Radar official site- this is the official website of the RLS group of companies (registry of medicines), Home Encyclopedia of medicines and pharmaceutical assortment of goods of the Russian Internet. All information about medicines, dietary supplements, medical products; news of medicine, reference books for doctors, information about prices for essential medicines, as well as a pharmacological and drug reference book are posted on this Internet portal.
Radar official site. Main page
You can find information on the site in the following sections: "Encyclopedia of drugs", "Encyclopedia of dietary supplements", "Other TAA", "Vital and essential drugs prices", "News and events", "Medical institutions" and "Library". In addition, the materials posted in the headings "Articles on pharmacotherapy", "ABC of the patient", "Safety of drugs" and "Portrait of the pharmacological group" are offered to your attention. Chapter "Encyclopedia of Medicines" contains a description of the active substances, information about the interaction medicines, dosage forms, drug manufacturers, reference book of diseases. Also in this section you can find an alphabetical index of drugs, but you should pay attention to the caveat that you should use drugs only after consulting a medical specialist.
Section "Encyclopedia of drugs. Alphabetical index"
The reference book, as well as the classification of dietary supplements, is contained in the section "Encyclopedia of dietary supplements". For the convenience of finding the necessary drug or information about it, the information in the section is placed in alphabetical order.
Section "Encyclopedia of dietary supplements"
The section "Prices for Vital and Essential Drugs" contains information about the prices of vital drugs, the manufacturer, the registration certificate, and even the allowable wholesale mark-up.
Section "Prices for Vital and Essential Drugs"
Detailed list medical institutions presented in the section of the same name. The information is classified by region. To display data on the screen, simply click on one of the indicated regions. If the required settlement is not in the list, you can enter it in the search bar and get the data.
The differences are fundamental. The State Register of Medicines (GRLS) is a state database containing information from officially approved instructions for medical use medicines registered in the country. Radar is an accessible online directory containing information about pharmacy products and medicines, including those currently unregistered in the territory of the Russian Federation, and is an exclusively commercial product.
In the process of preparing the work on the applications, several sources of information were considered until a conclusion was made: the text of the official instructions for the medicinal product attached to the registration dossier has absolute priority. During the procedure for the examination of the submitted materials, specialists from the Ministry of Health, or rather the Federal State Budgetary Institution "NCESMP", check the quality and reliability of the information, as well as make appropriate changes and additions. During the circulation of a drug on the Russian market, it often becomes necessary to make changes to the text of the instructions (for example, the emergence of new information about the efficacy and safety of the drug), which also undergo the appropriate examination.
Information from the instructions is available in the database of the Ministry of Health, which maintains the State Register of Medicinal Products (GRLS). This activity is regulated by the Law Russian Federation, as well as by order of the Ministry. It is on the texts of instructions from the State Register, which include all officially approved changes, that the work of KORDAG is based.
At the same time, a large number of sources are available on the net that provide information on the use of drugs taken in the instructions. These are both international and Russian commercial companies, as well as those whose authorship is unknown. However, as our experience shows, they do not always update their databases on time, so the information provided on these resources is often out of date. There were cases of exclusion of registered drugs for unknown (commercial) reasons, inclusion of drugs not registered in the Russian Federation, as well as text editing and exclusion of entire sections of instructions. Of course, this could not but affect the credibility of these resources, in connection with which we decided to refuse to use them in our work.
Thus, in our work, we are guided by the data of the official instructions presented in State Register medicines, the texts of which are not indexed in search engines (Google, Yandex, etc.), because presented as scanned pages, i.e. in the form of graphic objects.
Medicines and medical supplies. The "Encyclopedia of Medicines" reference book is available on various media (book, CD, flash card, mobile applications).
Radar information and services are intended for practicing physicians, pharmacy workers, medical representatives, pharmaceutical company managers, specialists in the field of drug supply and circulation of medicines and regional and municipal systems public procurement.
RLS is the developer of the architecture and concept of the information and linguistic platform for the digitalization of the drug supply.
Activities
- information support and maintenance of the site www.rlsnet.ru - a professional medical Internet resource with an audience of more than 9 million users per month;
- development of information systems based on the radar database for the Unified State Health Information System (EGISZ), the Unified Medical Information and Analytical System (EMIAS), the Unified Directory of Medicines (ESKLP), Monitoring the Movement of Medicines (MDLP);
- information support of electronic databases and reference books on medicines, medical devices and dietary supplements;
- harmonization of nomenclature reference books of medicinal products used in the region (municipality) and medical organizations;
- development and information support automated system monitoring the movement of medicines from the manufacturer to the end consumer using labeling (codification) and identification of medicines packages;
- creation and support of a drug traceability system;
- creation of automated workplaces of the system for monitoring the movement (distribution) of medicinal products for drug manufacturers, pharmacies and medical institutions;
- development, implementation and maintenance of a single language for machine-to-machine interaction in the field of drug supply - regulatory and reference information;
- monitoring of maximum permissible ex-works prices for vital and essential drugs, taking into account regional allowances;
- publication of reference books on medicines for doctors, pharmacists, pharmacists and other specialists in the field of drug provision;
- dissemination of information, book publications and electronic directories through the Program for Targeted Provision of Health Professionals with RLS Series Handbooks;
- monitoring of information demand for medicinal products (Vyshkovsky Index);
- holding regular international conferences under the patronage of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation “Modernization of information processes in healthcare”.
Services
The company offers services for integrated solutions to IT problems in the drug circulation market for pharmaceutical manufacturers, distributors, pharmacies, integrators, and regions.
- providing fragments of the radar database, necessary for solving specific problems, for embedding in the MIS (Radar database v. 1.0, Certificate No. 2009620557);
- automatic monitoring of prices for vital and essential drugs, taking into account regional surcharges (web-service Vital and Essential Drug Prices v. 1.0, Certificate No. 2014615968);
- automatic check for drug interactions when they are discharged by the attending physician (Drug Interaction (Android) v. 1.0, Certificate No. 2014615980; Database of drug interactions v. 1.0, Certificate No. 2014621047);
- automatic harmonization of drug nomenclature guides used in the region (municipality) and medical organizations (Module for harmonizing the nomenclature base of the subject of the Traceability System and bringing it to a standard form v. 1.0, Certificate No. .1.0, Certificate No. 2014662851);
- automatic receipt of lists of pharmaceutically equivalent drugs for the selection of interchangeable drugs in systems for checking medical decisions (Database for determining the pharmaceutical equivalence of drugs v. 1.0, Certificate No. 2015620155);
- obtaining information about rejected batches of drugs for their automatic identification from among those used (Database of rejected batches of drugs v 1.0, Certificate No. 2016732042);
- data harmonization with ESKLP - a comprehensive solution for pharm. manufacturers, distributors, pharmacies, integrators and regions;
- interaction with - Medical Decision Support System for MIS. Necessary expert (informational-linguistic and methodological) assistance in building an interconnected triad:
- purchases;
- traceability (monitoring) of drugs;
- appointment and choice of drugs.
Radar station(radar) or radar(English) radar from Radio Detection and Ranging- radio detection and ranging) - a system for detecting air, sea and ground objects, as well as for determining their range and geometric parameters. It uses a method based on the emission of radio waves and the registration of their reflections from objects. The English term-acronym appeared in the city, later in its spelling capital letters were replaced by lowercase.
Story
On January 3, 1934, an experiment was successfully carried out in the USSR to detect an aircraft using a radar method. An aircraft flying at an altitude of 150 meters was detected at a distance of 600 meters from the radar installation. The experiment was organized by representatives of the Leningrad Institute of Electrical Engineering and the Central Radio Laboratory. In 1934, Marshal Tukhachevsky wrote in a letter to the government of the USSR: "Experiments in detecting aircraft using an electromagnetic beam confirmed the correctness of the underlying principle." The first experimental installation "Rapid" was tested in the same year, in 1936 the Soviet centimeter radar station "Storm" spotted the aircraft from a distance of 10 kilometers. In the United States, the first contract between the military and industry was concluded in 1939. In 1946, American specialists - Raymond and Hucherton, former employee the US Embassy in Moscow, wrote: "Soviet scientists successfully developed the theory of radar several years before the radar was invented in England."
Radar classification
By purpose, radar stations can be classified as follows:
- detection radar;
- control and tracking radar;
- Panoramic radars;
- side-looking radar;
- Meteorological radars.
According to the scope of application, military and civilian radars are distinguished.
By the nature of the carrier:
- Ground radars
- Marine radars
- Airborne radar
By type of action
- Primary or passive
- Secondary or active
- Combined
By waveband:
- Meter
- centimeter
- Millimeter
The device and principle of operation of the Primary radar
Primary (passive) radar mainly serves to detect targets by illuminating them with an electromagnetic wave and then receiving reflections (echoes) of this wave from the target. Since the speed of electromagnetic waves is constant (the speed of light), it becomes possible to determine the distance to the target based on the measurement of the propagation time of the signal.
At the heart of the device radar station There are three components: transmitter, antenna and receiver.
Transmitting device is a source of high power electromagnetic signal. It can be a powerful pulse generator. For centimeter-range pulse radars, it is usually a magnetron or a pulse generator operating according to the scheme: a master oscillator is a powerful amplifier that most often uses a traveling wave lamp as a generator, and for a meter-range radar, a triode lamp is often used. Depending on the design, the transmitter either operates in a pulsed mode, generating repetitive short powerful electromagnetic pulses, or emits a continuous electromagnetic signal.
Antenna performs receiver signal focusing and beamforming, as well as receiving the signal reflected from the target and transmitting this signal to the receiver. Depending on the implementation, the reception of the reflected signal can be carried out either by the same antenna, or by another, which can sometimes be located at a considerable distance from the transmitting device. In the event that transmission and reception are combined in one antenna, these two actions are performed alternately, and so that a powerful signal leaking from the transmitting transmitter to the receiver does not blind the weak echo receiver, a special device is placed in front of the receiver that closes the receiver input at the moment the probing signal is emitted.
receiving device performs amplification and processing of the received signal. In the simplest case, the resulting signal is applied to a ray tube (screen), which displays an image synchronized with the movement of the antenna.
Coherent radars
The coherent radar method is based on the selection and analysis of the phase difference between the sent and reflected signals, which occurs due to the Doppler effect, when the signal is reflected from a moving object. In this case, the transmitting device can operate both continuously and in a pulsed mode. The main advantage of this method is that it "allows observation only of moving objects, and this excludes interference from stationary objects located between the receiving equipment and the target or behind it."
Pulse radars
The principle of operation of the impulse radar
The principle of determining the distance to an object using pulsed radar
Modern tracking radars are built as impulse radars. Pulse radar only transmits for a very short time, a short pulse usually about a microsecond in duration, after which it listens for an echo as the pulse propagates.
Because the pulse travels away from the radar at a constant speed, the time elapsed from the moment the pulse was sent to the time the echo is received is a clear measure of the direct distance to the target. The next pulse can be sent only after some time, namely after the pulse comes back, it depends on the detection range of the radar (given by the transmitter power, antenna gain and receiver sensitivity). If the pulse had been sent earlier, then the echo of the previous pulse from a distant target could be confused with the echo of the second pulse from a close target.
The time interval between pulses is called pulse repetition interval, its reciprocal is an important parameter, which is called pulse repetition frequency(PPI) . Long range low frequency radars typically have a repetition interval of several hundred pulses per second (or Hertz [Hz]). The pulse repetition frequency is one of the hallmarks by which it is possible to remotely determine the radar model.
Elimination of passive interference
One of the main problems of pulse radars is getting rid of the signal reflected from stationary objects: the earth's surface, high hills, etc. If, for example, the aircraft is against the background of a high hill, the reflected signal from this hill will completely block the signal from the aircraft. For ground-based radars, this problem manifests itself when working with low-flying objects. For airborne pulse radars, it is expressed in the fact that the reflection from the earth's surface obscures all objects lying below the aircraft with the radar.
Interference elimination methods use, one way or another, the Doppler effect (the frequency of a wave reflected from an approaching object increases, from a departing object it decreases).
The simplest radar that can detect a target in interference is moving target radar(MPD) - pulsed radar that compares reflections from more than two or more pulse repetition intervals. Any target that appears to be moving relative to the radar produces a change in the signal parameter (stage in serial SDM), while the clutter remains unchanged. Interference is eliminated by subtracting reflections from two successive intervals. In practice, the elimination of interference can be carried out in special devices - through period compensators or algorithms in software.
FCRs operating at a constant pulse repetition rate have a fundamental weakness: they are blind to targets with specific circular velocities (which produce phase changes of exactly 360 degrees), and such targets are not displayed. The speed at which the target disappears for the radar depends on the operating frequency of the station and on the pulse repetition rate. Modern MDCs emit multiple pulses at different repetition rates - such that the invisible speeds at each pulse repetition rate are covered by other PRFs.
Another way to get rid of interference is implemented in pulse-doppler radar, which use significantly more complex processing than SDC radars.
An important property of pulse-Doppler radars is signal coherence. This means that the sent signals and reflections must have a certain phase dependence.
Pulse-Doppler radars are generally considered superior to MDS radars in detecting low-flying targets in multiple ground clutter, this is the technique of choice used in modern fighter aircraft for aerial interception/fire control, examples of which are AN/APG-63, 65, 66, 67 and 70 radars. In modern Doppler radar, most of the processing is done by a separate processor in digital form with the help of digital signal processors, usually using the high performance Fast Fourier Transform algorithm to convert the digital reflection sample data into something more manageable by other algorithms. Digital signal processors are very flexible and the algorithms used can usually be quickly replaced by others, replacing only the memory (ROM) chips, thus quickly counteracting enemy jamming techniques if necessary.
The device and principle of operation of the Secondary radar
The principle of operation of the secondary radar is somewhat different from the principle of the Primary radar. The device of the Secondary Radar Station is based on the components: transmitter, antenna, azimuth mark generators, receiver, signal processor, indicator and aircraft transponder with antenna.
Transmitter. Serves to emit interrogation pulses to the antenna at a frequency of 1030 MHz
Antenna. Serves for the emission and reception of the reflected signal. According to ICAO standards for secondary radar, the antenna transmits at a frequency of 1030 MHz, and receives at a frequency of 1090 MHz.
Azimuth Marker Generators. They are used to generate Azimuth Change Pulse or ACP and to generate Azimuth Reference Pulse or ARP. For one revolution of the radar antenna, 4096 small azimuth marks are generated (for old systems), or 16384 Small azimuth marks (for new systems), they are also called improved small azimuth marks (Improved Azimuth Change pulse or IACP), as well as one mark of the North. The north mark comes from the azimuth mark generator, with the antenna in such a position when it is directed to the North, and small azimuth marks serve to read the antenna turn angle.
Receiver. Used to receive pulses at a frequency of 1090 MHz
signal processor. Used to process received signals
Indicator Serves to indicate processed information
Aircraft transponder with antenna Serves to transmit a pulsed radio signal containing additional information back to the side of the radar upon receipt of a request radio signal.
Operating principle The principle of operation of the secondary radar is to use the energy of the aircraft transponder to determine the position of the Aircraft. The radar irradiates the surrounding area with interrogation pulses at a frequency of P1 and P3, as well as a P2 suppression pulse at a frequency of 1030 MHz. Aircraft equipped with transponders that are in the coverage area of the interrogation beam when receiving interrogation pulses, if the condition P1,P3>P2 is in effect, respond to the requesting radar with a series of coded pulses at a frequency of 1090 MHz, which contains Additional Information type Board number, Height and so on. The response of the aircraft transponder depends on the radar interrogation mode, and the interrogation mode is determined by the distance between the interrogation pulses P1 and P3, for example, in mode A of the interrogation pulses (mode A), the distance between the interrogation pulses of the station P1 and P3 is 8 microseconds, and when such a request is received, the transponder of the aircraft encodes its board number in the response pulses. In interrogation mode C (mode C), the distance between the interrogation pulses of the station is 21 microseconds, and upon receipt of such an interrogation, the transponder of the aircraft encodes its height in the response pulses. The radar can also send a mixed mode interrogation, such as Mode A, Mode C, Mode A, Mode C. The azimuth of the aircraft is determined by the angle of rotation of the antenna, which in turn is determined by calculating the Small Azimuth marks. The range is determined by the delay of the incoming response. If the Aircraft does not lie in the coverage area of the main beam, but lies in the coverage area of the side lobes, or is behind the antenna, then the Aircraft responder, upon receiving a request from the radar, will receive at its input the condition that P1 pulses ,P3 Advantages of the secondary radar, higher accuracy, additional information about the Aircraft (Side number, Altitude), as well as low radiation compared to Primary radars. Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 . radar- Russian Logistics Service http://www.rls.ru/ Radar radar communication Dictionaries: Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations of the army and special services. Comp. A. A. Shchelokov. M .: AST Publishing House LLC, Geleos Publishing House CJSC, 2003. 318 p., From ... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations is a very useful application in terms of potential information. With a similar program in the memory of a mobile application, you can quickly and most importantly correctly read information about any drug. After all, everything in it is completely in Russian, which allows you to use it without problems. As you can see from the screenshots, the application has a huge number of different drugs. With the help of the search, you can find the name you are interested in and get all the detailed information on it. After all, it will often be useful for the user to read about what doctors prescribe or advise him in a pharmacy. It is possible to obtain information about active substances and pharmaceutical groups. All these handy options make the app stand out from the rest. After all, there has never been such a detailed database, so you can safely download it to your devices.Other pages
Literature and footnotes
See what "RLS" is in other dictionaries:
It is also possible to view drugs by manufacturer. Which is an exclusive feature of this app. After all, this is how you will be able to find out where the drug was produced and whether it is generally worth trusting certain manufacturers. This kind of information is very helpful. So if you are interested in this topic, the application will be very useful to everyone, because it is distributed free of charge.
