NP- the cost of products at different stages of the production process.
Factors affecting NP: production volume, production structure, duration production cycle, s / s products, the rate of increase in costs.
Norm for NP directly proportional to these factors.
The duration of the production cycle includes: time of the production process, transport, technological stocks, time of accumulation of semi-finished products, insurance stock (time from the moment of the first technological operation to the receipt of the GP).
Norm for NP \u003d (TP (s / s) * Tts * Knz) / T
Knz=(Za+0.5*Zo)/Za+zo
TP (s / s) \u003d commercial products at production cost
TC - the duration of the production cycle
T - calculation period
Knz - the coefficient of increase in costs in NP
For - initial costs (stock of raw materials, materials, etc.)
Zo - all other costs
0.5 - coefficient characterizing the uniformity of the increase in subsequent costs
Optimal management of NP involves taking into account the following factors: WIP costs (direct costs of raw materials and materials; with established production, standard turnover indicators are used to analyze WIP; production specifics).
GP standard
GP– products that have passed all stages of technological processing at the enterprise, in accordance with applicable standards, specifications, the requirements of the customer, provided for in the contract.
Allocate:
1. Standard GP in the warehouse, which includes the time for picking, accumulation, storage of products, packaging, labeling of products, loading.
Ngp \u003d (TP (s / s) / T) * Sk
Sk - the established standard for the stay of the GP in the warehouse.
2. norm of goods shipped. It is determined for the period of time for issuing invoices and payment documents and their delivery to the bank.
When managing these standards, it is necessary to take into account possible fluctuations in demand for products, the presence of stale and slow-moving goods.
When normalizing working capital, the analytical and coefficient methods, the direct account method and their modifications are used. At the same time, the analytical and coefficient methods are applicable to those enterprises that have been operating for more than 1 year, have basically formed a production program, have statistical data for past periods on changes in the value of the planned part of working capital. With the coefficient method, all inventories and costs are divided into those that depend on the volume of production (work in progress, WIP in the warehouse, basic raw materials) and those that do not depend on this volume (spare parts, future expenses, low-value and wearing items).
For the first group, the standard requirement is determined based on the amount of working capital in the base year and the growth rate of production in the coming year.
For the second group, the standard requirement is determined at the level of the average actual balances of working capital for a number of years.
The direct account method is used when organizing a new enterprise and periodically clarifying the need for working capital for operating enterprises. The main condition for the application of this method is a thorough study of supply and production plan enterprises. After determining the need for working capital, the company must solve the problem of its provision. At the same time, it is important to achieve a situation in which the diversion of funds from circulation would not be one-time and at the same time would not be of a long-term nature.
The amount of working capital released in the process of accelerating turnover can be determined as follows:
1. according to the data on the circulation period of working capital. ObSvysb \u003d (D 1 -D 0) * B 1 / T
D 1, D 0 - duration of 1 period of the current and the previous period, B1-revenue of the current period, T-period;
2. based on information about the fixing coefficient. ObSvysb \u003d (K z1 -K z0) * V
Kz1, Kz0-coefficient of fixing current and past period.
The result with a minus sign means the amount of released working capital. The result with a + sign is the amount of funds additionally involved in the turnover.
Turnover can be accelerated by:
¾ Reducing the time spent by materials on the way from the supplier to the consumer;
¾ Reduction of current and insurance stocks;
¾ Prevention of unreasonable accumulation of excess stocks;
¾ Mechanization and automation of loading and unloading operations;
¾ Reduction of work in progress.
Based on the results of the turnover, the amount of savings is calculated. EobS=V1/Kob1-V1/Kob0
Kob0, Kob1-turnover ratio of the base and current period.
Ways to improve the turnover of ObS.
1. Stage of preparation for production: calculation of scientifically based norms and standards; adjustment regulatory framework;
2. Stage of production of products: reduction of the duration of production of products; application of new technologies; cheaper raw materials and materials; new materials; automation of the production process.
3. Stage of circulation: increase in production volumes; adjusting the rhythm of production and sales of products.
Acceleration of turnover is not only an increase in the efficiency of the use of the OS, but also, in general, a reduction in the cost of production due to saving natural-material elements of the OS and distribution costs.
Today, many companies are faced with the problem of a shortage of funds caused by an unjustified increase in stocks of raw materials and finished products, as well as an intensive growth in receivables. To avoid this kind of problem, it is necessary to properly normalize working capital.
As is known, working capital are the funds used by the company to carry out its ongoing activities. Rationing of working capital is the process of establishing norms (relative values corresponding to the minimum, economically justified stock of inventory and set in days) and standards (the minimum amount of money required to ensure the economic activity of the enterprise) for the normalized group of working capital. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the dependence of the norms on the following factors:
- the duration of the production cycle of manufacturing products;
- consistency and clarity of work of procurement, processing and producing shops;
- supply conditions (duration of delivery intervals, sizes of supplied lots);
- remoteness of suppliers from consumers;
- speed of transportation, type and uninterrupted operation of transport;
- the time of preparation of materials for their launch in production;
- the frequency of launching materials into production;
- conditions for the sale of products;
- systems and forms of settlements, speed of document circulation, the possibility of using factoring.
The norms developed by the company for each element of working capital are valid for several years. However, in case of significant changes in the technology and organization of production, the range and volume of products, the addresses of cooperative enterprises, demand prices and credit policy, they are specified taking into account the relevant reagents.
Note! The norms of working capital characterize the minimum stocks of inventory items, calculated in days of stock or as a percentage of a certain base (commodity products, the volume of fixed assets). As a rule, they are set for a quarter or a year, but they can be valid for a longer period.
When normalizing working capital, several methods are used:
direct account;
analytical;
experimental laboratory;
reporting and statistical;
coefficient.
Direct Count Method based on the actual need for working capital. It is used when it is possible to determine the duration of the business processes that are part of the company's operating cycle. It provides for a reasonable calculation of reserves for each element of working capital, taking into account all changes in the level of organizational and technical development of the company, transportation of inventory items, and settlement practices between enterprises.
Analytical Method estimates of the standard of working capital is established by the actual value of working capital for a certain period, taking into account the adjustment for surpluses and unnecessary stocks, as well as changes in the conditions of production and supply. It is used in those companies where the funds invested in material values and costs occupy a large proportion in the total amount of working capital.
Experimental laboratory method is based on measurements of the consumption of working capital and the volume of products (works) produced in laboratory and pilot production conditions. Consumption rates are set by selecting the most reliable results and calculating the average value using the methods of mathematical statistics. The most appropriate areas of application of these standards are auxiliary and chemical production, technological processes, extractive industries and construction.
Reporting and statistical method proceeds from the analysis of data from statistical (accounting or operational) reporting on the actual consumption of materials per unit of output (work) for the past (base) period. Recommended for the development of both individual and group
norms of consumption of material and raw materials and fuel and energy resources.
With the coefficient method the norm of working capital for the planning period is established using the norm of the previous period and taking into account adjustments for changes in the volume of production and acceleration of the turnover of working capital. It provides for their division into two groups:
dependent on changes in the volume of production (raw materials, materials, costs of work in progress, finished products in stock);
not dependent on the volume of production (spare parts, low-value and wearing items, deferred expenses).
It should be noted that the following elements of working capital are normalized:
productive reserves;
unfinished production;
Future expenses;
finished products in the warehouse of the enterprise;
cash on hand in storage.
Let us consider in more detail the normalization of each of the elements.
STOCKS IN INDUSTRIAL INVENTORIES
Productive reserves- these are material resources located at the enterprise, but not entered into manufacturing process. Composition of working capital in production stocks:
- raw materials;
- basic materials and purchased semi-finished products;
- auxiliary materials;
- fuel;
- container;
- spare parts;
- low-value and high-wear items (MBP). As part of the IBE, labor instruments with a service life of up to one year are taken into account, including:
o low-value and quick-wearing tools and fixtures;
o low-value household inventory;
o special clothes and shoes;
o special tools and fixtures;
o replacement equipment;
o industrial packaging.
Depending on the purpose of the stock and the need for preparation material resources for use in production, there are current, insurance (or warranty), technological (or preparatory) and transport stocks.
current stock is necessary to ensure the uninterrupted course of production at the enterprise in the period between successive deliveries. The norm of the current stock is taken, as a rule, equal to half of the average interval between two successive deliveries. The maximum value of the current stock (Z current) is determined by the formula:
W current \u003d P cf. day × T, (1)
where P cf. day - the average daily need for this material, natural units of measurement;
T— time between two successive deliveries, days.
Safety stock provided to prevent the consequences associated with supply failures. The safety stock rate is set either within 30-50% of the current rate, or equal to the maximum time for deviations from the supply interval. Insurance, or guarantee, stock (3 lines) is calculated by the formula:
W str = N h. pp × P, (2)
where N h. str - the norm of the safety stock of materials, days;
P - the average daily demand for this type of materials, rub.
Preparatory (technological) stock(Z those) is created in those cases when raw materials and materials entering the enterprise require appropriate additional preparation: drying, sorting, cutting, picking, etc. The norm of the preparatory stock is determined taking into account specific conditions production and includes the time for receiving, unloading, paperwork and preparation for the further use of raw materials, materials and components. The amount of such stock is determined as follows:
Z those \u003d P cf. day × T c, (3)
where T c is the duration of the technological cycle, days.
Transport stock(3 tr) is formed in case of discrepancies in the timing of the movement of document circulation and payment for them and the time the materials are in transit. Its value is calculated by direct and analytical methods.
The direct counting method is used with a small range of consumable material resources coming from a limited number of suppliers. If the supplier is located far away, payment documents for raw materials arrive and are paid by the company before the cargo arrives. Therefore, the size of the transport stock is equal to the time interval between the payment of the invoice and the receipt of raw materials by the company.
With a large number of suppliers and a significant range of consumed resources, the norm of the transport stock is determined by the analytical method. For this, from the data accounting per last year the balances of inventory items are taken in transit at the beginning of each quarter minus the cost of resources delayed in transit beyond the established deadlines.
General norm stocks (W total) for raw materials, basic materials, purchased semi-finished products is calculated by the formula:
Z total \u003d Z tech + Z str + Z those + Z tr. (four)
Working capital ratio in inventories ( N pz) is calculated by the formula:
N pz \u003d W total × R, (5)
where P is the average daily consumption of working capital, rub.
Example 1
JSC "XXX" works with 40 suppliers with a total delivery cycle of 2000 days. The safety stock rate (Z str) is set at 35% of the current stock rate (Z current). The average daily requirement (P average day) for material (for example, high-grade steel St3) is 50 kg, the price for 1 kg is 48.6 rubles. The duration of the technological cycle is 10 days. Let us determine the standard of working capital in industrial stocks, in this case, in high-grade steel ( N pz).
1. Find the one-day consumption of steel in value terms: Р = 50 × 48.6 = 2430 rubles.
2. The current stock rate (Z current) is equal to: 2000 / 40 / 2 = 25 days.
3. Safety stock rate (3 lines): 25 × 0.35 = 9 days.
4. Norm of a technological stock (Z those): 10 days.
5. General inventory rate (3 total): 25 + 9 + 10 = 44 days.
6. Working capital ratio in inventories ( N pz): 44 × 2430 = 106,920 rubles.
RATE-RATED IN PRODUCTION IN PROGRESS
Unfinished production- products at various stages of processing - from the launch of raw materials, materials and components into production to acceptance by the department technical control finished products. It is determined by the amount of advanced funds invested in the cost of raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, electricity, depreciation and other expenses. All these costs for each product increase as you move along the process chain.
NOTE
The amount of working capital employed in work in progress depends on the duration of the production cycle, the cost of manufactured products and the intensity of the increase in costs in the production process.
The rate of working capital employed in work in progress ( N npz), is calculated as follows:
N npz \u003d C av × T c × K n, (6)
where C cf is the average daily output at cost, rubles;
T c is the duration of the production cycle for the manufacture of this product, days;
K n - the coefficient of increase in costs, which characterizes the level of readiness of products as part of work in progress. The need to calculate it is due to the fact that the costs in work in progress are carried out at different times. If they grow evenly, then the cost increase coefficient is found by the formula:
K n \u003d (MZ + 0.5 × R pr) / C plan, (7)
where MZ - planned material costs, rub.;
Р pr - other expenses by cost elements, rub.;
C plan - the planned cost of a unit of production, rub.
With an uneven increase in costs, the coefficient formula changes as follows:
K n \u003d C cf / C prod, (8)
where C cf - the average cost of a product in work in progress;
With prod - the production cost of the product.
Example 2
At the enterprise JSC "XXX" in the work in progress there was a product BUT, the manufacture of which requires basic materials, purchased components that make up material costs, the wages of production workers, as well as other expenses that include overheads, etc. Data for calculating the rate of working capital in work in progress (in the product BUT) are presented in Table. one.
Table 1. Calculation of the norms of working capital employed in work in progress
|
Name |
Designation |
Amount, rub. |
|
Data for calculation |
||
|
Material costs according to the plan |
||
|
Wage production workers |
||
|
Social security contributions |
||
|
other expenses |
||
|
Planned cost |
||
|
Production cost |
||
|
Price of a product in work in progress |
||
|
Average daily output at cost |
||
|
The duration of the production cycle for the manufacture of this product |
||
|
Settlement part |
||
|
Cost escalation factor (with a uniform increase in costs) |
||
|
Coefficient of increase in costs (with uneven increase in costs) |
||
|
The rate of working capital in work in progress: |
||
|
with a uniform increase in costs |
N npz0 |
|
|
with an uneven increase in costs |
N refinery1 |
|
According to Table. 1 with a uniform increase in costs K n0 = (896,876 + 0.5 × 847,889) / 2,074,090 = 0.64; with uneven - K n1 \u003d 1 440 341 / 1 920 454 \u003d 0.75.
The norms of working capital in the product BUT with a uniform and uneven increase in costs amounted, respectively, N npz0 \u003d 464,551 × 4 × 0.64 \u003d 1,118,250 rubles. and N npz1 \u003d 464,551 × 4 × 0.75 \u003d 1,393,653 rubles.
STANDARDIZATION OF FINISHED PRODUCTS
The next element of normalization of working capital is working capital ratio for finished products- products accepted by the technical control department and handed over to the warehouse of finished products, for which the production cycle has ended. The working capital rate for finished products is determined by the time from the moment the products are accepted to the warehouse until the customer pays for them and depends on a number of factors:
the order of shipment and the time required for the acceptance of finished products from the shops;
the time required for the acquisition and selection of products up to the size of the shipped batch and in the assortment according to orders, orders, contracts;
the time required for packaging, labeling products;
the time required for the delivery of packaged products from the warehouse of the enterprise to the railway station, pier, etc.;
the time of loading products into vehicles;
storage time for products.
Working capital ratio in stocks of finished products ( N gp) in the warehouse is determined by the formula:
N gp = per day × N zgp, (9)
where In days - the average daily output of each product at the production cost, rub.;
N Zgp - the norm of the stock of finished products, days. It includes the time required for the acceptance of products from the workshops, the assembly of the transport batch, the packaging and shipment of products, and the preparation of documentation.
Example 3
Using formula (9), we determine the standard of working capital in stocks of finished products (Table 2).
Table 2. Calculation of the standard of working capital in stocks of finished products at the enterprise JSC "XXX"
RATE OF EXPENSES FOR FUTURE PERIODS
The economic content of deferred expenses consists in the need to finance some of the costs that are made in the present, and will be written off to the cost price in the future.
Deferred expenses include the following costs: for the development of new types of products and new technological processes; by subscription to periodicals; for rent; for communication; on taxes and fees paid for the future. Working capital ratio for future expenses ( N rbp) is determined by the formulas:
N rbp \u003d R bud. pl - P pl + P s, (10)
where R bud. pl - the amount of funds in deferred expenses at the beginning of the planning period, rubles;
Р pl - expenses incurred in the planning period, rub.;
R c - expenses written off to the cost of production in the planned period, rub.;
N rbp \u003d P 0 + R pl - R cn, (11)
where P 0 - expenses at the beginning of the period, rubles;
Р pl - expenses according to the plan for the year, rub.;
Р cn - expenses to be written off in the planned year, rub.
Example 4
Let's calculate the working capital ratio for deferred expenses (the results are in Table 3).
Table 3. Calculation of the working capital ratio for deferred expenses
GENERAL RATE OF WORKING ASSETS
Completing the rationing process, they establish a total standard of working capital by adding private standards for inventories, work in progress, deferred expenses and finished products.
The average rate of working capital for the enterprise as a whole is calculated by dividing the total rate by the one-day output of marketable products at production cost.
Working capital ratios are calculated in kind (pieces, tons, meters, etc.) and monetary terms (rubles) and in days of stock. The general norm of working capital of an enterprise is calculated only in monetary terms and is determined by summing up the norms of working capital for individual elements:
N total = N pz + N WIP + N rbp + N mr. (12)
Example 5
According to Table. 4, the general standard of working capital for the enterprise JSC "XXX" will be 60,203 thousand rubles.
Table 4. Calculation of the general standard of working capital for the enterprise JSC "XXX"
|
Working capital ratio by elements (items), thousand rubles |
general standard, N common |
|||
|
Productive reserves, N pz |
Unfinished production, N WIP |
Finished products, N G |
Future expenses, N rb |
|
Thus, properly carried out rationing of working capital allows you to economically use financial resources contributes to the successful implementation economic activity and strengthening financial condition companies.
M. V. Altukhova,
Economist at OJSC Rudoavtomatika
To ensure the uninterrupted production and sale of products, as well as for the effective use of working capital at enterprises, their rationing is carried out. With its help, the total need of the enterprise for working capital is determined.
Consumption rates are considered to be the maximum allowable absolute values of the consumption of raw materials and materials, fuel and electrical energy for the production of a unit of output.
Consumption rationing certain types material resources provides for the observance of certain scientific principles. The main ones should be: progressiveness, technological and economic feasibility, dynamism and ensuring the reduction of standards.
When planning the need for working capital, three methods are used:
1. Analytical- involves determining the need for working capital in the amount of their average actual balances, taking into account the growth in production volume. This method is used in those enterprises where the funds invested in material assets and costs have a larger share in the total amount of working capital.
2. Ratio- consists in clarifying the current standards of own working capital in accordance with changes in production indicators. Inventories and costs are divided into those that depend directly on changes in production volumes (raw materials, materials, costs of work in progress, finished products in stock) and those that do not depend on it (spare parts, deferred expenses, low-value items).
For the first group, the need for working capital is determined based on their size in the base year and the growth rate of production in the next year. For the second group, the demand is planned at the level of their average actual balances over a number of years.
3. Method of direct counting- scientifically based calculation of standards for each element of normalized working capital, taking into account changes in the level of organizational and technical development of the enterprise, transportation of goods and materials, and the practice of settlements with counterparties.
Rationing begins with determining the average daily consumption of raw materials, basic materials and semi-finished products (R days) in the planning period:
where P is the volume of material consumption for the period, rub.;
T is the period of time.
Working capital rate (Na.obs) - the value corresponding to the minimum, economically justified volume of reserves. It is usually set in days.
OBS standard (N obs) - the minimum required amount of funds to ensure the continuity of the enterprise. Determined by the formula:
H obs =R day * N a.obs.
The OS stock rate (Na.os) for each type or homogeneous group of materials takes into account the time spent in the current (3 tech), insurance (3 lines), transport (3 countries), technological (3 tech) stocks, as well as the time required for unloading, delivery, acceptance and storage of materials, i.e. preparatory stock (P r):
N a.os \u003d Z tech + Z str + Z tran + Z tech + P r.
current stock is designed to provide production with material resources between two successive deliveries. This is the main type of stock, the most significant value in the OBS norm. The current stock in days is determined by the formula:
where C p - the cost of delivery;
And - the interval between deliveries.
The current stock ratio is calculated by the formula:
Z tech \u003d R day * And,
Safety stock arises as a result of a violation of the delivery time. In days, it is determined by the formula:
Safety stock standard:
Z str \u003d R day * (I f - I pl) * 0.5 or Z str \u003d R day * Z str. days * 0.5,
where (I f - I pl ) - a gap in the supply interval.
Transport stock is created at enterprises for those deliveries for which there is a gap between the timing of receipt of payment documents and materials. It is defined as the excess of the terms of cargo turnover (the time of delivery of goods from the supplier to the buyer) over the terms of the document flow.
The standard of the transport stock is calculated by the formula:
Z tr \u003d R day * (I f - I pl) * 0.5 or Z str \u003d R day * Z tr.dn * 0.5,
where 3 tr.dn - the norm of the transport stock, days.
Technological reserve - the time required to prepare materials for production. The technology reserve standard is determined by the formula:
Z those \u003d (Z tech + Z str + Z tr) * To those
where K tech is the coefficient of technological reserve, %. It is established by a commission of representatives of the supplier and the consumer.
Preparatory Stock is established on the basis of technological calculations or by means of timing.
Working capital ratio in inventories is defined as the sum of the OBS standards in the current, technological and preparatory reserves.
OBS standard in work in progress (N np) is determined by the formula:
H np \u003d VP sr.d. * T c * To nar.z,
where VP av.d is the average daily output of products at the production cost;
T c - the duration of the production cycle;
K nar.z - the coefficient of increase in costs, which, with a uniform increase in costs, is determined by the formula:
where Ф e - one-time costs;
F n - increasing costs;
C - cost.
With an uneven increase in costs
To Nar.z \u003d C cf / P
where C cf - the average cost of a product in work in progress;
P is the production cost of the product.
Working capital ratio in deferred expenses (Nbp) is determined by the formula:
N b.p. \u003d RBP start + RBP pre - RBP s,
where RBP nach - the carry-over amount of deferred expenses at the beginning of the planned year;
RBP pre - deferred expenses in the coming year, provided for by the estimates;
RBP s - deferred expenses to be written off to the cost of production of the coming year.
The standard of working capital in the balance of finished products defined:
N g.p \u003d VGP days. * N z.skl. ,
where GWP days. - the cost of one-day production of finished products;
N z.skl - the rate of their stock in the warehouse in days.
The total working capital ratio is the sum of the working capital ratios calculated for individual elements. When establishing norms and standards for the planned year, it is recommended to use the experimental-statistical and calculation-analytical method.
The need for working capital is determined by the enterprise when drawing up a financial plan.
The value of the standard is not constant. The amount of working capital depends on the volume of production, conditions of supply and marketing, the range of products, the forms of payment used.
Rationing of working capital carried out in monetary terms. The basis for determining the need for them is the cost estimate for the production of products (works, services) for the planned period. At the same time, for enterprises with a non-seasonal nature of production, it is advisable to take the data of the fourth quarter as the basis for calculations, in which the volume of production, as a rule, is the largest in the annual program. For enterprises with a seasonal nature of production - the data of the quarter with the smallest volume of production, since the seasonal need for additional working capital is provided by short-term bank loans.
In the process of rationing, private and aggregate standards are established. The private ones include the norms of working capital in production stocks: raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, purchased semi-finished products, components, fuel, containers, low-value and consumable items (IBE); in work in progress and semi-finished products of own production; in deferred expenses; finished products. By adding private standards, the total standard of working capital is determined.
1) When determining the standard of working capital for raw materials, basic materials and purchased semi-finished products, they are first calculated average daily consumption (P SUT ) , which is equal to the ratio of the annual (quarterly) consumption of this element in production to the number of days in the period:
Further developed reserve norms- relative values corresponding to the volume of the stock of each element of working capital. Typically, standards are set in days of supply and mean the duration of the period, provided by this type of material values.
Working capital stock rate for each type or homogeneous group of materials (H Z ) takes into account the time spent in the current, insurance, transport, technological and preparatory stocks.
current stock(Z TEK ) - the main type of stock necessary to ensure the smooth operation of the enterprise between two successive deliveries.
Safety stock(Z STR ) formed in case of violation of delivery dates and other unforeseen circumstances.
The transport stock (Z TR) is formed when payment requirements arrive earlier than material values. The transport stock time is equal to the difference between the freight turnover time and the document turnover time.
Technological reserve(Z THOSE ) is created in those cases when the incoming material assets do not meet the requirements of the technological process and undergo appropriate processing (drying, cleaning, peeling, heating, grinding, etc.) before being put into production. This inventory is taken into account if it is not part of the production process.
Preparatory stock (W UNDER ) associated with the need for acceptance, unloading, sorting and warehousing of inventories.
Working capital ratio for each type of raw materials and materials provides for the summation of all these types of stocks:
N OS \u003d Z TEK + Z STR + Z TR + Z TECH + Z UNDER.
Wherein, current stock (Z TEK ) is defined as the product of the average daily consumption (R SUT) by the interval between two deliveries (I), which is the current stock rate:
W TEC \u003d P DAY I,
Safety stock (Z STR ) is defined as the product of half of the average daily consumption of material (P SUT) by the gap in the intervals of planned and actual deliveries (AND FACT - AND PL):
Z STR \u003d P DAY · (AND FACT - AND PL) · 0.5.
With an aggregated assessment, the insurance stock can be taken in the amount of 50% of the current stock. In the case when an industrial enterprise is located far from transport routes or non-standard, unique materials are used, the safety stock rate can be increased to 100%. When supplying materials under direct contracts, the safety stock is reduced to 30%.
Transport stock (Z TR ) can be defined in the same way as safety stock.
W TR \u003d P SUT (I FACT - I PL) 0.5.
Technological reserve (Z TECHN ) is calculated as the product of the material manufacturability coefficient (K TECH) and the sum of the current, insurance and transport stocks:
Z TECH \u003d (Z TEK + Z STR + Z TR) K TECH.
The material manufacturability coefficient is set by the commission, which includes representatives of suppliers and consumers.
Preparatory stock (W UNDER ) determined on the basis of timing.
2) Working capital ratio for auxiliary materials is calculated in the same way as the standard for basic raw materials and materials. When using a wide range of auxiliary materials, at least 50% of the annual consumption should be calculated. Other support materials are determined based on the past year's consumption and actual balances.
3) Working capital ratio for spare parts is set based on the actual consumption of 1 rub. the cost of all equipment by dividing the working capital ratio by the book value of the equipment. For large unique equipment, the working capital ratio for spare parts is calculated using the direct account method for each part, taking into account its service life and price according to the formula:
,
where B is the number of mechanisms (equipment) of the same name, pcs.;
n is the number of parts of the same name in each mechanism, pieces;
D - stock rate of parts, days;
K - reduction factor;
T is the service life of the part;
C - the price of the part, rub.
4) Inventory value in work in progress is calculated using the following formula:
H NP \u003d Q SUT C ED D PC K NZ, \u003d C SUT D PC K NZ,
where Q SUT - the number of products produced per day, (t., l., pieces, etc.);
C ED - the cost of a unit of production, rub.;
С SUT - average daily production costs, rub.;
D PC - the duration of the production cycle in calendar days;
K NZ - the coefficient of increase in costs, characterizing the level of readiness of products as part of work in progress.
When determining the impact on the value of work in progress of the cost escalation factor (K NC), all costs in the production process are divided into one-time (initial), i.e. costs incurred at the beginning of the production cycle (raw materials, basic materials, etc.), and increasing (depreciation, wages, steam, water, energy, etc.). The increase in costs in the production process is carried out evenly and unevenly. With a uniform increase in costs, the coefficient is calculated as follows:
,
where C PERV - initial costs;
C NAR - other costs;
C FULL - the sum of all costs (C PERV + C NAR);
5) Working capital ratio for deferred expenses is determined by the formula:
N RBP \u003d O NG + R B.PL - R S.PL,
where O NG - the balance of expenses at the beginning of the planned year;
R B.PL - deferred expenses incurred in the planned year;
R S.PL - part of the costs, which in the planned year is written off to the cost.
6)
Finished product standard is calculated as the product of the planned cost of the average daily output of marketable products (C SUT) by the time from the beginning of its receipt at the warehouse to departure from the station, taking into account the time for collection, packaging, storage, loading, execution of transport and settlement documents, etc. ( 
):
H GP \u003d C SUT 
,
where 
- stock rate in days for finished products.
7)The total standard of working capital at the enterprise(N OS), equal to the sum of the standards for all elements, determines the total need of an economic entity for working capital:
,
N OS i - private standard.
But the composition of working capital (capital) necessary for the enterprise to implement normal business conditions includes, along with standardized working capital, non-standardized ones.
The main elements of non-standardized working capital are: goods shipped; funds in receivables and other settlements arising from the specifics of settlements, forms and speed of movement of goods; cash; short-term financial investments in securities. Non-standardized working capital cannot be taken into account in advance and calculated like normalized working capital. However, enterprises have the opportunity to influence their value, manage these funds using financial management methods (calculations, loans).
The sum of standardized and non-standardized working capital determines the total need of the enterprise for working capital.
Note. The text of the task is taken from the forum.
Determine the norms of working capital by elements and the general norm based on the following data:
| Name of indicator | Indicator value |
| Production program, details | 500 |
| Cost of one part, UAH | 107 145 |
| Duration of the production cycle (costs increase evenly), days | 38 |
| The amount of costs for basic materials as part of the cost of the part, UAH. | 71 430 |
| Standard stock of basic materials, days | 19 |
| Consumption of auxiliary materials for the annual output, UAH | 4 285 800 |
| Auxiliary materials stock rate, days | 36 |
| Fuel consumption, UAH | 2 285 760 |
| Fuel supply rate, days | 27 |
| Norm of other inventories, UAH. | 642 870 |
| Finished goods stock rate, days | 5 |
Comment.
That's interesting, the author of the problem knows that manufacturing program can it be daily, shift, weekly, monthly, quarterly and annual, as well as for any period of time that we can think of? From which it follows that the loading of production (as well as the standard of working capital) will differ significantly! And how to solve it? I would venture to suggest that the production program was given to us in a year. (I came to this conclusion by comparing the reserve standards that are given for the year, and the annual program turned out to be close in meaning)
There is also one more nuance - is the standard given in working days or in calendar days? Accordingly, the solution will be different. For simplicity, we choose calendar days and consider that the company works in one shift. We have 365 days in a year.
It is completely incomprehensible what is hidden behind the words "the cost of one part." Is this a direct cost? Full cost? Production cost? For the purposes of the solution, let's assume that the average actual production cost accounted for on account 26 "Finished products" is meant.
Another remark. It will still not be possible to determine the general standard of working capital from the data of the task, since there is no data on the safety stock, the standard of loading and unloading operations, etc. But for the sacred purpose of "solving the problem" we will ignore all this... I wonder how many businesses will lose their money being run by "specialists" who are trained on such problems?
Solution.
Let's define the daily (daily) production program.
500 / 365 = 1.36986 parts per day
Then:
Standard stock of basic materials
19 * 1.36986 * 71,430 = UAH 1,859,132.90
Auxiliary material stock standard
4 285 800 / 365 * 36 = 422 709.04 hryvnia
Fuel reserve standard
2 285 760 / 365 * 27 = UAH 169 083.62
Finished goods inventory standard
5 * 107,145 * 1.36986 = UAH 733,868.25
Work Inventory Ratio
(107 145 - 71 430) * 1,36986 * 38 / 2 = 929 566,45
Summing up the obtained values, we determine a certain "general standard" that is required to solve the problem. Please take into account that the actual working capital ratio will differ from the value obtained.
1,859,132.90 + 422,709.04 + 169,083.62 + 733,868.25 + 929,566.45 = UAH 4,114,360.26
Answer: UAH 4,114,360.26
Task 2. Calculate the working capital ratio
During the year, 1000 products will be manufactured, the cost of one product is 183 UAH. The duration of the manufacturing cycle is 9 days, at the beginning of the cycle 405 UAH is spent. Determine the standard of working capital in work in progress.
Solution.
Knz - the coefficient of increase in costs in work in progress.
Knz \u003d (Snach + 0.5 * C) / (Snach + C)
