Classification of digital cameras. Cameras: classification, structural components and consumer properties of cameras

Today, in the age of digital technology, it is very difficult to imagine that someone does not have a camera. We meet them almost every minute in the hands of someone. The question is different. What can your gadget with a camera allow you to do, because they are divided according to their specific purpose and are classified into certain types of cameras.

In the previous article, we reviewed the existing ones and learned about the two main factors that divide cameras into certain types.

In this article, we invite you to understand and find out how cameras are divided into types, to find out their classification and division into categories.

Types of photo cameras, what is meant by this concept?

The term types of cameras includes such concepts as the classification and category of these devices.

In general, there are five main categories of digital cameras:

1. For beginners;
2. Compact;
3. Professional;
4. SLR cameras;
5. Other cameras;

Let's take a look at all these 5 camera categories according to their classification separately.

Camera classification

1. For beginners

If you speak about this category of cameras in simple terms, then it can be called “buy and shoot”.

In the photo: Amateur camera for beginners.

Cameras of this class have a fixed lens, a matrix not exceeding 2 megapixels, fixed memory without the possibility of expansion. On the market of photographic equipment, there are still some cameras of this category with additional functionality - the digital zoom function.

• They can't take pictures high level;
• Digital photo zoom, enlarges the picture inside the camera along with the pixels of the picture;

In conclusion about this category, we can say that they are quite suitable for solving everyday artistic ideas.

2. compact cameras

This is due to the fact that compact cameras in their equipment have a matrix of up to 5 megapixels, a more accurate optical system that allows you to take better pictures. These cameras are small enough to be easily carried around.

• Lack of a viewfinder (the installed LCD display is often illuminated by the sun);
• Slow response to filmed events;
• Sufficiently slow self-tuning of the camera;

In conclusion, compact cameras are the cameras of every day.

These cameras are not only used by amateurs, quite often professionals use them in their arsenal to create a certain group of preliminary shots.

3. Professional cameras

Professional cameras are a category of more serious SLR format cameras that already have a mirror in their optical system. In simple terms, these cameras are called "DSLRs".

The main disadvantages of these cameras:

• These cameras are limited in their capabilities to just one lens;

In conclusion about this category of professional cameras, we can say that they are an excellent option for a beginner professional and are good addition for professional photographer's camera set.

4. SLR cameras

SLR cameras are probably by far the highest classification of camera types.

• entry-level SLR cameras;
• SLR Pro cameras;

In the photo: SLR Pro professional format camera.

These cameras are equipped with a matrix with a resolution of 14 megapixels, have rapid shooting, and allow the use of affordable interchangeable lenses. These two groups of SLR cameras differ from each other in the number of "gadgets" of their internal equipment. But, despite the fact that the category of these cameras is divided into two groups, the entry-level SLR camera group is widely used by professional photographers and is popular for its relatively cheap price compared to SLR Pro cameras.

5. Other cameras

This class of cameras includes digital video cameras with the possibility of digital photography.

Depending on the method of converting network energy into an image and the type of photosensitive material used, cameras can be divided into 4 groups:

− APS systems

− POLAROID systems (discontinued)

− Digital cameras

− Ordinary classic cameras: SLR, compact, rangefinder, panoramic.

Training classification:

by way of focusing:

- using a rangefinder device

- on frosted glass in SLR cameras

- autofocus: active, passive.

lens design:

− with fixed focal length

− with variable focal length (OPFR) (ZOOM)

according to the method of measuring illumination:

- direct measurement (exposure meter next to the lens on the body)

by frame format:

− small format 24*36 mm

− medium format: 6*4.5; 6*6; 6*8; 6*7; 6*9cm

− large format 9*12 cm

according to the method of setting the exposure parameters:

− non-automatic

− semi-automatic

− automatic

viewfinder design:

− not mirror (telescopic)

− mirror

Compact cameras are the most widely used. The control of such devices is as automated as possible, which allows novice amateurs to work with them,

completely ignorant of the intricacies of photography, they are light, small in size, easy to carry.

SLR single-lens cameras are representatives of the high class. Its universal design makes it suitable for

trained amateur and professional. They have interchangeable lenses, a reflex viewfinder combined with an autofocus system,

exposure meter and curtain shutter.

Rangefinder cameras got their name due to the way of focusing - according to the rangefinder. Advantages include small

dimensions and lack of vibration during shutter operation, and the disadvantages are the presence of parallax, the difficulty of using interchangeable optics, an increase in focusing error with long-focus from fast optics.

Panoramic cameras are designed to capture objects located around the horizon. They are especially good for

photographing the facades of architectural structures, objects that have

frontal location.

Cameras of the APS system differ from other models in the size of the film used, the aspect ratio and the type of cassette.

Cameras of the POLAROID system are based on the principle that combines the operations of exposing photographic material and obtaining a finished print, bypassing the traditional labor-intensive operations of processing negative material and directly printing, which makes photography "instant".

A digital camera is a device for photographic

shooting, in which the optical image of the subject is formed in the focal plane by exactly the same optical system as in a conventional camera, but the image is recorded not on film, but on a straight line

moguls photosensitive matrix. The photomatrix is ​​located where the film is in conventional cameras. Then image

converted to digital view.

A lot of tiny photocells are placed in rows on the matrix. The photomatrix is ​​​​a charge-coupled device (CCD), and the photocells in it are called pixels (from the English.

picture element - picture element). Each pixel generates electrical charges proportional to

its illumination. These charges are supplied in a predetermined sequence to the output circuit by means of control voltage pulses, and a signal containing information about the image is formed at the output of the CCD.

The received signal is converted into digital form and subjected to further processing and recording.

When playing a digital image on a monitor screen or printing on paper, the computer uses a digital signal to divide the screen or printed page into many individual cells. Then, using the image parameters stored in the file, it determines the brightness and color of each cell and generates the necessary signals to be sent to the monitor or printer to reproduce each cell in the image. The quality of a printed or displayed digital image depends on the number of pixels that make up the image.

Digital cameras are similar in design to conventional film cameras. The difference is only in the way the image is formed. Before the photomatrix, digital cameras are no different from

film camera - the lens focuses the image, the aperture limits the light output, the shutter fixes the exposure time

(excerpt). Everything else - photomatrix, storage device, processor - belongs to the field of electronics and computer technology. The signals from the photomatrix are sent to the control processor,

whose functions include:

Lens exposure focus control;

Converting the signals coming from the photomatrix, with

using an analog-to-digital converter ADC is an analog-to-digital converter designed to convert continuously

changing analog voltage values ​​obtained using

CCD matrices, into digital codes corresponding to color shades. file generation and image compression;

Compression is a special processing for reducing the amount of recorded information, allowing you to save more

the number of images on the memory card. transferring the captured image to a removable storage device

information (memory card).

OKP: class 44 “Optical devices and equipment”, subclass 444 “Photo and film equipment. Equipment for measuring the characteristics and processing of photographic and film materials, into the group Cameras, which is divided into the following subgroups according to their purpose: scale cameras, rangefinder cameras, SLR cameras, pavilion cameras.

TN VED - Section XVII, in group 90 "Instruments and equipment optical, photographic,

cinematographic, measuring, control, precision, medical or surgical; from parts and accessories", in 9006

the position “Photo cameras (except for film cameras); flashlights and flashbulbs.

Furniture.

Similar information.

Hello again, dear readers of my blog.

How many times have you heard talk of supposedly “professionals” about what cameras are, how they differ from each other? Such stories most often do not shine with knowledge of the topic, you are convinced of this when such an expert tells you: “yes, I have a semi-professional camera”, shows, you look - an ordinary hybrid.

To make you less likely to make such mistakes in a conversation, I will try to make an approximate classification for you. modern series digital cameras. At the beginning, I will simply write the names of the groups, then I will describe their main features in more detail.

I will make a reservation, my classification does not claim to be absolute accuracy, and I will not consider some types of digital cameras at all (my blog is intended for amateurs, but why does an amateur need a Hasselblad modular medium format camera for 700+ thousand rubles).

So, let's start with the hierarchy of cameras, starting with the most expensive (180-300 thousand rubles for carcass - body).

one). Digital SLR cameras

a). Professional

1.Studio

2. Reportage

b).Amateur

1. Semi-professional

2. Amateur

2).Digital mirrorless cameras

a). Creative digital mirrorless cameras

1. Hybrid cameras

2. Creative cameras

3. Pseudo-SLR cameras

b). Low Price Digital Mirrorless Cameras

Now that rough plan Further narrative has been compiled, we will dwell on each type of camera in more detail (note - I will name the approximate price for SLR cameras, based on the cost of only the camera itself, without a lens).

Digital SLR cameras

In everyday life - digital SLRs. The main feature of this category of cameras is the presence of this very mirror. The mirror in a digital SLR camera is used to precisely frame the image, transferring it [image] directly from the lens to viewfinder. After pressing the shutter button, the mirror is removed for a time equal to the specified exposure time, revealing the hidden behind it. In the mirror and in the analog (non-digital) viewfinder, there are technical differences between SLR cameras, among other differences we can distinguish:

• Ability to shoot in RAW format (in some professional cameras also in TIFF)
• Availability of professional shooting modes P, S, A, M (for all SLR cameras)
• Ability to manually adjust shutter speed, aperture, ISO and white balance

Professional

Professional cameras, oddly enough, are used by professional photographers, you will not believe in their professional activities.

Speaking seriously, these are non-modular cameras of the highest price category, allowing their owners to use the most modern achievements in the photo industry. For devices of this class, the most characteristic are:

• the ability to record images in 12 and 14-bit color formats
• Magnesium alloy body, heavier but more durable
• most powerful and fastest image processors
• a large number of hot control buttons
• pentaprism viewfinder
• obligatory presence screwdrivers(autofocus motor)
• two (sometimes more than two) slots for memory cards

Now let's take a closer look at the subgroups I have identified in this segment - studio and reportage cameras.

Studio cameras:

To this category of cameras, I attributed those professional cameras that are mainly used for studio shooting, but can also be used for reportage. These are expensive cameras (from 120 to 350 thousand rubles), the distinctive features of which are:

• built-in battery grip(feeding handle)
• digital selection of shooting modes
• one or more monochrome displays for displaying the EXIF ​​data of the image
• more than two steering wheels, including the one(s) mounted on the feed handle
• more than one release button, including the one(s) on the feed handle
• no built-in flash

In general, these cameras are purely professional, they are used mainly for staged studio shooting, when the photographer directly interacts with the model, holding the camera in his hands, and not on a tripod. These cameras have a large number hot buttons (often duplicated), a large FX-matrix (full-format), informative, with a low noise level.

Reportage cameras:

These cameras are designed for photographers and travelers who are professional or amateur photographers. On average, the price of such cameras ranges from 55 to 100 thousand rubles. Unlike studio cameras, they have a much smaller size and weight, a built-in flash, they are not equipped with a built-in power handle (although they have the ability to install a removable battery handle). The main features of these cameras are:

• high speed continuous shooting (from 7 to 9 frames per second)
• durable magnesium alloy body
• built-in flash
• a large number of pre-configured modes
• as many hot buttons as possible
• use of matrices in both FX-format and DX-format (half-format matrices)
• using a single monochrome display to display the EXIF ​​data of a picture

These cameras are suitable not only for a professional photojournalist, but also for an "advanced" amateur photographer. They are extremely convenient (although not easy) to use, even if the price is lower - and in general a dream.

amateur

This category of digital SLR cameras differs from the previous one in a lower price (from 14-15 to 45-55 thousand rubles) and the absence of a sufficiently large number of functions necessary for a professional. It is also worth noting the presence in amateur cameras of a large number of preset shooting modes, including fully automatic, except for P, S, M, A modes, as well as the ability to certain limits process pictures directly in the camera. Such cameras always have a very limited number of hot buttons on the body - many settings have to be done from the menu.

semi-professional cameras:

This category of digital SLR cameras combines features of both professional and amateur cameras. These cameras are in the price range from 30 to 45 thousand rubles. From professional cameras they got:

• one monochrome display for displaying EXIF ​​data
• more than one steering wheel
• pentaprism viewfinder
• the presence of a screwdriver
• magnesium body
• the possibility of installing a removable battery handle

At the same time, cameras of this category contain character traits amateur SLR cameras that do not allow them to be fully attributed to the professional segment:

• the presence of a large number of preset shooting modes
• the possibility of limited processing of photos on the camera itself
• accessibility of most settings only from the menu
• using only DX matrices

amateur cameras:

To the category of "true" amateur digital SLR cameras, I classified SLR cameras of the lowest price category (from 14 to 26-27 thousand rubles), which have the following main features:

• no screwdriver
• lack of a monochrome display for displaying EXIF ​​data
• only one steering wheel
• few or no hot buttons at all
• a large number of settings available only from the camera menu
• the possibility of limited post-processing of images in the camera itself
• plastic case
• pentamirror viewfinder

What can I say here: the main advantage of cameras of this type is the relatively low price. In terms of all characteristics, these cameras lose to professional and semi-professional counterparts, although they significantly outperform most mirrorless cameras in terms of shooting quality.

Digital mirrorless cameras

Digital mirrorless cameras (in everyday life - digital soap dishes) are a type of digital cameras that lack a mirror, and therefore an analog viewfinder directly connected to the lens. The image is cropped using an LCD display that receives information directly from the matrix. If there is a viewfinder in the digital soap dish, it is either just a very small LCD disguised as a viewfinder (as, for example, in pseudo-reflex cameras), or a simple slit with glass inserted into it, in most cases useless. Cameras in this segment have extremely different technical characteristics (and, accordingly, different prices - from 2-3 to 50 thousand rubles).

Creative digital mirrorless cameras

This segment includes mirrorless cameras of the highest price category (from 15 to 50 thousand rubles), which in most cases do not lag behind the characteristics of amateur SLR cameras, and sometimes even surpass them (the only characteristic in which they always lose is the physical size matrices).

I will divide this section into 3 subsections: hybrid, creative and pseudo-mirror cameras.

hybrid cameras:

The main difference between hybrid cameras and other digital cameras is the ability to change lenses. Also, cameras of this segment most often have the ability to shoot in RAW format and shooting modes P, S, A, M. But, as you can understand from the classification, there is no mirror in these cameras, as well as an analog viewfinder. What do you get in return? The tiny size and weight of the camera relative to SLR cameras. If you have never held a SLR camera weighing from 700 grams to 1.5 kilograms in your hands for a long time, you will not understand what bliss it is to walk all day with a camera weighing 200-300 grams. On the other hand, cameras of this category are quite expensive and often exceed the price of amateur (and even semi-professional SLR cameras), but they also have fewer problems with setting up and using them. So it's up to you to decide what to give your money for.

Creative cameras:

This category includes digital mirrorless cameras equipped with a fixed lens and having the ability to flexibly adjust shooting parameters, such as aperture, shutter speed, etc. The prices of these cameras fluctuate in the same range as for hybrid cameras. Often such cameras are purchased by professional photographers as an additional camera for insurance (or if you are too lazy to drag a DSLR to a non-priority event). They are also characterized good quality assembly and optics (i.e. lens).

Pseudo-mirror cameras:

Pseudo-reflex cameras (in everyday life - pseudo-reflex cameras) are a type of camera that resembles SLR cameras in form factor, but does not have a mirror, prism and other features characteristic of SLR cameras. Despite this, the lens of cameras in this segment often has some kind of exceptional property (ultra wide angle, super zoom, exceptionally small depth of field in tele-position, high definition, etc.) or several at once. Some cameras of this type have the ability to flexibly adjust the shooting parameters (although more limited than that of creative soap dishes). The price of these devices fluctuates in the same range as that of hybrid cameras, but they often cost a little less with similar characteristics.

Low Price Digital Mirrorless Cameras

So we got to the most extensive and diverse category of digital cameras. Here are cameras costing from 2 to 10-20 thousand rubles. The most affordable and easy to use, they quickly gained popularity among various audiences: amateur photographers use them for cheap and easy “safety nets”, people far from photography use them to create memorable pictures without effort, just as a beautiful camera today performs in the role of a fashion accessory. The presence of a large number of functions (often having nothing to do with photography), touch screens, Wi-Fi, etc. make them very popular with a wide range of people. The shapes and sizes of such cameras vary greatly - from very small cameras, in which even the lens does not extend out of the body when turned on, to cameras that repeat the size and appearance of pseudo-reflex cameras (something like "pseudo-pseudo-mirror" cameras). What can be said about the characteristics of these cameras is that, compared to all the above categories of cameras, they are exceptionally low. A small non-informative matrix, a microscopic aperture, a small shutter speed range, a weak photo processing processor, a small zoom ratio, not the most high-quality optics. Well, you get what you paid for. Although, it is worth noting that a considerable part of the masterpiece photographs was taken on soap dishes.

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Rays of light passing through the lens are reflected by the mirror, which at the moment of focusing is at an angle of 45 degrees to the optical axis of the lens. Reflected from the mirror, the rays of light are directed upwards, where they build an optical image of the photographed objects on a horizontally placed frosted glass.

By means of a special mechanism, the mirror folds up at the moment of shooting, covers the frosted glass and frees up the access of light to the rear wall of the chamber, where the film, plate or matrix is ​​located. At this point, the shutter is released and the picture is taken.

The advantages of SLR cameras are as follows:

1. When observing the image on the frosted glass from above, the photographer sees it, which significantly facilitates the solution of compositional problems and, to a certain extent, facilitates focusing.

2. Observation of the image of photographed objects can be carried out immediately before the moment of shooting.

The mirrors used in these devices are optical (amalgam on the outside) and strictly flat.

A variety of reflex cameras are two-lens reflex cameras, in which the main lens is intended only for shooting, and for sighting and focusing, a second lens is used, located above the first and functioning synchronously with it.

The main advantage of two-lens reflex cameras over single-lens reflex cameras is that the sighting lens does not stop, which facilitates focusing and sighting. The image of photographed objects in two-lens reflex cameras can be seen at the moment of shooting.

The disadvantage of two-lens reflex cameras is the discrepancy between the frame obtained in the picture and the frame visible in the viewfinder. This is explained by the fact that the optical axes of the lenses of the device and the viewfinder are at a considerable distance from each other.

Another type of SLR cameras are devices with a reversing optical system. They are distinguished by a roof-shaped five-sided prism (pentaprism) placed over frosted glass, which flips the image from a horizontal plane to a vertical one and from left to right. The image is straight in all directions and can be viewed not from above, but from behind, which allows you to keep the camera at eye level during shooting.

stereoscopic cameras

They are intended for obtaining stereo photographs, which, when viewed through a stereoscope, give a visual sensation of the spatial depth of the image and the volume of the photographed objects.

Distinctive design specifics - two identical lenses, located at a distance of 65 mm from one another (the distance between the centers of human eyes), two synchronously operating shutters.

panoramic cameras

Designed for wide coverage of the photographed view and obtaining panoramic photographs.

The main feature is the location of the film not in one plane, but along a circular line (arc), while the lens rotates around a vertical axis during shooting. A visual representation of the operation of the apparatus is given by the diagram.

The lens (1) is located in a light-tight cylindrical chamber (2). Light falls on it through the shutter slot (3), and then exits through a narrow socket (4). Before taking a picture, the lens is in starting position in which it is shown in the diagram. When the shutter release button is pressed, the shutter slit opens. At the same time, the lens, under the action of the mainspring, rotates in the direction of the arrow around the vertical axis (5), exposing the film (6) from one end to the other. Thus, only a narrow strip of film is exposed at any given moment. For each subsequent shot, the film is rewound from the feed cassette (7) to the take-up cassette (8).

Thanks to this system, an equally sharp and bright image is obtained on the entire surface of the film. None of the widely used wide-angle lenses has such a coverage angle.

pavilion cameras

Designed mainly for shooting portraits in photo pavilions, from which they also received the name stationary portrait.

They differ in large formats (13 x 18; 18 x 24 cm) and are designed for the use of photographic plates and flat format films.

Technically equipped poorly. They have neither shutters, nor viewfinders, nor other special components and mechanisms. The design difference is the presence of fur with significant stretching, which allows the use of long-focus lenses in them, which are required for portrait photography.

These same features make pavilion cameras suitable for reproduction work, and especially when reproducing small originals in full size and with enlargement.

Cameras for taking quick pictures

They are distinguished by the presence of a special device that allows processing photographic materials using the method of a single-stage photographic process.

Pocket cameras

Particularly miniature devices for purely amateur photography that fit easily in your pocket. Not suitable for serious photography. Some of them have excellent optics and produce high-sharp negatives that can withstand 10x magnification with satisfactorily sharp images.

DIGITAL CAMERAS

Explanatory note

Content

1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….…..3

2 Analysis and market prospects……………………………………………….4

2.1 general characteristics photographic equipment.…………………………...4

2.2 Description of popular models……………………………………....…7

3 Features of a specific model………………………………………..13

3.1 Model Description…………………………………………………..…13

3.1.1 Purpose……………………………………………………… 13

13

3.1.3 Image Processing………………………………………..13

3.1.4 Excellent results in all conditions……………………..14

3.1.5 Compactness…………………………………………………...14

3.1.6 Filming…………………………………………………….....14

3.1.7 Photo printing………………………………………………………...15

3.1.8 Ease of viewing……………………………………….……15

3.1.9 Software………………………………….….15

3.2 Specifications…………………………………….…..16

4 Features of operation………………………………………….…..21

4.1 Shooting with digital camera……………………………………….……..21

4.1.1 Illumination…………………………………………….……..21

4.1.2 White balance……………………………………….……22

4.1.3 Manual Aperture and Shutter Setting……………….…...22

4.2 Printing digital photographs…………………………………….…...23

4.2.1 The difference between digital photographs……………………….…….23

4.2.2 Characteristics of printing systems…………………….…....23

5 Conclusion………………………………………………………….…….25

References…………………………………..…………………….….26

1. Introduction

The operation of digital and film cameras is based on different principles. The main parts of a film camera are the lens, aperture and shutter. The purpose of the lens is to focus the image, the aperture controls the amount of light passing through the lens and determines the depth of field, and the shutter provides the required exposure time. When the shutter is released, light passes through the lens and aperture onto the photosensitive layer of the film, and as a result, the image is transferred to it.

Like a film camera, a digital camera has a lens and aperture, but the way it captures an image is different. Instead of a film in a digital camera, there is a charge-coupled device - a CCD matrix (CCD, charge coupled device) - a semiconductor device consisting of many miniature photo sensors. Light falling on these sensors charges them, and the amount of charge depends on the brightness of the light. The electrical charges are then converted to digital values ​​using an A/D converter.

Since the resolution and other capabilities of a CCD are limited, special software reconstructs the image information by calculating the missing data. The image is then transferred to a storage device and stored there. CCD combination, software and memory replaces film in a digital camera.

2 Market analysis and outlook

2.1 General characteristics of photographic equipment

Digital cameras today are produced by many companies specializing in the production of photographic equipment and consumer electronics. Every now and then new brands and models appear on the market, various in design and technical specifications. Cameras with digital image recording are improving and progressing very quickly, becoming more compact, economical and affordable. You can be sure that in the near future, for many families, a digital camera will become a necessary household item, naturally complementing a home computer.

A wide range of digital cameras enables consumers to purchase goods according to their taste and financial situation. However, each digital camera model has its own individual characteristics and characteristics, making it difficult for the consumer to make right choice. Now there is a lot of various literature and promotional products that advise you to purchase one or another brand, but a competent person in this area will choose a camera, focusing on certain characteristics that should be mandatory for a good camera, namely:

1, the resolution of a CCD array is determined by multiplying the number of photosensitive sensors located along its vertical and horizontal axes. For example, if it is known that the camera provides a resolution of 1600x1200 pixels, then this means that the CCD is equipped with 1.92 million photosensitive sensors. Each sensor can digitize one of the three primary colors. That is, in order to collect all the color information for one pixel, data from three sensors is needed. To ensure that the image does not display 640K pixels (1.92/3), but all 1.92M, the firmware calculates the missing color data.

While the “more pixels = higher resolution = better image” approach is generally correct, there are several other factors that significantly affect image quality. One of them is the quality of the CCD. Given that millions of photosensitive diodes are assembled in a small area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe matrix, then there is a possibility that some of them are defective. Unfortunately, it is impossible to determine this immediately, so the only way to choose a quality product is to compare

pictures taken with different cameras. Particular attention here must be paid to the sharpness of the contours of the image. You should also check the performance of the camera in various lighting conditions and, if possible, print the pictures.

Along with the resolution and quality of the CCD, the optical system of the camera has a huge impact on the quality of images. A digital camera is often described as a digital device with optical components, when in fact it is an optical device with digital components. It follows from this that a good lens, efficient system flashes and the ability to manually adjust the settings play important role when choosing a camera.

Consideration should also be given to the storage capabilities of a digital camera. Since this requires a fairly large amount of memory (despite the image compression system), you should make sure that removable flash memory cards are included with the camera. Preference should be given to products that use small, easy-to-handle, affordable and sufficiently capacious flash cards;

2 CCD photo sensors are photosensitive diode sensors arranged in rows similar to how pixels are arranged on a computer monitor screen. A 2.5-megapixel matrix, for example, contains 1700x1300 sensors. If all sensors reacted to light in the same way, then a digital camera could only capture black and white images. In order for the image to turn out in color, each sensor is equipped with color filters. They can be red, green and blue (RGB - Red, Greed, Blue) or cyan, magenta and yellow (CMY - Cyan, Magenta and Yellow) with an additional green filter to give the image a natural look. The data of each sensor allows you to select one of the 256 charge levels, so each color has 256 levels of intensity (brightness), which allows you to reproduce 16.7 million shades (256x256x256). The brightness data recorded by each of the sensors is digitized and stored in the camera's memory.

Two types of CCDs can be used in digital cameras - interlaced matrices and sequential line scanning matrices. The first ones were developed for TV and video equipment, and then they were optimized for digital cameras. Reading the brightness data in them occurs in two stages: first, the data recorded by the sensors of the even rows are scanned, and then the odd rows. To ensure that the reading process is not interrupted, the light is not supplied to the camera after the picture, which is achieved through the use of a mechanical shutter. Interlaced matrix sensors have increased light sensitivity and can have both RGB and CMY filters.

Sequential line scanning CCDs were developed specifically for digital cameras. They allow you to capture several images within a second, and since the capture and reading of data occur almost simultaneously, there is no need for a mechanical shutter, and this allows you to set very short excerpts. Line-scan array sensors are equipped with RGB filters. The color of each pixel of the CCD is determined by one of three colors. The brightness levels of other colors are calculated by special software.

Since the green part of the spectrum affects the perception of brightness much more strongly, to improve the image quality in a CCD matrix, the number of sensors with a green filter is made twice as large as with red and blue ones;

3 camera lens. Often, when choosing a camera, buyers do not attach much importance to lenses, which is a big mistake. It depends on the lens how clearly the image is focused on the CCD. At the same time, it should be taken into account that its area is significantly smaller than the area of ​​a photographic film frame (a 1/3-inch CCD matrix, for example, has a diagonal size of only 0.55 cm, while for one frame of 35 mm film it is 4 .3 cm). Therefore, a digital camera lens must provide a much higher resolution than a conventional camera lens. If the linear resolution of the latter is on average 30-60 lines per millimeter, then for the optical system of a digital camera this indicator should be at the level of 150 lines per millimeter. In addition, the lens has a significant impact on color reproduction and the camera's ability to take good pictures in low light conditions.