slide 2
For the era of the Ancient World, the following phenomena are fundamental: the formation of tribal relations, the creation of writing, the design of religious cults. On the basis of tribal territories, the first state formations are formed. The appearance of writing leads to the improvement of abstract thinking, brings communication beyond the memory of one person, allows you to realize the connection of times and cause-and-effect patterns. The creation of a specialized communication system and the transition from primitive magic to religion frees fine arts from informational functions. The era of the Ancient World corresponds to the model of a "one-dimensional universe", in which linear connections are put forward in the first place.
slide 3
Myths of the one-dimensional universe, totem myths and myths of initiation, unlike calendar myths, have a linear compositional structure. Totem myths tell about the beginning of the family. In the myths about initiation, the ritual of introducing an adult member of the community to the secret of his origin from the totem ancestor and gaining secret knowledge from deceased ancestors is reproduced. On the basis of the "basic myth" and the myths of initiation in the epic genre of literature, the classical structure of the archplot is formed. The Epic of Gilgamesh is the first example of an archplot. Gilgamesh holding a lion cub. 721–705 BC. Scene from the Epic of Gilgamesh on a cylinder seal
slide 4
Seated Buddha from Katre. The Kushan era. 2nd century In the fine arts of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, Mesoamerica, the abstract principle of line is embodied through the unfolding of the ritual of worshiping the world tree. The basis of the composition of works visual arts from now on, the duality of the depicted is put - the object of veneration and the ritual of veneration. Buddhist iconography is characterized by symmetrical compositions. In them, the Buddha or the images replacing it are flanked to the right and left by the figures of worshippers. Stele of Naramsin, King of Akkad. 23rd century BC e.
slide 5
Tomb of Seti I. XIX dynasty. Valley of the Kings, Luxor Images on the ceiling of the Hypostyle Temple of Hathor in Dendera Hypostyle of the Temple of Hathor in Dendera. 19th century drawing In ancient Egyptian art, the two-part scheme grows to infinity of frieze formations due to the repeated blocks of the veneration ritual with characters worshiping or bringing gifts.
slide 6
The unfolding of the universe-line through an ever-growing list of material phenomena in ancient art is manifested in a kind of fear of emptiness. In Egypt, voids are filled with a carpet of hieroglyphic inscriptions or decorative elements of the landscape. In Mesoamerica, there are examples of continuous carpeting of entire architectural structures. Stele of Henen. 21st century BC. Tutankhamen with his wife in the garden Relief on the lid of the chest, XIV century. BC e.
Slide 7
The archetype of the world mountain has become a common basic model for different types pyramids, ziggurat and stupas. In ancient Egypt, the beam and the mountain existed both in separate and in fused form. Obelisk of Senusret III in the city of Junu (Heliopolis) Stupas in India are a model of Mount Meru, sacred for the Hindus, located in the center of the universe. In Mesoamerica, the scheme of the altar on top of the world mountain was relevant. Great stupa at Sanchi. 3rd century BC e. Piedras Negras. Mayan culture. 600–810 n. e. Reconstruction of T. Proskuryakova Pyramids in Giza. Egypt
Slide 8
In the composition of the temple complexes, the geometric abstraction of the beam is realized in the form of the idea of the passionate Path of the Sun through the underworld. Due to the fact that in the creation myths the unfolding of the world occurs from the waters of chaos to the sky, that is, from the bottom up, the Sacred Road is also directed from the lower, earthly world to the upper, heavenly one. Road of the Dead in Teotihuacan. 2nd century Alley of sacred rams to the Temple of Amun in Luxor. 14th century BC e. Alley of sphinxes to the temple of Amun in Karnak. 1504–1492 BC e.
Slide 9
The gates separated the lower world from the upper, and the guardians protected them from the uninitiated by requiring knowledge of "their true name." Road to the Ishtar Gate in Babylon 575 BC e. Reconstruction of the lion god Nergal. Babylon
Slide 10
In Luxor and Karnak, the temple becomes the architectural setting for the dual Path of the Sun - the original, when it rose from the waters of Nun (chaos), and the daily one. The Sun began its advance to the sky from the chamber immersed in darkness, where the Sacred Boat with the figure of God was kept. It was followed by rooms, where there was always a multi-column hall, symbolizing "reed fields", in the waters of which the sun originated. Columns of the Temple of Amun in Luxor. 14th century BC e. View of the Karnak temple complex. 1504–1492 BC e.
slide 11
According to the logic of the myth, the development of the bottom and the inner core of the cosmos took place initially. The path of the primordial Ray unfolds in the bowels of the earth or the world mountain. The pyramid is a model of the world mountain in its purest form. In the rock temples of Egypt and India, the sacred core is hidden under the thickness of the mountain. D. Roberts Interior of Abu Simbel Temple 1830s Ajanta Temple. Vihara - hall for the general assembly of the 5th century. India Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut. 1482–1473 before. n. e. Deir el-Bahri, Egypt
slide 12
In the ancient world, the principle of ornamentality as the basis of the compositional and rhythmic organization of fine arts retains its position. The ornamentality of pictorial compositions remains a sign of cosmic supernatural forces that bring order to the Universe. In Egypt, ornamentality symbolizes the eternity of the afterlife. In Mesopotamia, the syncretism of the plot and ornamentation points to the identity of the macro- and microworlds. In India, a deceptively beautiful, infinitely changing, imperceptibly sliding pattern of being is weaved by the deceptive Maya. The transition of the role of a sample of the universe from a vessel as a container of being to architecture led to the opening of a circular ornamental composition and its transformation into a linear one. The spiral running around the vessel loses its quadrupleness, which means a closed annual or daily cycle, and turns into a line of an endless braid.
slide 13
In Egypt, the axis is: the signs "ankh" (immortality) and "djed" (pillar of Osiris), the hieroglyph "ves" (staff), columns with a disk on top, buds and lotus flowers with a solar circle in the bud (birth myth Ra). Jed Ankh Wes (in the right hand)
Slide 14
The idea of a vertical creative beam in dance was most clearly embodied in the cosmic dance of Shiva. According to the myth, Shiva performed this dance at the middle point of the earth. The "cosmic dancer" is depicted with four arms, trampling the dwarf Apasmaru, the demon of ignorance, with his right foot. In his hands he holds a drum and a flame. The whole figure is surrounded by a fiery ring. From the point of view of sacred geometry, the act of creation is realized by a circular wave from one point to all four sides. Dancing Shiva. 11th century
slide 15
The presentation was prepared by E. Knyazeva on the basis of the material by E. Medkova Art magazine No. 3/2012 Relief on the walls of the Temple of Amun in Karnak. 1504–1492 BC e.
View all slides
slide presentation
Slide text: Features of ancient civilizations. Civilizations of the Ancient East
Slide text: Purpose: To formulate the features of the civilizations of the Ancient East, the main stages of their development, to show political, spiritual, economic, social life.
Slide text: Tasks: Reasons for the appearance of the first civilizations of the State - despotism social structure Right or wrong? Kings are gods. The Birth of an Ideology The Limits of the World and the Space of Freedom From Myth to Religion of Salvation
Slide text: The most ancient civilizations that arose in 6 - 5 thousand BC. called primary. This emphasizes the fact that they grew directly from the primitive, they were not preceded by a civilizational tradition. They created the tradition themselves, overcoming primitiveness. This is the main feature of the civilizations of the ancient world.
Slide text: Civilizations of the Ancient East arose in the valleys of large rivers, surrounded by steppes and deserts: Sumer-Akkad -3300 BC, the interfluve of the Tigris and the rivers. Euphrates Egypt -3000 BC - river valley. Nile China - 2000 BC river valley Huanghe Feature: uneven development, "closedness", self-sufficiency
Slide text: Rivers played such a huge role in the life of the civilizations of the old world that they are also called river. Almost everywhere the transition to civilization was accompanied by the construction of irrigation facilities, due to which the yield increased so dramatically that scientists call it the agricultural revolution. Feature: the civilizational process everywhere went inextricably linked with the development and transformation of the natural environment.
Slide text: Reasons for the emergence of the first states Population increase Complication social relations The need to protect and regulate emerging private property. Construction of temples, support of irrigation works, water pipelines Protection of the interests of the privileged segments of the population. The need to maintain a standing army The state is an institution for the development of legal norms
Slide text: Such a power structure has developed Supreme power (pharaoh, king) Judicial power (judges, jailers) Military power (protection from raids, attacks, suppression of uprisings)
Slide text: Civilizations of the ancient world have a number of common features, but already at this time two large regions stand out: East and West, in which civilizational features begin to take shape that determined their different fate in antiquity, and in the Middle Ages, and in modern times.
Slide #10
Slide text: States - despotism "Nature's challenge" Irrigation Collective labor Strong central power (state - despotism) Statue of Gudea, ruler of Lagash XXII century. BC.
Slide #11
Slide text: DESPOTIA: features At the head of the state was a ruler who had full power. He was considered the owner of all the land. This authoritarian type of power was implemented through an extensive administrative system, numerous bureaucracy. Constant wars in the name of expanding territory. Such a state is very durable and stable. If it fell apart, each of them reproduced despotism in miniature. Pharaoh Narmer, in the 4th mill. BC uniting upper and lower Egypt
Slide #12
Slide text: The structure of society Features: Social heterogeneity generated by the division of labor, the emergence of the state, property stratification. Strict hierarchy: each social stratum has its own, clearly defined place, its duties and its privileges.
Slide #13
Slide text: king Ancestral nobility priesthood warriors merchants officials Citizens, artisans Free peasants community members slaves Society in ancient civilizations is often depicted as a pyramid
Slide #14
Slide text: Right or wrong? Basalt pillar with the text of the laws of King Hammurabi: the king receives the text of laws from the sun god Custom tradition oral (common) law Written laws Ancient Egypt: maat - justice, order, truth for all. Ancient India: if laws had not been introduced, "the stronger would roast the weaker like fish on a spit."
Slide #15
Slide text: Common features ancient laws The difference in punishment depended on the social status of the offender. The state protected the interests of the upper strata of society: the most severe punishments were for those who committed crimes against priests and temples. The inequality that reigned in society extended to the family. The law protected private property, severely punished for theft or damage to someone else's property. Laws protected the value and integrity of the family. Even slaves, for all the gravity of the situation, had a number of rights. That. By creating laws, the state provided all segments of the population, albeit to an unequal extent, with certain guarantees.
Slide #16
Slide text: Kings are gods In all ancient civilizations, kings were revered on a par with gods. It was believed that the king had magical powers. The cult of kings becomes an official ideology. Officially, the cult supported despotism itself. Official titles of kings: Egypt - the living embodiment of the god Horus China - the son of Heaven India, the Vedas: the king was created from particles of different gods and therefore "he surpasses all created beings in brilliance, he is Varuna, he is a great deity in human society"
Slide #17
Slide text: The limits of power and the space of freedom. Was the power of kings as absolute as the ideology represented? NO! There were forces that claimed power and tried to influence the kings: the priesthood to know
Slide #18
Slide text: Ancient Egypt 1419 - 1402 B.C. - confrontation between the pharaoh and the priesthood Religious reform of Amenhotep IV - Akhenaten: An attempt to replace polytheism with one god, the solar disk of Aten, the transfer of the capital to Akhetaten (the sky of Aten, Tel - Amarna), the nomination of noble small slave owners and servants to the nobility, a revolution in art.
Slide #19
Slide text: The situation in Egypt was quite typical for all Eastern civilizations. The struggle for power was waged by privileged strata, while the bulk of the population did not have access to administrative ones. functions. In the East, no special political institutions were created through which society could influence the authorities. Self-government existed at the community level.
Slide #20
Slide text: Relations between the state and society in ancient India were very original. The period of centralization was very short. The power of the king was limited by the priesthood (Brahmins) and the tribal nobility through the highest governing body - parishad. This loose power structure was combined with a rigid division of society into castes.
Slide #21
Slide text: Brahmin warrior priests - kshatriyas Free community members and merchants - vaishyas Servants, peasants deprived of land - Shudras of Varna - castes in which Hindus were born, lived and died, not being able to leave their caste. The isolation and isolation of the castes, their social and religious inequality created great obstacles to its development.
Slide #22
Slide text: In ancient China, the problem of relations between society and the state was solved in the most unusual way for the East. The authorities, in the fight against the nobility, tried to rely on society, calling the ignoble (guo jen - people of the country) into power. They were paid in kind (grain) for their service. After centralization, the influence of guo jen disappeared, but the cooperation between the state and society remained.
Slide #23
Slide text: Ser. 4th century BC, Shang Yang's reforms: Cancellation of hereditary titles New ranks were granted only for personal merit. A system of state examinations was introduced for degrees. Those who received the degree became officials. Exploitation and hierarchy in China were combined with an attitude towards personal activity of the lower classes. The ideology reflected this fact in the idea: China is a big patriarchal family
Slide #24
Slide text: I, Ashurbanipal, comprehended ... all the art of scribes, mastered the knowledge of all the masters, how many there are, learned to shoot from a bow, hold the reins, comprehended the hidden secrets of the art of writing. I watched the omens, I also studied what is due to the master, and went on my royal path.... With all the differences of ancient civilizations, the space of freedom in them is very limited for the bulk of people Between the state and society lies a huge gulf: society is mute, it is almost has the opportunity to participate in government and influence the decisions of the state. The discontent of society is expressed in uprisings and riots. However, without the state, the existence of society is no longer possible.
Slide #25
Slide text: From Myth to Religions of Salvation Man's consciousness in the epoch of primary civilizations was mythological. The roots of this phenomenon go back to primitiveness, when a person did not separate himself from nature, endowing nature with human features, deified it. Magic appeared, then - ideas about the gods. In each civilization, the pantheon had its own characteristics, but there was also something in common: the gods were closely connected with nature and personified its forces. The most archaic cults: cults of half-animals, half-humans: Horus - a falcon, Sebek - a crocodile, Sokhmet - a lioness.
Slide #26
Slide text: Each region had its own gods - patrons, leading, obviously, their origin from primitive totems. Ancient Egypt: Anubis - jackal - underworld Hathor - cow - sky goddess Sebek - crocodile - sun cult Sokhmet - lioness - war Horus - falcon - supreme power, Sun Babylon: Ea - half fish - half man - god of water India: Agni - god of fire Indra - god of thunder Surya - god of the sun
Slide #27
Slide text: Death was perceived by all religions as a transition to another life, to the other world. Gradually, a realistic view of the world is being formed. Reasons: The invention of writing, logical thinking, the accumulation of experience, knowledge, the progress of knowledge. As experience is accumulated, the first natural-scientific knowledge appears. Centers of Rationalist Knowledge: Cities and Temples The state's need for competent officials contributed to the formation of an intellectual elite.
Slide #28
Slide text: The consciousness of the inhabitants of the rural community remained mythological. The way of life conserved consciousness. The person felt that he was part of a team, and not a separate person who could independently build his life. Expulsion from the community was seen as a severe punishment. The existence of the community was built on traditionalism, strict observance of ancient customs that have not changed for thousands of years.
Slide #29
Slide text: “... Confucius and Lao Tzu lived in China then, Buddha in India, Zarathustra taught in Iran about a world where there is a struggle against evil; the prophets Isaiah, Elijah, Jeremiah spoke in Palestine; in Greece, this is the time of Homer, Parmenides, Heraclitus, Plato, Archimedes. Everything related to these names arose almost simultaneously in the course of a few centuries in the East and in the West independently of each other. From about 500 B.C. By 1st century AD Changes took place in the world, which allowed the German sociologist K. Jaspers (1883-1969) to call this time "axial", when "many extraordinary things happen." In the axial time, “the most abrupt turn in history took place”, “a person of such a type appeared that has survived to this day”, when the foundations of world religions were “laid”, “the main categories were developed, in which we think to this day”. The main achievement of the axial time was the emergence of religions, including world religions, modern morality, religious and cultural traditions. The emergence of axial cultures and civilizations was a breakthrough that changed the entire course of human history.
Slide #30
Slide text: Borobudu r - Buddhist temple complex on about. Java
Slide #31
Slide text: Borobudu r (Indo n. Borobudur) - a Buddhist stupa and the associated temple complex of the Mahayana Buddhism tradition, the largest Buddhist monument on Earth, in the south of the island of Java. A unique monument of medieval Indonesian art and the pinnacle of its development. B. was built (about 800) from blocks of stone on the slopes of a natural hill. It looks like a stepped 10-tiered pyramid (31.5 m high, base length 123 m): a procession road, 5 square terraces and 3 round terraces (with numerous bell-shaped stupas) crowned with a large stupa. In the niches of the terraces and openwork upper stupas, 504 Buddha statues are placed, on the walls of the bypasses of the lower terraces - 1460 reliefs from the life of the Buddha.
Slide #32
Slide text: Homework: For preparation material: Zagladin N.V. World history, grade 10, p. 6, p. 7, questions; Synopsis Questions to paragraphs: p. 66,78-70, 1-5, orally S. 78, 6- in writing
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
ancient civilizations. The artistic culture of ancient civilizations is an important period in the history of mankind, which gave the world great works of art. From the depths of centuries came to us the amazingly beautiful cave drawings of the first artists of the Earth, the mysterious menhirs and cromlechs - the prototype of future religious buildings, the majestic pyramids and temples of Ancient Egypt and pre-Columbian America, the Sumerian writing of Ancient Mesopotamia.
2 slide
Description of the slide:
Periodization of the history of mankind and its culture. Stone Age (40-4 thousand years BC): Paleolithic (40-12 thousand years BC), Mesolithic (12-8 thousand years BC), Neolithic (10- 4 thousand years BC). In the Neolithic era, copper displaces stone, bronze (an alloy of copper and tin) appears, and then iron. The era of bronze and iron among the peoples began in different time(3-1 thousand years BC)
3 slide
Description of the slide:
From what sources do scientists learn about primitive culture? Sources of our ideas about primitive artistic culture: Archeology is the science of antiquity, studies the past on the basis of the material remains of human activity. Ethnography is a science that studies the everyday and cultural characteristics of the peoples of the world, the so-called traditional art. Linguistics is the science of language (or linguistics). She turns to proverbs, riddles, fairy tales.
4 slide
Description of the slide:
What are the features of primitive culture? Primitive culture is syncretic - rite, ritual, custom occupied an important place in the cultural process of all people. All drawings have the same degree of conventionality, similarity in details and technique. It did not stand out and did not distinguish between its main types: fine arts, theater, music and dance. The main reason for this syncretism of art was its close connection with religious beliefs and characteristics. labor activity primitive man. As the tools of labor are improved, the intellect of a person is formed, this prompted in him the need to know the laws of the Universe. A person began to create objects that are more and more like works of art.
5 slide
Description of the slide:
The history of primitiveness began with the appearance of the first people on earth. They made many discoveries. The primeval era was the longest period in human history. THE FIRST ARTISTS OF THE EARTH. Did primitive art exist?
6 slide
Description of the slide:
Even 150 years ago, this question would have caused bewilderment and a negative answer by scientists. But in 1879, an amateur archaeologist, the Spanish nobleman Marcelino de Sautuola, decided to excavate in the Altamira cave. The images of animals were so perfect that other scientists did not believe and accused Sautuola of deceit. 25 life-size color drawings of bison adorned the walls of the cave. Some animals lay on the ground, others calmly nibbled grass, others, falling from the hunter's arrow, writhed in agony. The blacks, browns, reds and yellows looked fresh and bright, as if they had just been applied to the stone. It was a real painting of the first artists of the Earth. Altamira Cave has received worldwide fame. Later, drawings were discovered in caves in France, Mongolia, Southern Urals(Kapova cave)
7 slide
Description of the slide:
8 slide
Description of the slide:
When did art originate? “It did not start at a strictly defined moment - it gradually grew, formed and changed along with the person who created it.” (N. Dmitriev)
9 slide
Description of the slide:
What made primitive man draw, cut, sculpt? Hunting belonged to all the thoughts and feelings of man. Even while resting, I thought about the cunning and insidious beast. Drawing the figure of an animal, a person "mastered" the animal, as he knew it. "The vital need for figurative knowledge was the cause of the emergence of art"
10 slide
Description of the slide:
The most common plot of the first drawings are single images of large animals: horses, lions, rhinos, deer, bison - the main objects of human hunting. The drawings were often life-sized and showed knowledge of the body structure and habits of animals. That is why people talk about the realism of the art of primitive man. "an animated reality", created according to the laws of beauty. G.V. Hegel (1770-1831) German philosopher.
11 slide
Description of the slide:
12 slide
Description of the slide:
The first weapons of people were hands, nails and teeth, Stones, as well as fragments and branches of forest trees ... The forces of iron and then copper were discovered. But the use of copper rather than iron was recognized. Lucretius 1st century BC Roman poet and philosopher.
13 slide
Description of the slide:
The most ancient images include prints of a hand with widely spaced fingers.
14 slide
Description of the slide:
The first artists of the Earth still did not know the laws of perspective, and therefore the proportions between the size of individual animals were not observed in their drawings.
15 slide
Description of the slide:
A characteristic feature of primitive fine art was the transfer of the depth of space and the volume of animals is visible, plasticity was achieved by a skillful distribution of light and dark tones. With the help of one composition, a whole plot is reproduced.
16 slide
Description of the slide:
A dynamic scene of a man hunting deer. Figures of archers in the form of lines, but how unique they are. "Fighting Archers"
17 slide
Description of the slide:
Primitive sculpture. For the most part, it is represented by figures of women carved from soft stone, limestone, mammoth bone. Numerous female figurines were of a cult nature and were revered as shrines. Paleolithic "Venus" is a generalized image of the keeper of the hearth, a symbol of fertility. Despite external primitivism, they are perceived as genuine art, a real hymn to Mother Woman.
18 slide
Description of the slide:
In the Neolithic era, ceramic dishes appeared that have no analogues in world art. Designed to store liquid, it was made without the help of potter's wheel. See page 13 of the textbook. Symbols.
19 slide
Description of the slide:
Origins of architecture. The transition to agriculture and cattle breeding gradually changed the way of life of people, they had a need to build the simplest dwellings in the form of rounded huts from poles or bones of a killed mammoth covered with skins. The settlements turned into villages of farmers, in the Neolithic era the first cities and rather complex structures grow up, which do not have domestic purposes, but are associated with the religious ideas of primitive man and they were of enormous size. Their construction is attributed to giants who possessed incredible physical strength. For example, the ancient Greeks believed that blocks of stone were moved or thrown from palm to palm without much effort by one-eyed giants - cyclops. In fact, the structures were erected by ordinary people armed with the simplest devices: levers, logs-rollers, leather belts.
To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com
Slides captions:
The Ancient World is the birth of the first civilizations.
Civilization The word comes from the Latin language, is associated with the words state civil
More than 5 thousand years ago, among the small villages of farmers and pastoralists, the first CITIES appeared - settlements of artisans, merchants and rulers
There were new organizations engaged in the management of society - STATES
Oral stories were not enough to convey this information; WRITING appeared
Civilized countries were not alike. appearance of cities state orders writing forms varied greatly
Ancient Civilizations Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Egypt Ancient China Ancient India Ancient Greece Ancient Rome
Ancient Mesopotamia
Ancient Egypt
Ancient China
Ancient Greece
Ancient Rome
I believe, I do not believe. 1. Do you believe that the Sumerians wrote on clay tablets, from which they created clay books?
2. Do you believe that there was a theater in Ancient Greece?
3. Do you believe that the Latin letters A, B, C ... were invented by the ancient Romans?
4. Do you believe that many of the names of the months of our calendar come from the names of Roman gods or emperors?
5. Do you believe that the Great Wall of China not only served as a defense, but also was a road at the height of a three-story building?
6. Do you believe that silk was brought to Ancient Rome from China and paid for with gold and precious stones?
I believe, I do not believe. 1. Do you believe that the Sumerians wrote on clay tablets, from which they created clay books? YES
2. Do you believe that there was a theater in Ancient Greece? YES
3. Do you believe that the Latin letters A, B, C ... were invented by the ancient Romans? YES
4. Do you believe that many of the names of the months of our calendar come from the names of Roman gods or emperors? YES
5. Do you believe that the Great Wall of China not only served as a defense, but also was a road at the height of a three-story building? YES
6. Do you believe that silk was brought to Ancient Rome from China and paid for with gold and precious stones? YES
The presentation was made by Tarasova Irina Valentinovna Uchitel primary school GBOU lyceum №150 St. Petersburg
summary of other presentations
"The Rise of the Early States" - The State. What is a state. State types. When did the first states emerge? System. New tools. The emergence of early states. When states appear. Main question. First states. Means of government.
"The Ancient East and the Ancient World" - Rome. Genus. Modern man. Crete-Mycenaean civilization. Time of Alexander the Great. Archaic Greece. Egypt. Dark Ages. Upright man. States of the East. Chronology. early civilizations. Signs of the civilizations of the East. The concept of "antiquity". The collapse of ancient civilization. Policy crisis. Empire of Alexander the Great. the era of Hellenism. Features of the Roman Empire. Periodization of primitiveness.
"Great civilizations of antiquity" - History of Egypt. Mayan people. Tutankhamen. Atlantean country. Tomb of Tutankhamen. Easter Island. Mayan calendar. The great Wall of China. Mayan people. History and death of Atlantis. Nefertiti. History of China. China. Moai. Moai are stone statues made from compressed volcanic ash. The Great Wall of China is the largest architectural monument. Life of Pharaoh Tutankhamen. Ancient Egypt. Secrets of human civilizations.
"Questions on the Ancient World" - The ancient Sumerians baked bread. There was a fire in Babylon. Vitaly Simonov. The builders of ancient Mohenjodaro. Quote from the encyclopedic dictionary. Persian king Darius I. Three ages of Okini-san. Halicarnassus. Persian king Darius. Erich Hollerbach. Room. List of the most unpopular professions in science. Epithets. Sumerians. Korney Chukovsky. Ancient world. Hydronym. Handout. Rome. Marco Polo. Alexander Fur.
"First Civilizations" - Define the terms. Ancient Rome. Compare the features of both types of civilizations. Signs of early civilizations. Types of civilization and their features. Let's check ourselves. The emergence of states. Consider the "European" type of civilization. First states. Stages of formation of early civilizations. ancient civilizations. Why early civilizations were called "river" or irrigation.
"Dates on the History of the Ancient World" - The reign of Hammurabi in Babylon. Destruction of Nineveh, the capital of Assyria. Establishment of a republic in Rome. The power of Assyria. The reign of Octavian Augustus in Rome. The most important dates in the history of the ancient world. Capture of Babylon by the Persians. Campaign of the Macedonian army to the East. The capture of Egypt by the Persians. The first states in China and in Greece. Land law of Tiberius Gracchus in Rome. Salamis battle. Rule of Justinian in Constantinople.
