last of the goddesses who left the Earth at the end of the Bronze Age. Astrea - the goddess of justice, a symbol of purity and innocence, left the Earth because of the crimes of people. This is how we lead the Virgin in ancient myths. The virgin is usually depicted with the rod of Mercury and an ear. Spica (translated from Latin "ear") is the name of the brightest star in the constellation. The very name of the star and the fact that the Virgin was depicted with an ear in her hands indicates a connection with human agricultural activities. It is possible that with the appearance of her in the sky, the beginning of any agricultural work coincided.
19 slide
Description of the slide:
20 slide
Description of the slide:
Libra Indeed, it seems strange that among the animals and "semi-animals" in the Zodiac there is a sign "Libra". Over two thousand years ago, this constellation was the point of the autumnal equinox. The equality of day and night could be one of the reasons why the zodiac constellation was named Libra. The appearance of Libra in the sky in the middle latitudes indicated that the time had come for sowing, and the ancient Egyptians, already at the end of spring, could consider this as a signal to start harvesting the first crop. Scales - a symbol of balance - could simply remind the ancient farmers of the need to weigh the harvest. Among the ancient Greeks, Astrea, the goddess of justice, weighed the fate of people with the help of Libra. One of the myths explains the appearance of the zodiac constellation Libra as a reminder to people of the need to strictly observe the laws. The fact is that Astrea was the daughter of the almighty Zeus and the goddess of justice Themis. On behalf of Zeus and Themis, Astrea regularly “inspected” the Earth (armed with scales and blindfolded in order to judge everything objectively, supply Olympus with good information and mercilessly punish deceivers, all kinds of unfair acts). So Zeus decided that Libra's daughter should be marked in the sky.
21 slide
Description of the slide:
22 slide
Description of the slide:
Scorpio Not only because of the resemblance to this constellation was assigned the role of a poisonous creature. The sun entered this region of the sky in late autumn, when all nature seemed to die, in order to be reborn, like the god Dionysus, in the early spring of the next year. The sun was considered as if “stung” by some poisonous creature, from which it “sick” all winter, remaining weak and pale. According to classical Greek mythology, this is the same Scorpio that stung the great Orion and was hidden by the goddess Hera on the diametrically opposite part of the celestial sphere. It was he, the heavenly Scorpio, who frightened the most unfortunate Phaethon, the son of the god Helios, who decided to ride across the sky in his fiery chariot, not listening to his father's warnings. Other nations gave this constellation their own names. For example, for the inhabitants of Polynesia, it seemed like a fishing hook, with which the god Maun pulled the island of New Zealand from the depths of the Pacific Ocean. Among the Maya Indians, this constellation was associated with the name Yalagau, which means "Lord of Darkness." According to many astronomers, the sign of Scorpio is the most sinister - a symbol of death. It seemed especially scary when it turned out to be the planet of disasters - Saturn. The brightest star in this constellation is Antares, which means "rival of Mars." This bright star in its color can really compete with Mars. But Mars, like all planets, shines calmly and evenly, as for Antares, the proximity of this star to the horizon makes it flicker strongly, which, however, only emphasizes its red color. Scorpio is a constellation where new stars often flare up, in addition, this constellation is rich in bright star clusters.
23 slide
Description of the slide:
24 slide
Description of the slide:
Sagittarius According to ancient Greek mythology, the wisest of the centaurs Chiron, the son of the god Chronos and the goddess Themis, created the first model of the celestial sphere. At the same time, he took one place in the Zodiac for himself. But he was determined by the insidious centaur Krotos, who took his place by deceit and became the constellation of Sagittarius. And the god Zeus turned Chiron himself after death into the constellation of the Centaur. And so it turned out in the sky as many as two centaurs. Even Scorpio himself is afraid of the evil Sagittarius, at whom he aims with a bow. Sometimes you can find the image of Sagittarius in the form of a centaur with two faces: one is turned back, the other is forward. In this he resembles the Roman god Janus. The first month of the year, January, is associated with the name of Janus. And the Sun is in Sagittarius in winter. Thus, the constellation, as it were, symbolizes the end of the old and the beginning of the new year, with one of its faces looking into the past, and the other into the future. In the direction of the constellation Sagittarius is the center of our galaxy. If you look at the map of the starry sky, then the Milky Way also passes through the constellation Sagittarius. Like Scorpio, Sagittarius is very rich in beautiful nebulae. Perhaps this constellation more than any other deserves the name "heavenly treasury." Many clusters and nebulae are strikingly beautiful. Sagittarius is currently the point of the winter solstice (December 22 is the longest night of the year). Therefore, this constellation is the lowest in the Zodiac (in winter, the Sun is low above the horizon) and is the least visible in a large area of our country.
25 slide
Description of the slide:
26 slide
Description of the slide:
Capricorn Capricorn is a mythical creature with the body of a goat and the tail of a fish. According to the most common ancient Greek legend, the goat-footed god Pan, the son of Hermes, the patron saint of shepherds, was frightened by the hundred-headed giant Typhon and rushed into the water in horror. He has since become a water god and has grown a fish tail. Transformed by the god Zeus into the constellation Capricorn, he became the lord of the waters and the harbinger of storms. It was believed that he sends heavy rains to Earth. According to another legend, this is the goat Amalthea, who nursed Zeus with her milk. The Indians called this constellation Makara, that is, the miracle dragon, also half goat, half fish. Some peoples depicted him as a half-crocodile - a half-bird. Similar ideas existed in South America. When the sun entered the constellation Capricorn, the Indians celebrated New Year, putting on masks depicting goat heads for ceremonial dances. But the indigenous Australians called the constellation Capricorn the constellation Kangaroo, which is chased by heavenly hunters to kill him and fry him on a large fire. Among many ancient peoples, the goat was revered as a sacred animal; divine services were performed in honor of the goat. People dressed in sacred clothes made of goat skins and brought a gift to the gods - a sacrificial goat. It is with such customs and with this constellation that the idea of \u200b\u200bthe "scapegoat" - Azazel is connected. Azazel - (letting goat) - the name of one of the goat-like gods, demons of the desert. On the so-called day of the goat: one for sacrifice, the other for letting go into the wilderness. Of the two goats, the priests chose which one for God, and which one for Azazel. First, a sacrifice was made to God, and then another goat was brought to the high priest, on which he laid his hands and thereby, as it were, transferred to him all the sins of the people. And after that, the goat was released into the desert. The desert was a symbol of the underworld and a natural place for sins. The constellation Capricorn is located at the bottom of the ecliptic. Perhaps this is what caused the idea of the underworld. In the constellation of Capricorn about 2 thousand years ago was the point of the winter solstice. The ancient philosopher Macrobius believed that the Sun, having passed the lowest point, begins to climb up, like a mountain goat striving for the top.
27 slide
Description of the slide:
28 slide
Description of the slide:
Aquarius This constellation is called by the Greeks Hydrohos, by the Romans - Aquarius, by the Arabs - Sakib-al-ma. All this meant the same thing: a person pouring water. The constellation of Aquarius is associated with the Greek myth of Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha, the only people who escaped the Flood. The name of the constellation really leads to the "homeland of the global flood" - to the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. In some writings of the ancient people - the Sumerians - these two rivers are depicted as flowing from the vessel of Aquarius. The eleventh month of the Sumerians is called "the month of the water curse." According to the Sumerians, the constellation Aquarius was in the center of the "heavenly sea", and therefore foreshadowed the rainy season. It was identified with the god who warned people about the flood. This legend of the ancient Sumerians is similar to the biblical story of Noah and his family - the only people who escaped the flood in the ark. In Egypt, the constellation Aquarius was observed in the sky during the days of the highest water level in the Nile River. It was believed that the water god Knemu overturns a huge ladle into the Nile. It was also believed that the White and Blue Nile rivers, tributaries of the Nile, flow from the god's vessels. It is possible that with the constellation Aquarius, the legend of one of the exploits of Hercules is the cleaning of the Augean stables (for which the hero needed to dam three rivers).
29 slide
To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com
Slides captions:
Stars and constellations
A constellation is a section of the celestial sphere with all the stars projected onto it from the point of view of an earthly observer.
Claudius Ptolemy (c. 100 - c. 170) Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, Dragon, Swan, Eagle, Taurus, Libra, etc. (41) Modern astronomers identify 88 constellations.
Hipparchus Compiled the first catalog of the starry sky, which included about 850 stars, introduced the division of stars into 6 groups according to their brightness. The brightest are stars of the first magnitude. The weakest, barely visible to the naked eye, are stars of the sixth magnitude.
A magnitude is a dimensionless numerical characteristic of the brightness of a star. Denoted by the letter m. It characterizes the energy flux from the star under consideration (the energy of all photons per second) per unit area.
According to the modern scale of stellar magnitudes: A star of the first magnitude is 2.512 times brighter than a star of the second magnitude. In turn, a star of the second magnitude is 2.512 times brighter than a star of the third magnitude, and so on. Several stars are classified as zero-magnitude stars, because they are 2.512 times brighter than stars of the first magnitude. One star has a negative value - 1.5 (Sirius)
In each of the constellations, the stars in descending order of brightness are denoted by Greek letters.
Task 1 Calculate how many times a star of the second magnitude is brighter than a star of the fourth magnitude.
Task 2 Calculate how many times a star of the first magnitude is brighter than a star of the sixth magnitude.
Due to the rotation of the Earth, the appearance of the starry sky changes. Therefore, in certain time days, about half of the 6000 visible stars are not visible.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Starry sky. Stars and constellations
The starry sky has occupied the imagination of people at all times. Why do stars light up? How many of them shine at night? Long away...
Astronomy test grade 11. "The subject of astronomy. Stars and constellations."
This test is conducted after students get acquainted with the subject of astronomy and basic knowledge on the topic of stars and constellations. The test contains questions on the structure of astronomy, the main sections, the initial ...
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
2 slide
Description of the slide:
Celestial Patterns If you look at the sky creatively, you will notice that some of the stars form patterns. If you mentally draw a line between several bright points, you will get this or that figure. It was these figures that people of antiquity called constellations. different peoples singled out different groups stars. The Chinese as early as the 4th century BC found 122 constellations, which included 809 stars, the Mongols of the XVIII century saw 237 groups of stars in the sky, and Claudius Ptolemy, an Alexandrian astronomer and mathematician, described 47 constellations of the northern hemisphere. In those days, some constellations overlapped, and some of the stars belonged to several at once. Other parts of the starry sky, in which celestial bodies were rarely seen, were not included in any constellations at all. In modern astronomy, constellations are called areas into which the celestial sphere is divided for ease of orientation in the starry sky. In total, 88 such sites are now allocated. The decision on this was made in 1922 in Rome at the First General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union. The final boundaries of the constellations were established in 1928, they were drawn by lines along the celestial parallels and declination circles relative to the 1875 grid. The names of the constellations that have been known to people since ancient times are associated with mythological heroes and events, for example, Centaurus, Pegasus, Andromeda. The names of more modern constellations and constellations of the Southern Hemisphere do not have such a connection.
3 slide
Description of the slide:
Constellation Ursa Major On modern star charts, the constellation Ursa Major occupies a much larger place than the ladle-shaped seven-star with which this name is usually associated. The naked eye distinguishes 125 stars in Ursa Major, that is, over a hundred suns, among which our Sun would look like the most ordinary star. To see in this scattering of stars the figure of the Bear with a long curved tail (by the way, not found in terrestrial bears), one must have a rich imagination. But the seven main, brightest stars of the constellation form a bucket that stands out so clearly against the black background of the night sky that the study of constellations usually begins from this celestial bucket.
4 slide
Description of the slide:
Ursa Minor. The main star of the constellation - the North Star - is also its main attraction. The fame of the North Star is not so much due to its physical features(few people know about them), how much is its proximity to the North Pole of the world. Among the bright stars available to the naked eye, there is not one that could compete with it in this. The special role of the Polar Star in the earth's starry sky is temporary. As already noted, the precessional movement of the earth's axis is reflected in the very slow, but continuously ongoing wandering of the celestial pole through the constellations.
5 slide
Description of the slide:
Constellation Sagittarius. The constellation Sagittarius is located in the central part of the Andromeda Nebula. The constellation of Sagittarius is exceptionally rich in star clusters and nebulae, quite accessible for general viewing. In the constellation Sagittarius there are three bright and large nebulae, one of which is called the Triple.
6 slide
Description of the slide:
Cassiopeia. It was November 1572. Returning from Germany to his native Denmark, Tycho Brahe, the famous astronomer of that era, stopped at the picturesque old monastery of the town of Gerritzwald, owned by his uncle. "One evening, writes Tycho Brahe, - when I, as usual, examined the sky, the appearance of which was so familiar to me, I, to my indescribable surprise, saw a bright star of extraordinary magnitude near the zenith in Cassiopeia. Struck by the discovery, I did not know whether to believe it with one's own eyes... The new star had no tail, no nebula surrounded it, it resembled other stars of the first magnitude in all respects ... In terms of brilliance, it could only be compared with Venus, when this latter is at a close distance from the Earth. People gifted with good eyesight could distinguish this star in a clear sky during the day, even at noon.At night in a cloudy sky, when other stars were hidden, the new star remained visible through rather thick clouds.
7 slide
Description of the slide:
Constellation Orion. There is no other constellation in the entire sky that would contain as many interesting and easily accessible objects for observation as Orion. First of all, we will describe its main stars. Rigel, Beta Orionis, is the brightest star in the constellation. The color of this star is bluish white. The star emits light 64,000 times more intense than our Sun. The reason for such an exceptionally high luminosity of Rigel is not only that Rigel is very hot, but also in its size. Surpassing the Sun in diameter by 40 times. Rigel with good reason is considered a supergiant.
8 slide
Description of the slide:
Constellation Taurus. The mythical king Atlas had seven daughters - Alcyone, Tayget, Merop, Celen, Electra, Asterope and Maya. Under circumstances that are rather obscure (several conflicting versions have come down to us), these sisters were turned into a group of small, faintly luminous stars that have adorned the constellation Taurus since time immemorial. In any case, the Pleiades (as this star cluster is called) are mentioned in the Bible, Homer and Hesiod write about them. They say that once all seven pleiades were equally bright. But then, when Merope had the imprudence to marry a mortal, "her star" faded. Test your vigilance: how many stars can you clearly see in the Pleiades? If six or seven - you have normal vision, if more - then excellent. People with exceptional vision can see a dozen stars in the Pleiades.
9 slide
Description of the slide:
Crane. Perhaps because cranes usually fly in a school, one of the very beautiful constellations of the southern hemisphere is so named - it resembles a flock of flying cranes. And even more it looks like a unit. The outlines of this constellation are clear and expressive. They form an acute angle with very unequal sides. The top of the angle is marked by a beta star (of the second magnitude), and at the end of the "tail" of the "unit" shines slightly brighter than it a. In total, there are up to 30 stars in the constellation.
10 slide
Description of the slide:
Toucan. From the south, the constellation of the Crane adjoins the constellation of Toucan. It looks like an irregular quadrilateral, composed of stars a (third magnitude), gamma, beta and delta. The constellation would be inconspicuous if it were not adorned by the Small Magellanic Cloud - a ragged "nebula", which is the galaxy closest to us. The Small Magellanic Cloud extends over 10 square degrees, i.e., 50 times the area of the visible disk of the full moon.
11 slide
Description of the slide:
Constellation Cygnus. In the constellation Cygnus, first of all, let's pay attention to the main star Deneb. Among the brightest stars in the earth's sky, Deneb is second in size only to Rigel. Only 6,000 suns could create the same flux of radiation that one Deneb sends into space! This hot and very distant blue giant is 35 times the diameter of the Sun.
12 slide
