2. Total utility increases when marginal utility:
a) increases or decreases, but is a positive value;
b) increases; c) decreases.
3. If the consumer chooses a combination represented by a point lying on a plane limited by the budget
jet line, then it:
a) maximizes profit b) wants to buy more goods than the budget allows;
c) does not fully use its budget.
Answers: 1. c, 2. a, 3. c.
Topic 5. 1. Entrepreneurship:
a) always beneficial b) is the prerogative of adults;
c) it is a factor of production.
2. A company that cares about its reputation is interested in:
a) only in making a profit; b) to find an easy way to increase profits;
c) quality, labeling and packaging of the product, consumer safety;
d) in reducing the cost of production due to quality.
3. Corporation is legal entity. This means:
a) difficult to organize; b) can only attract a limited number
capital; c) the most common form of business organization;
d) can sue or be prosecuted, has the right to enter into contracts and must pay taxes.
Answers: 1. c, 2. c, 3. g.
Topic 6. 1. In the short run, a profit maximizing firm will stop production if it turns out that:
a) the price is less than the minimum average cost; b) the total income is less than the total variable costs; c) total revenue is less than total cost.
2. The average total cost of production is reached at a minimum value with that volume
products when:
3. Which of the following curves never takes a U-shape:
Answers: 1. b, 2. c, 3. c.
Topic 7. 1. Monopolies are allowed in public communications because…
a) there is practically no regulation; b) competition may harm the public interest;
c) enterprises receive financial assistance from the government;
d) enterprises are extremely large.
2. Markets perfect and monopolistic competition have in common:
a) produce differentiated goods; b) there are many buyers and sellers in the market;
c) the market behavior of each firm depends on the reaction
her competitors.
3. Find one correct answer:
a) the demand curve for a monopoly is always horizontal; b) the monopoly receives excess profit due to higher efficiency compared to the competitive
industry; c) a monopoly can increase the overall profit,
setting different prices for your product in different markets.
Answers: 1. b, 2. b, 3. c.
Topic 8. 1. Marginal product of the factor of production in monetary terms:
a) cannot be determined in terms perfect competition;
b) represents the selling price of the last unit of the product;
c) is equal to the change in total revenue from the use of an additional unit of the factor of production.
2. The firm reaches its minimum cost level when:
a) marginal products of factors of production are equal to their prices;
b) the prices of all factors of production are the same; c) a) and b) wrong answers.
3. A competitive firm seeking to maximize profits must hire additional workers if:
a) total revenue is less than total cost b) marginal product of labor in monetary terms
exceeds the wage rate c) the value of the marginal product in monetary terms
decreases.
Answers: 1. c, 2. c, 3. b.
Topic 9. 1. The role of the state in solving the problem "For whom to produce" is significant if:
a) contributes to strengthening equality in society; b) contributes to economic stabilization; c) stimulates the growth of the efficiency of the economy.
2. Negative external costs lead to the fact that the product:
a) is not produced; b) is produced in insufficient quantities, and on him
too low prices are set; c) is issued in excessive quantities, and on him
too high prices are set;
3. Macroregulation by the state is:
a) management of all economic processes in society;
b) regulation of distribution processes through taxes, credit, etc.;
c) directive decision-making for entrepreneurship.
Answers: 1. c, 2. c, 3. b.
Topic 10. 1. Which of the following is included in the GNP?
a) the cost of a new textbook at a local bookstore;
b) services of a housewife; c) purchase new promotion at the broker;
d) buying a used car from a neighbor.
2. Assume that prices rise and output does not change. Under these conditions, GNP, measured at current prices, will be:
a) increase b) immutable; c) decrease;
d) cause prices to fall.
3. What would happen if the government increased
their full-time expenses?
a) prices will fall b) prices will rise;
c) there is mass unemployment; d) government debt will rise.
Answers: 1. a, 2. a, 3. b.
Topic 11. 1. The shift of the aggregate demand curve to the right cannot reflect:
a) an increase in the price level and a fall in real GNP at the same time;
b) an increase in the price level and real GNP at the same time;
c) the growth of real GDP in the absence of price increases.
2. The aggregate supply curve reflects the relationship between:
a) the price level and the volume of GDP consumed in real terms;
b) the price level and the produced volume of GNP in real terms;
3. If the produced volume of GNP in real terms is less than the equilibrium, then the producers:
a) increase productive reserves and expand production;
b) reduce inventories and expand production;
c) increase inventories and reduce production.
Answers: 1. a, 2. b, 3. b.
Topic 12. 1. Inflation on the supply side develops due to:
a) shift of the aggregate demand curve to the left; b) shift of the aggregate demand curve to the right; c) a shift in a crooked aggregate supply.
2. A downward trend in gross investment appears during a period when:
a) sales growth rates increase; b) the level of sales growth remains unchanged; c) sales growth rates are falling.
3. Which of the following does not correspond to a period of economic recession?
a) a decrease in the amount of unemployment benefits; b) reduction in tax revenues;
c) reduced investment in equipment with a long service life.
Answers: 1. c, 2. c, 3. a.
Topic 13. 1. A pronounced anti-inflationary fiscal policy suggests:
a) increasing the level of taxation and reducing government spending;
b) an increase in taxes and a higher level of government
expenses; c) a reduction in both tax revenues and government
tvenny expenses.
2. If the government proposes to increase the level of real NNP, it can:
a) cut taxes b) reduce transfer payments;
c) reduce the level of the budget deficit.
3. Choose the letter with the answer "true":
a) as a result of the implementation of fiscal policy, government spending is reduced;
b) the state budget deficit is not related to the size of net exports;
c) even a balanced budget can be used to reduce unemployment and overcome depression.
Answers: 1. a, 2. a, 3. c.
Topic 14. 1. If the Central Bank seeks to increase the volume of GNP, which of the following measures should it not take:
a) an increase in investment spending in order to raise the level of overall spending;
b) raising interest rates to make loans more attractive to cash holders;
c) increasing the availability of credit;
2. The term "operations on open market" means:
a) the activities of commercial banks in lending to firms and the public;
b) the activities of the Central Bank in providing loans to commercial banks;
c) the activities of the Central Bank for the purchase or sale of government securities.
3. If the Central Bank raises the discount rate, then this measure, which is part of the monetary policy, together with other measures, is aimed primarily at:
a) a decrease in the total amount of reserves of commercial banks;
b) an increase in the total volume of reserves of commercial banks;
c) stimulating the growth of the savings of the population.
Answers: 1. b, 2. c, 3. a.
Theme 16. 1. Spain decides to establish control over foreign trade in order to reduce the balance of payments deficit. One of the outcomes of this decision will be:
a) a decrease in Spanish imports; b) decline in Spanish exports;
c) a decrease in the trade balance.
2. If, under a fixed exchange rate regime, the inflation rate in Japan is higher than in other countries, then:
a) Japanese exports and imports will decrease; b) Japanese exports will increase, while imports will decrease;
c) Japanese exports will fall and imports will rise.
3. The component part of the country's balance of payments - the current account - does not include:
a) changes in the country's assets abroad;
Questions for the state exam in economic theory
1. The subjects of the market and the relationship between them. Circulation of resources, goods and income.
2. Market demand and factors determining it. The law of demand and the elasticity of demand.
3. Market supply and factors determining it. The law of supply and the elasticity of supply.
4. The economic meaning of the concept of "market equilibrium" and the conditions for achieving it.
5. Production costs and their main types. Dynamics of costs in the short term.
6. Competition: essence, types and role in the economic life of the country.
7. Classification of competitive markets. The main differences between market structures.
8. System of national accounts. Measuring results and price levels.
9. macroeconomic equilibrium. Aggregate demand and aggregate supply: factors that determine them.
10. Inflation: concept, causes, consequences. Demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation. Ways to overcome inflation.
11. Unemployment: concept, causes, consequences. forms of unemployment. Regulation of the unemployment rate.
12. Violation of macroeconomic balance and cyclical development of a market economy.
13. Monetary state policy and its instruments.
14. Fiscal policy of the state and its instruments.
15. State in a market economy. Economic functions state-va. Methods of state economic regulation.
16. Main economic problems. Economic systems society.
17. Consumer behavior in a market economy. Basic approaches to the analysis of consumer behavior.
18. The firm in a market economy. The main forms of business organization.
19. Pricing for factors of production. Features of supply and demand in the labor market,
capital, land.
Approximate subjects of examinations in economic theory
1. The structure of economic goals and their relationship.
2. Stages and phases of economic development.
3. The problem of limited resources and alternative choice.
4. Problems of production efficiency in a market economy.
5. The law of diminishing returns and how to overcome it.
6. Inflation: causes and methods of dealing with it.
7. Electronic money and forms of their use.
8. The law of supply and demand in the system of the market mechanism. Finding a free niche.
9. The coordinating role of prices.
10. Advantages and disadvantages organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship.
11. Lease relations: world experience and development prospects.
12. Marginal costs and their role in shaping the company's strategy.
13. Production costs in the short and long run.
14. The behavior of the firm in conditions of perfect competition and pure monopoly.
15. Price work force in the job market.
16. Economic profit and its role in the effective functioning of the company.
17. Problems of formation of market infrastructure in Russia.
18. The price of land: the essence, the factors that determine the dynamics.
19. Macroeconomic policy of Russia at the present stage.
20. Technical progress and economic balance.
21. Economic growth and quality of life.
22. The role of investment in the development of macroeconomics.
23. Fiscal policy and its role in state regulation economy.
24. Antimonopoly policy of the state.
25. The role of the state in ensuring sustainable monetary circulation.
26. International division of labor as a factor in the integration of subjects into the world economy.
27. Modern aspects of human capital migration.
28. Ways to achieve currency convertibility.
29. Economic security of Russia.
30. Consumer behavior in the market and its determinants.
1. Balikoev V.Z. General Economic Theory/ Textbook-M.: Omega-l, 2007.
2. Kamaeva V.D. Economic theory: Textbook for universities / edited by Doctor of Economics, Professor V.D. Kamaeva-
3. Lectures on macroeconomics / A.O. Baranov. - Novosibirsk: publishing house of So RAS, 2007.
4. Macroeconomics / S.G. Kapkanshchikov.-M.: KnoRus, 2008.
5. Macroeconomics / E.A. Kiseleva.- M.: KnoRus, 2008.
6. Macroeconomics / E.A. Maryganova, S.A. Shapiro.-M: KnoRus, 2008.
7. Macroeconomics / Andrew Abel, Ben Bernanke.-SPb: Peter, 2008.
8. Moiseev S.R. Macroeconomics/S.R. Moiseev.-M.: KnoRus, 2008.
9. Safronchuk M.V. Microeconomics: an introduction to microeconomics / M.V. Safronchuk.- M.: Eskimo, 2006.
10. Taranukha Yu.V. Macroeconomics / Yu.V. Taranukha, D.N. Zemenyakov.-M.: KnoRus, 2008.
11. Taranukha Yu.V. Microeconomics: Textbook / Yu.V. Taranukha.-M.: Business and service, 2006.
12. Tarasevich L.S., Grebennikov P.I., Leussky A.I. Macroeconomics: Textbook.-6th ed., Rev. And add.-
M.: Higher education, 2006.
13. Trunin S.N. Macroeconomics / S.N. Trunin, G.G. Vukovich.- M.: Finance and statistics, 2007.
Topic 1. BASIC ECONOMIC CONCEPTS
1.1. Consumption, benefits, resources……………………………………….3
1.2. Efficiency in the use of limited resources……...3
1.3. Main economic problems. Economic systems ................................................................ ............................................four
Topic 2. MARKET ECONOMY AS A SYSTEM
2.1. Commodity foundations and principles of the functioning of a market economy..………………………………………………………....5
2.2. Economic circuit…………………………….………6
2.3. Economic institutions.………………………….......... .......7
Topic 3. DEMAND AND SUPPLY
3.1. Factors that determine supply and demand ………..… .….8
3.2. Equilibrium in the commodity market…………………………..……. …9
3.3. Elasticity of supply and demand…………………. …….ten
Topic 4. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN THE MARKET ECONOMY
4.1. Total and marginal utility .......………………………….13
4.2. Consumer preferences………………………………..14
4.3. Budget constraints………………………………………….15
4.4. Optimum consumer, ways to achieve maximum utility………………………………………………………….15
Topic 5. FIRM IN A MARKET ECONOMY
5.1. The economic nature of the firm…………………………….….17
5.2. Firm and main types of ownership.......………………… 18
5.3. Entrepreneurship: types and forms………………………...19
Topic 6. PRODUCTION AND COSTS
6.1. Profit and costs of the company…………………………………...20
6.2. Production and costs in the short run………..22
6.3. Equilibrium of the firm in the long run………………….25
Topic 7. COMPETITION AND MONOPOLY
7.1. Competition and its types……………………………………………26
7.2. Market structures………………………………………………26
7.3. Antimonopoly regulation: goals and methods……31
Topic 8. PRICING FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
8.1. Features of the functioning of markets for factors of production. Demand for factors of production………...…….31
8.2. Labor market and wages....………………,...…………32
8.3. capital market. Discounting……..………,…………….34
8.4. Market of natural resources. Rental relations…………….35
Topic 9. STATE IN A MARKET ECONOMY 9.1. The ratio of market self-regulation and
state regulation………………………………37
9.2. Economic functions of the state…………………………38
9.3. Methods of state economic regulation…42
Topic 10. MAIN MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS
10.1. The goals of national production…………………………..43
10.2. Macroeconomic indicators of the system of national accounts…………………………………………………………...43
10.3. Nominal and real GNP. Price index………………..46
Topic 11. MACROECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM
11.1. Aggregate demand……………………………………………….47
11.2. Aggregate supply: classical and Keynesian interpretations…………………………………………………………48
11.3. Model equilibrium AD-AS and stabilization policy……...48
11.4. Model “expenses - incomes” or “Keynesian cross”……51
11.5. Multiplier theory………………………………………...51
Topic 12. CYCLE OF THE MARKET ECONOMY. INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT
12.1. The economic cycle and its phases………………….………….52
12.2. Unemployment and its types………………………………………...53
12.3. Inflation: measurement methods, types,
social and economic consequences…………………..…55
12.4. State anti-inflationary measures…………...……56
Topic 13. TAXES. BUDGET. FISCAL POLICY.
13.1. Financial system. State budget……..……..56
13.2. Taxation system……………………………………58
13.3. Methods and types of fiscal policy……………………....59
Topic 14. MONEY AND THE BANKING SYSTEM
14.1. The essence of the money market……………………………..…...59
14.2. Banking system and its structure. Money multiplier……………………………………………….62
14.3. The main tools of the monetary(monetary)
policy………………………………………………………….63
Topic 15. ECONOMY IN TRANSITION
15.1. Theoretical foundations of the transition from plan to market…………63
15.2. The main tasks of the transition process…………………….....64
15.3. Regulation of the transitional period in Russia……………...64
Topic 16. WORLD ECONOMY. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS.
16.1. International trade and world market………………...65
16.2. International movement of factors of production……..66
16.3. International movement of capital…………………………....66
16.4. The balance of payments of the country…………………………………....67
16.5. The exchange rate and factors determining it…………..….67
TEST……………………………………………………………….……..70
QUESTIONS FOR THE STATE EXAM …………………………….. …...75
EXAMPLE TOPICS OF CONTROL WORKS ... ……………76
LITERATURE…………………………………………………………....77
Any company cares about its competitiveness. Not only the amount of profit depends on this, but also the very existence of the enterprise, its profitability and other indicators.
One of the values that ensures the stability of the company and its activities is reputation. In the event that she is “clean” or excellent, her factor works. better than advertising. Moreover, this indicator cannot be bought, but can only be earned.
In the modern environment, culture is a familiar factor, especially if it is highly organized. In the manufacturing market, a huge mass of similar products is provided for the choice of the buyer.
At the same time, the reputation of the company to which they belong is often the most important criterion. It can be reflected in the form of a dynamic characteristic of activity.
This factor is formed over a long period. People who observe such stability are confident that the enterprise can be dealt with.
And also the offered goods, purchased from a reliable company, will differ in quality and meet the expectations of the buyer. In this aspect, reputation acts as an indirect guarantee.
AT successful companies the loss of more or less significant sums of money is secondary to the loss of a good name. Moreover, entrepreneurs are often ready to donate finances in his favor.
Around the world, many businesses invest in building a positive reputation. This is an intangible asset, difficult to measure, but of paramount importance. It takes quite a long time to accumulate, but it can be destroyed in one moment.
What is the image and reputation of the company - see here:
Reputation and image - what's the difference
Judgments can be expressed by interested parties:
- employees;
- investors and creditors;
- consumers;
- the authorities;
- analysts;
- the media, the press.
So the reputation is formed according to various indicators and characteristics. But it cannot be identified with the image. This is essentially an “image”, a superficial representation, sometimes artificially created over a short period.
The image is formed in the human mind, but is not always intended to correspond to reality.
- It does not reflect financial or social characteristics.
- It is also not responsible for the peculiarities of the behavior of the represented company on the market, its relationships.
- Does not reflect the consequences of the enterprise, and sometimes its principles, business methods.
- The image is subject to change under the circumstances that everything remains the same at the enterprise.
At the same time, the formation of a reputation is a long process. It includes aggregate information about the company's structure and business practices. Describes various general and specific situations.
The image is created to attract partners, consumers. But a long-deserved reputation leads the company to stick to its once established rules. The most acceptable option is such a ratio of these two concepts, when they do not contradict one another.
How business reputation is formed
Being synonymous with “good name”, reputation is formed in connection with numerous factors and according to various parameters. The image does not depend on the experience of interacting with the company, reflecting how the company is perceived: like it or not.
In contrast, reputation is made up of reliable assessments. For example, a company is a reliable partner, it is profitable to cooperate with it, it is convenient to work or receive services.
In order to get such an idea, they use analytical methods and a rational approach, use their own experience in interaction. Counterparties, when deciding whether to cooperate with a particular enterprise, use its reputation.
But by no means an image that is created quickly. It is also formed and changed with the help of a tool - public relations. At the same time, advertising and PR (Public Relations or public relations) for the media are used. A stable reputation is built throughout the entire activity.
Reputation pyramid. What influences a positive reputation and image
Let us consider in detail the factors influencing the image and reputation under the conditions that the first concept is a tactical technique. And the second is a strategic task, including all the nuances of activity.
Reputation:
- practically incompatible with the concept of adjustment, except for the moment when it is negative and subject to correction;
- any contact forms it, including personal;
- All departments of the organization are involved in its creation.
The structure of a PR organization with the ability to manage
Manageability PR can be represented on the diagram as a pyramid, the base of which is the image, and the top is the reputation. Below it are the ignorance of citizens about this company and opinions like: "I heard about such a company somewhere."
The image consists of:
- recognition;
- ability to recall the enterprise;
- familiarity with the company;
- knowledge of the company, in fact - its image;
- predisposition, desire to apply;
- experiment, the study of the company's capabilities by the consumer.
All these components on the pyramid chart are arranged in ascending order. That is, from recognition, located at the base, to experiment, which occupies the middle part.
- approval, the decision to deal with this particular company is the basis;
- recommendation to contact this company given to others is the vertex of PR.
How to create such public relations (PR) and manage them successfully? For this, internal and external tools are used, the first of which are:
- rules and principles;
- relationships within the organization, including between employees;
- relations with competitors;
- relationships with consumers and clients.
External PR is:
- company style;
- its purpose;
- circulation of documents;
- speech techniques;
- other.
In a specific implementation, this is also the code of the enterprise, its standards, employee reviews, and culture. Within the framework of the corporation, events are used, informing for PR.
Company reputation management strategies
What is the purpose of a reputation management strategy? There are a number of reasons for such initiatives.
- Colleagues will promote .
- You can save on advertising. you will learn how to run advertising company in the Internet.
- Reputation will be formed in a positive way.
- Consumers of products and services can be colleagues, acquaintances and relatives.
- By avoiding "black" public relations (PR), the organization will gain a competitive advantage.
How is it implemented? There are a number of methods that can be used simultaneously or separately.
- Motivation through salaries and bonuses, providing employees with kindergartens, education, vacations. What is it and how it works in practice, you will learn at the link.
- Culture: introduction of customs, company standards, celebrations.
- The use of information flows, the availability and maintenance of a website, publications from the enterprise, the use of announcements, holding planning meetings.
- internal PR.
- Events.
- The system of discounts for industrial products, the provision of loans and material assistance. you will learn what promotions are available to attract customers and how to use them effectively.
- It is appropriate to create a legend about the organization and its creator.
- Symbolism.
- Organizational methods such as mentoring, relationships with families.
Satisfied employees receive additional motivation to create profit for the enterprise. Activities become more efficient, productivity and efficiency increase.
Building a brand may also require the manager and employees to own costs. They themselves can consume their products, drawing conclusions about its quality. And also showing that this product is valuable, it is profitable to buy it.
A properly created brand is durable, and its relationship with the consumer is strong. The main understanding and loyalty to the product the company can get from its employees.
Elements of corporate reputation. To do this, they need to make it consumers. Personnel will act in favor of the enterprise if:
- knowledge of the product or service being produced;
- faith in its prospects;
- self-confidence.
In addition, the purpose of the organization, its activities should be clearly reflected in the declaration and announced. It must be understood and accepted by employees. Stronger connections within the company reduce communication time and save advertising money and salaries.
Reputation assessment and analysis
Even built up over the years, a reputation can be ruined in one moment. Even at the stage of developing a business plan, this factor should be taken into account. Consumers and customers are often willing to pay more for responsible product manufacturers, as well as for consistent quality of service.
With a bad reputation, a variety of negative consequences are possible:
- decrease in share price;
- suspicious attitude of the consumer to the product;
- negative attitude of the media towards the company.
And also the fact is obvious: if the enterprise does not take care of its reputation, its competitors can do it. An analysis of Russian business shows that the right trend is only in its infancy. But for a long time there has been by no means an indifferent attitude towards consumers and contractors.
However, to correct a bad reputation, sometimes it is enough just to change the name of the company and its brand. An unfavorable public reaction may be avoided in this way, but the basis of prosperity does not appear to be formed. Support and trust will be impossible to enlist.
The ideology of responsible business is implemented in the form corporate governance. Companies that evaluate their reputation as a result of its analysis can take part in global processes.
Honest and decent behavior in the market corresponds to moral standards. Such enterprises can build the right relationship policy.
Even the criminal record of investors sometimes loses its importance as a factor in the transparency of company reports. The state of finances and the quality of products should not be in doubt.
Knowledge about the enterprise, formed from one's own experience or on the basis of the opinion of experts, can be considered reputation as such. To assess the state of the company, groups are often involved that interact with it, apply arguments and evidence, and comparison.
Sometimes these characteristics can be expressed in terms of financial value. The collective opinion is based on the expertise of the economy, social and environmental factors. In this category, even the concept of “reputational capital” has appeared.
Eventually
A company must have real achievements so that it can use public opinion to increase its prosperity. It can be concluded that any enterprise has a reputation.
It's just a matter of whether it's positive or negative. The task is to prevent its spontaneous formation. As well as creating the desired attitude from the public.
You will learn how to manage the reputation of a company on the Internet in this video:
Most people, before making a purchase, consult with friends who have already purchased this item, or read reviews on the Internet. That is why online reputation management is a serious and important issue, both for the whole company and for an individual.
The problem is that it is necessary not only to find negative feedback and mentions on the Internet, but also be able to respond to them, neutralize them, as well as receive positive feedback and mentions.
What is reputation management of a company on the Internet and how to learn how to track mentions and influence positive reviews - about this in our article!
Online reputation management
Before you work on building a reputation on the Internet, you need to understand where it is formed - in in social networks, on forums, on Youtube, on your website, in search results.
1. Search for mentions. Before actively starting work on brand reputation management on the Internet, it is necessary to understand who and what writes on the Internet, on what resources it is published. It is also important to know the engagement and reach of this audience. Monitoring can be done by different areas- by company, brand, industry in which the company operates, products, competitors, news and other related industries.
A system such as Brand Analytics helps with the collection of information and references on the Internet. Moreover, there is a lighter version of the system for non-noisy objects, that is, those with fewer mentions. In the banking sector, for example, there are a lot of references, these are noisy facilities, and there is much more work here.
2. Neutralization of negative feedback. Sooner or later, reviews about the company's product, company, management, and not only positive ones appear on the Internet. If the company is actively developing, engaged in sales, then sooner or later there will be bad reviews. In this case, there are several scenarios of action.
