Ministry Agriculture Russian Federation
Department of Science and Technology Policy and Education
federal state educational institution higher professional education
"Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University"
Institute of Land Management, Cadastre and Environmental Management
Department of environmental management
abstract
on metrology, standardization and certification
Development order state standards
Completed by: student of group 54-C Kolmakova O.G.
Accepted: Ph.D. Associate Professor Vinogradova L.I.
Krasnoyarsk 201 1
INTRODUCTION 3
1. ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT OF STATE STANDARDS 5
CONCLUSION 11
REFERENCES 13
INTRODUCTION
The legal basis for standardization in the Russian Federation is established by the law "On Standardization". The provisions of the law are mandatory for implementation by all state authorities of the subjects economic activity regardless of ownership public associations. The law defines the measures of state protection of the interests of the consumer and the state through the requirements, rules and norms introduced into state standards during their development and state control of implementation mandatory requirements standards in their application. The law interprets the essence of standardization in the Russian Federation as an activity aimed at determining the norms, rules, requirements, characteristics that should ensure the safety of products, works and services, their technical and information compatibility, interchangeability, quality of products (services) in accordance with scientific and technical achievements .
The norms and requirements of standards may also apply to household safety. subjects in emergency situations, to the defense and mobilization capabilities of the country.
Based on the legal norms of the law, the principles and tasks of standardization in the Russian Federation are defined:
1. The feasibility of developing a standard is determined by analyzing its need in social, economic and technical aspects.
2. The priority direction of standardization is the safety of the object of standardization for humans and the environment, as well as ensuring the compatibility and interchangeability of products.
Work on standardization in the Russian Federation is organized and carried out by a system of bodies and services for standardization, which consists of:
Gosstandart of Russia - the national standardization body of the Russian Federation;
Department of Technical Regulation, Standardization and Certification of the Gosstroy of Russia;
Subdivisions of standardization, certification, metrology of federal ministries and departments of the Russian Federation;
Technical committees (TC) for standardization, created on a voluntary basis by interested parties (enterprises and organizations);
Standardization subdivisions (departments, bureaus, groups) created by business entities (enterprises and organizations).
The procedure for the development, adoption, registration of national standards is established by the standards State system standardization (GSS).
State standards are not subject to copyright. They are developed collectively in accordance with GOST R 1.2-92. The developers of GOST R are technical committees for standardization under the State Standard of Russia, assigned to standardization objects. They include on a voluntary basis: authorized representatives of all enterprises and organizations interested in the development of standards (developers, manufacturers, consumers of products); leading scientists and specialists specializing in certain types of products or technologies; representatives of public organizations.
1. ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT OF STATE STANDARDS
The technical committees under the Gosstandart of Russia work in accordance with the annual standardization plan. The plan is drawn up on the basis of applications that can be submitted to the TC by enterprises, citizens engaged in individual labor activity, governing bodies. Applications must justify the need to work with the standard. As a result, a full order of work for a year is formed from the proposals received.
The creation of a standard from planning its development to publication is carried out in a certain sequence, which, as a rule, provides for the following stages (GOST R 1.2-92):
1st stage - organization of the development of the standard and preparation of technical specifications for development;
2nd stage - development of a draft standard (the first, if necessary, subsequent editions);
3rd stage - development of the final version of the draft standard and its submission to the State Standard of Russia for adoption of the standard;
4th stage - adoption and state registration (assignment of a number) of the standard;
5th stage - publication of the standard.
The state standard, in the process of its application, may be subject to verification, if necessary, changes are made to it, the standard may be revised or canceled, completely canceled.
Interested enterprises and organizations receive information about current standards, about the introduction of new state standards, changes to them through the annual and monthly information indexes "State Standards of the Russian Federation", which they receive by subscription.
The work of the technical committee begins with the collection of applications for the development of a standard. Applicants may be government bodies and organizations, public associations, scientific and technical societies, enterprises, firms, entrepreneurs who send applications to the TC in accordance with the objects of standardization assigned to them.
The application must necessarily justify the need to develop a regulatory document, it is also possible to add to it a draft standard already developed by the applicant.
On the basis of applications, the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation) forms an annual plan for the state standardization of Russia.
Further work is carried out on the basis of agreements for the development of a standard between the applicant and the relevant TC and includes the following steps: preparation of terms of reference (by the development organization or TC), development of a draft standard, submission of the final version of the project to the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation) for adoption, updating the standard , revision and cancellation of the standard.
Consider the content of the stages of development of the state standard.
The terms of reference determine: the timing of the implementation of each stage included in the content of the work as a whole; the content and structure of the future standard and the list of requirements for the object of standardization; interested list potential consumers this standard (government bodies, enterprises, firms, etc.). In the future, the draft standard will be sent to the organizations selected for the list for review or, if necessary, for approval; special or additional proposals of the customer of the normative document and other information related to the development procedure, the content of the standard, etc. can be highlighted.
The development of a draft standard is preceded by organizational work that the TC must do. This is due to the clear placement of tasks in subcommittees and working groups in accordance with the objects of standardization. In addition, at this stage, the TC seeks to more specifically identify the organizations from which it is advisable to receive feedback on the draft standard. For this short information about the normative documents being developed is published in a specialized publication of the State Standard of the Russian Federation (or Gosstroy of the Russian Federation) so that interested parties can declare their intentions.
The development of the project goes through two stages. The first edition is created first. The main requirements for the first edition relate to the compliance of the project with Russian legislation, international rules and regulations, as well as national standards foreign countries subject to the progressiveness of these documents and a higher scientific and technical level. Important point at this stage - the determination of the patent purity of the object of standardization, which requires appropriate research and proper information support.
The draft in the first edition, drawn up by the subcommittee and the working group, the members of the TC must consider either at a special meeting or by correspondence in order to make sure that it complies with the terms of the contract for the development of the standard, the requirements Russian legislation and the provisions of the State Standardization System. After that, the project is sent for review to the customers of the standard and previously identified interested organizations.
The second stage of development consists in analyzing the received feedback, compiling the final version of the draft normative document and preparing it for adoption. The final version should be considered by members of the TC, state control and supervision bodies for compliance with the mandatory requirements of the standard, research institutes of the State Standard (Gosstroy). If at least two thirds of the TC members agree with the final version of the draft, then the document is considered approved and is recommended for adoption. The draft standard must be sent to the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation), as well as to the customer of the regulatory document.
The adoption of the standard is carried out by the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation). The adoption procedure includes a mandatory analysis of the content of the project for compliance with Russian legislation, metrological rules and norms, terminological standards, as well as GOST R 1.5-91 "GSS. General requirements for the construction, presentation, design and content of standards." The standard is adopted by consensus, after which the date of its entry into force is set. The term of validity of the standard, as a rule, is not determined.
There are standards in the following categories: interstate standard (GOST), state standard of the Russian Federation (GOST R), industry standards (OST), enterprise standards (STP), standards of scientific and technical, engineering societies and other public associations (STO).
Interstate standard (GOST)- a regional standard adopted by the states that have joined the Agreement on the implementation of a coordinated policy in the field of standardization, metrology and certification, applied by them directly. The objects of GOST standardization are products, works and services of intersectoral significance, in particular: products of mass use, including food, objects of scientific, technical and socio-economic targeted programs, constituting elements of large scientific and economic complexes (transport, communications, environmental protection, and others), general requirements, rules and regulations.
State standard of the Russian Federation (GOST R)- a national standard approved by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Gosstandart of Russia).
Industry Standards (OST)- a standard approved by the state body for managing the industry (ministry or department) in relation to products, works and services of industry significance in the event that there is no GOST R for the standardization object.
Enterprise Standard (STP)- a standard approved by the head of an enterprise (association of enterprises) by order or personal signature on the first page of the standard. The enterprise standard is developed for: tools and technological equipment used in the enterprise; component parts of products that have a turnover within the enterprise; processes of organization and management of production ( job descriptions, rules for settlement with suppliers, labor incentive system, etc.).
Standards of societies and public associations (STO) are developed and applied by scientific, technical, engineering and other public associations and are aimed at the rapid dissemination and use of the results of various research and development in practical work. The standards have the status of voluntary application.
7.3 Types of standards
Depending on the purpose and content, the standards are divided into the following types: fundamental standards, standards for products and services, standards for control methods (tests, measurements, analysis), standards for processes.
Fundamental standard- a national standard that has a wide scope or contains general provisions certain area. The fundamental standards are divided into organizational and methodological standards, general technical standards.
Organizational and methodological standards establish general organizational and technical provisions for conducting work in a certain area: goals and objectives, classification structures of standardization objects, rules for the development and implementation of regulatory and technical documents.
General technical standards establish: terms and definitions that are repeatedly used in science, technology, construction, culture and other fields, conventions(numerical codes, letter designations of physical quantities, designations of dimensions of physical quantities), dimensions of physical quantities, requirements for the construction and presentation of documents, requirements and norms necessary for technical support production processes.
Product Standard- establishes requirements for product quality. The following types of standards are developed for products: standard general specifications, specification standard. In the first case, the standard contains general requirements for a group of homogeneous products, in the second - for a specific product or service.
Standard for test methods- a standard that establishes methods for monitoring one specific indicator characterizing any group of products or methods for comprehensive testing of a certain group of products.
Process standard- a regulatory document that establishes the procedure and rules for performing an independent technological operation or a set of technological operations, that is, in general, the process of processing raw materials or manufacturing (producing) products.
The standard indicates the methods, techniques and modes of performing some kind of work, the necessary technological equipment and auxiliary materials. When performing the operation, measures for safety and environmental protection must be provided.
TEST QUESTIONS:
1. Basic methods of standardization.
2. Types of standards.
LECTURE #8
REGULATORY DOCUMENTS USED
IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY
Regulatory documents are the main sources of technological information, they contain information about:
Full range of products;
quality indicators;
Technologies for the manufacture of individual groups and names of products, their output and requirements for equipping the technological process with the necessary instrumentation;
Methodology for monitoring quality indicators and other information.
In order to freely navigate the fund of available documents and quickly find the necessary information, you need to know:
List of current standards of various categories and types;
The structure of each document;
Application area.
GOST type technical terms (general specifications) contains the following sections:
Range;
Technical requirements (general technical requirements);
Acceptance rules and test methods;
Packing, marking, transportation and storage.
Chapter "Range" includes a list of product names of product classification groups covered by the standard.
Chapter "Technical requirements" the main one in the composition of GOST. It contains, in fact, quality requirements and consists of several subsections:
Characteristics (indicators) of products;
Requirements for raw materials, materials, purchased products;
Recipe.
Quality indicators are divided into: organoleptic, physical, physico-chemical, biochemical, microbiological. Depending on the type of product, the list of normalized characteristics may be complete or limited to a separate group of indicators.
In the subsection characteristic (properties), as a rule, only those indicators are given that are mandatory and are subject to verification and certification.
The subsection describing the requirements for raw materials contains:
A complete list of the main raw materials and auxiliary materials used, indicating the designations normative documents for which input control of these types of raw materials is carried out (GOST, OST and others);
Permissible options for replacing one raw material with another.
If the product is produced by mixing several types of raw materials, the "technical requirements" section is supplemented with a recipe.
In chapter "Acceptance rules, test methods" the procedure for sampling for testing is indicated, which regulates the following issues:
Definition of a homogeneous batch of products;
Sample volume of products to be controlled (as a percentage of the volume of a homogeneous batch);
Sample sampling rules;
Frequency of control;
The procedure for registration of control results (documentation, stamping, etc.);
List of references to regulatory documents containing methods for determining quality indicators listed in the technical requirements.
In chapter "Packaging, marking, transportation and storage" indicates:
List of defects in the presence of which the product is not allowed to be sold;
Packing method taking into account the requirements of technical aesthetics;
The number of products in one packaging unit (tare) and the number of products in a unit of consumer packaging (briquette, bottle, etc.);
List of documents included in the container.
The marking subsection defines:
place of marking (label, labels on products or on containers);
marking method (etching, printing, lithography);
For food products the period of implementation must be indicated, and for perishable, in addition, the conditions and modes of storage. In some cases, information about the chemical composition, calorie content, biological value (the amount of vitamins, the presence of cholesterol, the content of phospholipids, and so on) is applied to the label.
The Transportation and Storage subsection provides information on securing and sheltering cargo in various vehicles; transportation conditions (speed, range, climatic conditions); precautions for loading and unloading, storage modes that ensure the guaranteed preservation of quality.
Industry standard (OST) is a combined document consisting of two parts:
I part- requirements for product quality;
II part- technological instructions for the manufacture of products.
The first part of the standard in terms of the structure and content of the sections is fully consistent with the GOST of the technical specifications type.
The second part "Technological instruction for manufacturing (processing)" includes the following sections:
Range;
Characteristics of raw materials and materials;
Product formulation and output;
Technological process of manufacturing (processing);
Production control (card of metrological support of the technological process);
Packing, marking, transportation and storage;
Consumption rates of raw materials per unit of output.
Sections "Assortment, characteristics of raw materials and matter, formulation and packaging" provides information similar to that contained in the sections of the same name of the first part, that is, partial duplication of information.
In chapter "Technological process" the sequence of processing of raw materials until the receipt of finished products is indicated. For each stage (operation) of the technological process, the following are indicated:
Technological parameters(temperature, duration, method and sequence of laying raw materials, speed of rotation of the working bodies of machines, etc.);
Scroll technological equipment, inventory, tools for performing the operation;
Description of methods of work for manual operations.
In chapter "Production Control" indicates:
Points of the technological process at which it is necessary to measure parameters or carry out accounting operations;
Name of the required measuring instruments, their brands, measurement accuracy.
Specifications(THAT)- a document that establishes the quality requirements for a specific name of a product (service) or a group of homogeneous products.
The quality requirements established in the TS must not be lower than the requirements of the current standards for homogeneous products and must not contradict the requirements of the standards and TS for raw materials, semi-finished products and components. For example, GOST has been developed for cottage cheese, which establishes requirements for physicochemical and organoleptic indicators. Specifications for any new name of cottage cheese must contain indicators whose values are not lower than those given in GOST.
The main purpose of developing a standard of the TU category is to update and expand the range of manufactured products through products of new intensive technologies, using non-traditional raw materials, with improved consumer properties, etc. The term for the development, approval and approval of technical specifications is much shorter than the standards of other categories, which contributed to the rapid introduction of certain scientific and practical developments into production and, consequently, the expansion of the range.
The structure and content of the TS sections are similar to the industry standard.
GOST type analysis methods- a standard containing a description
methodology for determining any quality indicator, and consisting of the following sections:
Sampling and preparation of samples;
Equipment, reagents, materials;
Methodology for determining the indicator;
Processing of results.
Technological instruction (TI)- a standard that establishes the procedure and rules for the processing of raw materials or the manufacture of products. The structure and content of the TI sections are identical to the second part of the OST, that is, the part relating to the manufacture of products.
There are several features by which technological instructions can be classified:
By coverage of the technological process;
By validity period;
By versatility.
According to the coverage of the technological process, instructions are divided into: basic and additional . Main- instructions which, alone or in conjunction with the documents referred to in them, fully and unambiguously define technological process manufacture of products or processing of raw materials. Additional- instructions that complement and develop the content of the main one. Additional instructions are not required.
According to the validity period, instructions can be permanent and temporary. Permanent establish the technology of serial production mastered by the enterprises. Temporary establish rules for conducting experimental and temporary technological processes, as well as technological processes for a limited number of products. A temporary workflow can be used in a plant for a limited period of time due to lack of equipment or due to an accident, before being replaced by a more modern one.
According to the universality of application, technological instructions are divided into: standard and single. Typical have the same content and sequence of operations for a group of products or types of products. Single- instructions for the manufacturing process of a product of one name.
Operating instruction- a document that is developed by the engineering and technical service of the enterprise for workers and is designed to ensure the correct execution of an operation or a set of operations. It contains a detailed description of the operation of operations indicating the methods of operation, technological modes, the equipment used, the order of starting and stopping, the order of observation with the indications of control devices, if necessary, the order of laying raw materials and semi-finished products is indicated.
Instructions for the control of technological processes- a document containing a description of the metrological and organoleptic methods and means of monitoring the progress of technological processes, equipment operation modes, the amount of raw materials, materials of semi-finished products and finished products, indicating the places, norms and rules of control. It can be in the form of a separate document (a standard of an enterprise or an industry document) or be included in the technological instruction as maps of the metrological support of the production process.
Technical Documents- approved in in due course text or graphic documents that, individually or in combination with others, determine the technological process of manufacturing products.
For example, a separate document that fully defines
technological process are technical specifications (TU). The documents that characterize the process in conjunction with others include recipes, orders, instructions, and guidance documents.
Recipe- a document containing a standardized layout of all types of raw materials and semi-finished products for the production of an established unit of finished products. Recipes may contain information about product yield and loss rates. Recipes can be included in the TI, TS or issued as an independent document or a collection of documents.
Orders, directives, guidelines install:
Output standards for raw materials and finished products;
The magnitude of losses during various types of technological processing of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products (cleaning, refrigeration storage, and so on);
Activities for rational use raw materials and fuel and energy resources.
The presence of these regulatory documents is mandatory for the enterprise. According to the state of the fund of regulatory documents, they judge:
Compliance with standards during state supervision by state inspectors;
Opportunities for certification of production in the certification of products or quality systems.
TEST QUESTIONS:
1. List the main types of regulatory documents used in the food industry.
2. What sections does the GOST type technical specifications consist of?
3. What is the main purpose of developing a standard for the TU category?
4. List the signs by which TIs are divided.
5. What regulatory document is called a recipe?
LECTURE #9
CODING AND DEVELOPMENT PROCEDURE
STANDARDS IN RUSSIA
9.1 Coding and searching for normative documents
In accordance with the All-Russian Classifier of Standards (OKS of the ESKK system), state and industry standards are divided into sections, classes and groups.
Chapter combines standards related to a specific area, such as mining and minerals, etc. Each section is indicated by a letter of the Russian alphabet from A to Z. For example: D - " Vehicles and packaging”, N - “Food and flavoring products”.
Within the section, standards are subdivided into 10 classes . Class 0 contains standards for general provisions (terms, definitions, and so on), classes from 1st to 9th - different kinds products in this area.
Each class is subdivided for 10 groups from 0 to 9.
Group 0 contains standards for general application;
Groups from 1 to 8 - standards for certain groups of goods of this class;
Group 9 - test methods for products of this class, packaging, labeling.
Consider the structure of standards coding using food standards as an example. They are grouped in section H "Food and Flavoring Products". Section H includes 10 classes, namely:
0 - general rules and norms for the food industry;
1 - meat and dairy products;
2 - fish and fish products;
3 - flour and cereal products and bakery products;
4 - sugar, confectionery and starch products;
5 - fruit and vegetable products;
6 - oil and fat products;
7 - wines and drinks;
8 - tobacco products;
9 - flavoring, preserving and gluing substances.
The list of groups of goods included in class I (meat and dairy products) is as follows:
H 11 - meat, meat products and culinary products;
H 12 - animal fats and offal;
H 13 - canned meat, meat and vegetable and concentrates;
H 14 - intestinal products;
H 15 - endocrine-enzyme raw materials;
H 16 - poultry meat, eggs and products of their processing;
H 17 - milk and dairy products;
H 18 - other food and technical products meat and dairy industry.
In general, the structure of the code:
| ﺍ ﺍ__ group (milk and dairy products);
| |___ class (meat and dairy products);
|_____ section (food and flavor products).
Work on the systematic centralization of information about the state of the standards fund began in 1940, when the annual index "State Standards" and the monthly information index of state standards (IUS) were founded. These editions allow you to search for the required standards. In the index of State standards, all standards are arranged in sections, classes and groups in accordance with the classifier.
The procedure for developing standards in Russia
State standards are not subject to copyright. They are developed collaboratively. The developers of GOST R are technical committees for standardization under the State Standard of Russia, assigned to standardization objects. They include on a voluntary basis:
Authorized representatives of all enterprises and organizations interested in the development of standards (developers, manufacturers and consumers of products);
Leading scientists and specialists specializing in certain types of products or technologies;
Representatives of public organizations.
The main stages of GOST R development are as follows:
I stage– organization of standard development;
II stage– development of a draft standard (1 edition);
III stage- development of a draft standard (final version);
IV stage- adoption, approval, state registration of the standard.
I stage: Definition of specific performers ( working group), the timing of the work and the publication of information about the start of work on the standard, in order to have feedback with project clients.
II stage: The working group develops 2 documents: a draft standard and an explanatory note to the standard. The explanatory note contains the following information: compliance of the draft standard with international and regional standards; information about the patent purity of the object of standardization (lack of a similar standard); sources of information taken into account in the development of the draft standard; information about the recipients of the distribution of the draft standard.
The draft standard and the explanatory note are submitted to the technical committee for verification of compliance with current legislation. After that, the technical committee submits the draft standard for feedback to interested enterprises and specialists.
III stage: At this stage, the technical committee, taking into account the comments and suggestions received, prepares 2 documents: the final version of the draft standard and an explanatory note, which is supplemented by a description of the fundamental comments on the draft standard.
final edition with explanatory note submitted for consideration:
Members of the technical committee;
Organizations of state supervision of standards;
Research Organization for Standardization for Publishing Editing.
IV stage: At this stage, the issue of adoption of the draft standard is decided by voting of the members of the technical committee and registration of the voting results in the minutes.
Information on the adoption of the standard is published in the monthly information index "State Standards of the Russian Federation".
TEST QUESTIONS:
1. The procedure for coding normative documentation.
2. The main stages in the development of regulatory documentation in the Russian Federation.
LECTURE #10
BASES OF CERTIFICATION.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF CERTIFICATION
Product certification- activities to confirm the conformity of products to established requirements.
Certification is carried out in order to:
creation of conditions for the activities of enterprises, institutions, organizations and entrepreneurs in the single commodity market of Russia, as well as for participation in international economic, scientific and technical cooperation and international trade;
Assistance to consumers in the competent choice of products;
protection of the consumer from the dishonesty of the manufacturer (seller, performer);
control of product safety for the environment, life, health and property;
Confirmation of product quality indicators declared by the manufacturer.
10.1 Basic concepts used in certification
Certification- a system of measures that certifies by means of a certificate (certificate of conformity or mark of conformity) that a product or service meets certain standards. Certification is designed to guarantee the consumer that the product has certain, pre-announced properties and qualities. The list of products subject to certification is established by each country on the basis of national laws on the safety of product operation and environmental protection.
Compliance mark- a duly registered mark, which, according to the rules established in this certification system, confirms the compliance of the products marked with it with the established requirements.
Certification system- a set of certification participants performing certification according to the rules established in this system. certification systems, depending on the status, can be voluntary and obligatory.
Mandatory certification– when standards in legislative order become mandatory. The scope of mandatory standards in most countries is limited to the requirements of environmental protection, safety of people and property, health care, etc. In Russia, certification is mandatory for all food products.
Voluntary certification- carried out on the initiative legal entities and citizens on the terms of an agreement between the applicant and the certification body. Voluntary certification systems have a number of advantages:
· confidence in the quality of products exported to other countries;
Prevention of import into the country of products that do not meet the required level of product quality;
· Certification of domestic products reduces the import of similar products;
Certification simplifies the choice of products by the consumer;
· certification protects the manufacturer from competition with the supplier of non-certified products and provides advertising and sales market;
· Certification improves the quality of standards by identifying obsolete provisions in them and encourages the revision of these standards.
Testing laboratory (testing center)– a laboratory (center) that conducts general or individual tests in a specific area of accreditation.
Test laboratory accreditation- the procedure by which authorized body, officially recognizes the ability of the testing laboratory to perform specific work in the declared area. During accreditation, testing laboratories are checked for compliance with their technical support, staff qualifications and regulatory support.
Certification body- a body that certifies certain products according to the scope of accreditation and, as a result of the work done, it issues a certificate of conformity, and then exercises inspection control over certified products.
Inspection control over certified products- verification carried out to establish that the product continues to meet the specified requirements, confirmed by certification.
Certification expert, attestation– a person certified for the right to carry out one or more types of work in the field of certification.
TEST QUESTIONS:
1. Main goals of certification.
2. List the basic concepts used in certification.
LECTURE #11
TYPES OF CERTIFICATES.
CURRENT CERTIFICATION SCHEMES
11.1 Types of certificates
The practice of production and commercial activities and the provision of services distinguishes the following types of certificates: certificate of conformity, hygienic certificate, quality certificate, safety certificate, certificate (certificate) of origin of goods, guarantee (veterinary) certificate, phyto-certificate.
Certificate of conformity- a document issued in accordance with the rules of the certification system, confirming the compliance of products, works, services with the established requirements of regulatory documents.
hygiene certificate- a document confirming that the products produced and offered for sale are not potentially dangerous for the consumer, do not adversely affect human health when using them.
Quality certificate- a shipping document certifying the quality of the actually delivered goods.
Certificate of safety- a document certifying the absence of an unacceptable risk associated with the possible infliction of personal damage to the user, i.e. confirms consumer property products, which characterizes the degree of protection of a person from the effects of dangerous and harmful factors arising from the consumption of goods.
Veterinary certificate- a sanitary document certifying the non-infection of imported (exported) livestock, poultry, products of their processing and confirming that they come from areas safe in relation to acutely contagious diseases.
Certificate of origin- a document issued competent authority in the country of the exporter, who responsibly certifies the country of origin of the goods.
Phyto-certificate- a sanitary document certifying that the imported (exported) plants, fruits and vegetables are not infected with pests and diseases specified in the contract and come from quarantine-free areas.
11.2 Current certification schemes for goods and services
Table 1
| scheme number | Tests in accredited testing laboratories and other ways to prove compliance | Production verification (quality systems) | Inspection control of certified products (production quality systems) |
| Type tests | - | - | |
| 1a | Type tests | - | |
| Type tests | - | Testing samples taken from the seller | |
| 2a | Type tests | Analysis of the state of production | Testing samples taken from the seller. Analysis of the state of production |
| Type tests | - | Testing samples taken from the manufacturer | |
| 3a | Type tests | Analysis of the state of production | Testing samples taken from the manufacturer. Analysis of the state of production |
| Type tests | - | Testing samples taken from the seller. Testing samples taken from the manufacturer | |
| 4a | Type tests | Analysis of the state of production | Testing samples taken from the seller. Testing samples taken from the manufacturer. Analysis of the state of production |
| Type tests | Production Certification or Quality System Certification | Control of the certified quality system (production). Testing samples taken from the seller and (or) from the manufacturer | |
| Quality System Certification | Control of the certified quality system | ||
| Party test | - | - | |
| Testing each sample | - | - | |
| Consideration of the declaration of conformity with the attached documents | - | - |
The end of the table. one
TEST QUESTIONS:
1. List the main types of certificates.
2. Operating schemes for certification of goods and services.
LECTURE #12
CERTIFICATION PROCEDURE
FOOD PRODUCTS ACCORDING TO THE DOCUMENTS OF THE CERTIFICATION SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Certification is carried out by the manufacturer through central authorities, certification bodies and testing laboratories that have received the right to carry out certification work.
During certification, product indicators are checked that allow:
Carry out identification of products, including checking belonging to a classification group, compliance with technical documentation (in terms of purpose and others), origin, belonging to a given batch, etc.;
Completely and reliably confirm the compliance of products with the safety requirements for life, health, the environment established in the regulatory documents for these products, as well as other requirements that, on the basis of legislative acts, must be checked during mandatory certification, under normal conditions of use and transportation of these products;
Get information about the organoleptic properties of products, their chemical composition, etc.
The certification procedure consists of the following stages:
First stage- submission and consideration of an application for certification.
For certification of products, the applicant sends an application to an accredited certification body, if there are several, the applicant has the right to send an application to any of them. In the absence of a certification body, the application is sent to the State Standard of Russia.
Second phase- making a decision on the application.
The certification body considers the application within a period of not more than 3 days and makes a decision on it for long-term storage products. The application for certification of perishable products is considered immediately and the decision on it is communicated to the applicant on the day of the application. The decision contains all the basic conditions for certification, including: a certification scheme, a list of necessary technical documents, a list of accredited testing laboratories, a list of bodies that can certify a production or quality system.
Food products can be certified under one of the existing schemes, except scheme 1, 6, 8 , namely:
scheme 2: a product certificate can be issued on the basis of
positive test results of product samples in accredited testing laboratories during the subsequent inspection
control of certified products based on sample testing
taken from the sphere of trade;
scheme 2a: a certificate for products can be issued if, in addition to scheme 2 (before issuing a certificate), an analysis of the state of production of certified products is carried out;
scheme 3: a product certificate can be issued on the basis of positive test results of product samples in accredited testing laboratories during the subsequent inspection control of certified products, based on tests of samples taken from the manufacturer's finished product warehouse;
scheme 3a: a certificate for products can be issued if, in addition to scheme 3 (before issuing a certificate), an analysis of the state of production of certified products is carried out;
Types of standards.
There are the following types of standards:
Fundamental standards;
Product standards;
Work and process standards;
Standards for test methods, control, analysis;
Specifications.
The fundamental standards, in turn, are divided into:
General technical standards;
Organizational and methodological standards.
General technical standards that regulate the terms of definition, designation, nomenclature of quality indicators perform the function of ensuring information compatibility of unambiguous understanding of the object of standardization. General technical standards that regulate general requirements and (or) norms perform the function of ensuring the technical unity and interconnection of standardization objects. Standards governing methods establish common methods for designing, preparing for production, testing, storing, transporting, operating and repairing products.
Organizational and methodological standards that regulate the main (general) provisions establish general requirements that ensure the organizational and technical unity of standardization objects. The standards governing the procedure (rules) ensure the unity and interconnection of management processes in various areas of activity. The standards governing the construction (presentation, design, content) ensure the information compatibility of the documentation. Product standards regulate the requirements for products and are divided
Common standards technical requirements;
General Specification Standards;
Specification standards.
The standards of general technical requirements and general technical conditions establish comprehensive requirements for a group of homogeneous products for its development, production, circulation and consumption (operation). Standards regulating the parameters and (or) dimensions, types, brands, assortment, design establish requirements for standard and parametric series that ensure the unification and interchangeability of products. The standards governing the rules of acceptance, control methods, labeling, packaging, transportation, storage, operation and repair of these products perform the function of ensuring the specified quality of the product during its production, maintaining quality during its transportation and storage, full use of the product when consumed, product restoration. Specification standards regulate the requirements not for a group of homogeneous products, but for specific manufactured products. Standards for work and processes establish the rules for carrying out various types of work, processes. Their main requirement is to ensure the safety of life, health and property during these works (processes). Standards for test methods, control, analysis regulate the requirements for test methods, research work, tests for product certification. Specifications - this is a regulatory document that has industry subordination, has a temporary value until the introduction of GOST for these products.
4. Bodies and services for standardization. State Committee for Standardization. According to ISO/IEC Guide 2, standardization activities are carried out by the relevant bodies and organizations. The body is considered as a legal or administrative unit with specific tasks and structure. The main function of such a body is the development and approval of norms of documents available to a wide range of consumers. The national standardization body in Russia is the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization and Metrology (Gosstandart of Russia). The Gosstandart of Russia performs the following functions: coordinates the activities of government authorities related to issues of standardization, certification, metrology; interacts with the authorities of the republics of the Russian Federation and other constituent entities of the Federation in the field of standardization, certification, metrology; directs the activities of technical committees and business entities to develop , the application of standards, and other issues in accordance with its competence; prepares draft laws and other legal acts within its competence; establishes the procedure and rules for carrying out work on standardization, metrology, certification; adopts most of the state standards, all-Russian classifiers technical and economic information.;carries out state registration norms, documents, as well as standard samples of substances and materials; manages the accreditation of testing laboratories and certification bodies; exercises state supervision over compliance with the mandatory requirements of standards, metrology rules and mandatory certification; represents Russia in international organizations dealing with issues of standardization, certification, metrology and in the interstate council of the CIS; cooperates with the relevant national authorities of foreign countries; manages the work of research institutes and territorial bodies that perform the functions of the State Standard in the regions; exercises control and supervision over compliance with the mandatory requirements of GOSTs, rules of mandatory certification; participates in work on international, regional and interstate (within the CIS) standardization; establishes rules for the application in Russia of international, regional and interstate standards, norms and recommendations; when developing GOSTs, determines the organizational and technical rules, forms and methods of interaction between business entities , both among themselves and with government authorities, which will be included in the regulatory documents; organizes training and advanced training of specialists in the field of standardization.
Gosstandart determines strategic directions for standardization, analyzes all orders, work plans of technical committees, proposals from business entities, and develops annual plans for standards. Technical committees for standardization. Permanent working bodies for standardization are technical committees (TC). They specialize depending on the object of standardization. The scientific and technical basis for the creation of TCs are enterprises or organizations whose profile of activity corresponds to the specialization of TCs. Other standardization services. Other business entities that develop ND (standards of industries and enterprises) create in their own organizational structure special services that coordinate the work on the creation of standards.
The procedure for developing standards.
The work of the technical committee for standardization begins with the collection of applications for the development of a standard. Applicants may be state bodies and organizations, public associations, scientific and technical societies, enterprises, firms, entrepreneurs who send applications to the technical committee. On the basis of applications, Gosstandart of the Russian Federation forms an annual plan for the state standardization of Russia. The development of a draft standard is preceded by the organizational work of the technical committee for standardization. At this stage, the technical committee seeks to more specifically designate the organizations from which it is advisable to obtain feedback on the draft standard. The development of the project goes through two stages. The first edition is created first. The main requirements for the first edition relate to the compliance of the project with Russian legislation, international rules and regulations, national standards of foreign countries, provided that these documents are progressive and have a higher scientific and technical level. The adoption of the standard is carried out by the State Standard of the Russian Federation. The adoption procedure includes a mandatory analysis of the content of the project for compliance with Russian legislation, metrological rules and norms, terminological standards, as well as GOST R 1.5-2001 “GSS. General requirements for the construction, presentation, design and content of standards. The standard is adopted by consensus, after which the date of its entry into force is set. The term of validity of the standard, as a rule, is not determined. Further, the standard is subject to registration, information about it is published in the annual Information Index. The revision of the state standard is essentially the development of a new one to replace the current one. The need for revision arises if the changes being made are associated with a significant adjustment of the main indicators of product quality and affect its compatibility and interchangeability. Cancellation of the standard can be carried out both with its replacement with a new one, and without replacement. Making decisions on amendments, revision, cancellation of the standard, as well as the corresponding publication in the Information Index of those under the jurisdiction of the State Standard of the Russian Federation. Updating or canceling the enterprise standard is carried out by decision of the management of the business entity that adopted the standard.
goals The purpose of standardization is to identify the most correct and economical option. The objectives of standardization can be divided into general and narrower ones related to ensuring conformity. Common goals stem primarily from the content of the concept. The concretization of the general goals for Russian standardization is associated with the fulfillment of those requirements of the standards that are mandatory. These include the development of norms, requirements, rules that ensure: the safety of products, works, services for the life and health of people, the environment and property; compatibility and interchangeability of products; quality of products, works and services in accordance with the level of development of scientific and technological progress; unity of measurements; saving all kinds of resources; safety of economic facilities associated with the possibility of various disasters and emergencies; defense capability and mobilization readiness of the country.
Tasks
The main objectives of standardization are: establishing requirements for the technical level and quality of products, as well as norms, requirements and methods in the field of design and production of products, allowing to accelerate the introduction of progressive production methods High Quality and eliminate the irrational variety of species, brands and sizes; the development of industrial output as the most important condition for the specialization of production; ensuring the unity and reliability of measurements in the country, the creation and improvement of state standards of units of physical quantities, as well as methods and measuring instruments of the highest accuracy; formation of a system of labor safety standards and improvement of the use of natural resources;
Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation
Department of Science and Technology Policy and Education
Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
"Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University"
Institute of Land Management, Cadastre and Environmental Management
Department of environmental management
abstract
on metrology, standardization and certification
The procedure for developing state standards
Completed by: student of group 54-C Kolmakova O.G.
Accepted: Ph.D. Associate Professor Vinogradova L.I.
Krasnoyarsk 2011
INTRODUCTION 3
1. ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT OF STATE STANDARDS 5
CONCLUSION 11
REFERENCES 13
INTRODUCTION
The legal basis for standardization in the Russian Federation is established by the law "On Standardization". The provisions of the law are obligatory for implementation by all state management bodies of business entities, regardless of the form of ownership of public associations. The law defines measures of state protection of the interests of the consumer and the state through the requirements, rules and norms introduced into state standards during their development and state control over the observance of the mandatory requirements of standards when they are applied. The law interprets the essence of standardization in the Russian Federation as an activity aimed at determining the norms, rules, requirements, characteristics that should ensure the safety of products, works and services, their technical and information compatibility, interchangeability, quality of products (services) in accordance with scientific and technical achievements .
The norms and requirements of standards may also apply to household safety. subjects in emergency situations, to the defense and mobilization capabilities of the country.
Based on the legal norms of the law, the principles and tasks of standardization in the Russian Federation are defined:
1. The feasibility of developing a standard is determined by analyzing its need in social, economic and technical aspects.
2. The priority direction of standardization is the safety of the object of standardization for humans and the environment, as well as ensuring the compatibility and interchangeability of products.
Work on standardization in the Russian Federation is organized and carried out by a system of bodies and services for standardization, which consists of:
Gosstandart of Russia - the national standardization body of the Russian Federation;
Department of Technical Regulation, Standardization and Certification of the Gosstroy of Russia;
divisions of standardization, certification, metrology of federal ministries and departments of the Russian Federation;
technical committees (TC) for standardization, created on a voluntary basis by interested parties (enterprises and organizations);
standardization units (departments, bureaus, groups) created by business entities (enterprises and organizations).
The procedure for the development, adoption, accounting registration of national standards is established by the standards of the State Standardization System (SSS).
State standards are not subject to copyright. They are developed collectively in accordance with GOST R 1.2-92. The developers of GOST R are technical committees for standardization under the State Standard of Russia, assigned to standardization objects. They include on a voluntary basis: authorized representatives of all enterprises and organizations interested in the development of standards (developers, manufacturers, consumers of products); leading scientists and specialists specializing in certain types of products or technologies; representatives of public organizations.
1. ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT OF STATE STANDARDS
The technical committees under the Gosstandart of Russia work in accordance with the annual standardization plan. The plan is drawn up on the basis of applications that can be submitted to the Labor Code by enterprises, citizens engaged in self-employment, and government bodies. Applications must justify the need to work with the standard. As a result, a full order of work for a year is formed from the proposals received.
The creation of a standard from planning its development to publication is carried out in a certain sequence, which, as a rule, provides for the following stages (GOST R 1.2-92):
1st stage - organization of the development of the standard and preparation of technical specifications for development;
2nd stage - development of a draft standard (the first, if necessary, subsequent editions);
3rd stage - development of the final version of the draft standard and its submission to the State Standard of Russia for adoption of the standard;
4th stage - adoption and state registration (assignment of a number) of the standard;
5th stage - publication of the standard.
The state standard, in the process of its application, may be subject to verification, if necessary, changes are made to it, the standard may be revised or canceled, completely canceled.
Interested enterprises and organizations receive information about current standards, about the introduction of new state standards, changes to them through the annual and monthly information indexes "State Standards of the Russian Federation", which they receive by subscription.
The work of the technical committee begins with the collection of applications for the development of a standard. Applicants can be state bodies and organizations, public associations, scientific and technical societies, enterprises, firms, entrepreneurs who send applications to the TC in accordance with the objects of standardization assigned to them.
The application must necessarily justify the need to develop a regulatory document, it is also possible to add to it a draft standard already developed by the applicant.
On the basis of applications, the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation) forms an annual plan for the state standardization of Russia.
Further work is carried out on the basis of agreements for the development of a standard between the applicant and the relevant TC and includes the following steps: preparation of terms of reference (by the development organization or TC), development of a draft standard, submission of the final version of the project to the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation) for adoption, updating the standard , revision and cancellation of the standard.
Consider the content of the stages of development of the state standard.
The terms of reference determine: the timing of the implementation of each stage included in the content of the work as a whole; the content and structure of the future standard and the list of requirements for the object of standardization; a list of interested potential consumers of this standard (government bodies, enterprises, firms, etc.). In the future, the draft standard will be sent to the organizations selected for the list for review or, if necessary, for approval; special or additional proposals of the customer of the normative document and other information related to the development procedure, the content of the standard, etc. can be highlighted.
The development of a draft standard is preceded by organizational work that the TC must do. This is due to the clear placement of tasks in subcommittees and working groups in accordance with the objects of standardization. In addition, at this stage, the TC seeks to more specifically identify the organizations from which it is advisable to receive feedback on the draft standard. To do this, brief information about the normative documents being developed is published in a specialized publication of the State Standard of the Russian Federation (or Gosstroy of the Russian Federation) so that interested parties can declare their intentions.
The development of the project goes through two stages. The first edition is created first. The main requirements for the first edition relate to the compliance of the project with Russian legislation, international rules and regulations, as well as national standards of foreign countries, provided that these documents are progressive and have a higher scientific and technical level. An important point at this stage is the determination of the patent purity of the object of standardization, which requires appropriate research and proper information support.
The draft in the first edition, drawn up by the subcommittee and the working group, must be considered by the members of the TC either at a special meeting or by correspondence in order to make sure that it complies with the terms of the agreement for the development of the standard, the requirements of Russian legislation and the provisions of the State Standardization System. After that, the project is sent for review to the customers of the standard and previously identified interested organizations.
The second stage of development consists in analyzing the received feedback, compiling the final version of the draft normative document and preparing it for adoption. The final version should be considered by members of the TC, state control and supervision bodies for compliance with the mandatory requirements of the standard, research institutes of the State Standard (Gosstroy). If at least two thirds of the TC members agree with the final version of the draft, then the document is considered approved and is recommended for adoption. The draft standard must be sent to the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation), as well as to the customer of the regulatory document.
The adoption of the standard is carried out by the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation). The adoption procedure includes a mandatory analysis of the content of the project for compliance with Russian legislation, metrological rules and norms, terminological standards, as well as GOST R 1.5-91 "GSS. General requirements for the construction, presentation, design and content of standards." The standard is adopted by consensus, after which the date of its entry into force is set. The term of validity of the standard, as a rule, is not determined.
All of the above functions are performed by the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation) in the manner prescribed by it.
The standard should not be a brake on the development of the economy in accordance with the achievements of scientific and technological progress. But since its validity period is not set, constant work of all members of the TC and interested parties is necessary, aimed at timely updating the regulatory document. According to the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation, the standard is updated in order to maintain its compliance with the needs of the population, the economy and the country's defense capability. The result of the analysis of the current standard may be to amend its content, or to revise or cancel the normative document.
In order to obtain information for updating standards, technical committees are constantly working to maintain feedback from enterprises and organizations that adopt standards, and also analyze proposals received from TC members to amend the current regulatory documents. If it is necessary to update the standard, the TC develops a draft change, a draft revised standard or proposals for the abolition of the current regulatory document and submits a proposal to the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation). A change to a product standard usually involves more progressive product requirements. But they should not violate the interchangeability and compatibility of products manufactured according to the updated standard with those manufactured according to the current one.
The revision of the state standard is essentially the development of a new one to replace the current one. The need for revision arises if the changes introduced are associated with a significant adjustment of the main indicators of product quality and affect its compatibility and interchangeability.
Cancellation of the standard can be carried out both with its replacement with a new one, and without replacement. The reason, as a rule, is the termination of production (provision of services), which was produced according to this regulatory document, or the adoption of a new standard.
The adoption of final decisions on the introduction of changes, revision and cancellation of state standards, as well as the corresponding publication in the Information Index of Standards, are the responsibility of the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation).
The decision to amend, revise or cancel the industry standard is made by the government body that approved this regulatory document. The cancellation of an industry standard is usually associated either with the removal of products from production, or with the introduction of a state standard for the same standardization object with the same or higher requirements and norms.
Updating or canceling the standard of the enterprise is carried out by decision of the management of the business entity itself, which has adopted this standard.
The standards of scientific and technical societies, public associations are being revised in order to introduce new results into them scientific research or production achievements associated with the introduction of inventions and scientific discoveries. Cancellation of this category of normative documents is connected with obsolescence of the object of standardization.
All business entities that have been granted the right to develop, update and cancel standards are required to inform the State Standard of the Russian Federation about the work done and its results.
CONCLUSION
So, summing up the above, it can be noted briefly that the work on the development of state standards has the following content:
The organization of the development of standards involves the definition of specific executors (working group), the timing of the work and the publication of information about the start of work on the standard in order to have feedback from the customers of the project.
The working group develops two documents: a draft standard and an explanatory note to the standard. The construction, presentation, design and content of the GOST R project is carried out in accordance with GOST R 1.5-92. The explanatory note contains the following information: compliance of the draft standard with international and regional standards; information about the patent purity of the object of standardization (lack of a similar standard); sources of information taken into account in the development of the draft standard; information about the recipients of the distribution of the draft standard.
The draft standard and the explanatory note are submitted to the TC for verification of compliance with the current legislation. After that, the TCs submit the draft standard for review to interested enterprises and specialists.
The TC, taking into account the comments and suggestions received, prepares two documents: the final version of the draft standard and an explanatory note, which is supplemented by a description of the fundamental comments on the draft standard. The final version, together with the explanatory note, is submitted for consideration: to the members of the TC; organizations of state supervision of standards; research standardization organization for publishing editing.
– the issue of adoption of the draft standard is decided by voting of the members of the TC and registration of the voting results in the minutes.
The adopted projects of GOST R are submitted for approval to the State Standard of Russia. When a standard is approved, the date of its entry into force is set.
State registration approved standards carried out in the Federal Standards Fund with the assignment registration number according to established order. The use of GOST R that has not passed state registration is prohibited.
Information on the adoption of the standard is published in the monthly information index "State Standards of the Russian Federation".
LIST OF USED LITERATURE
State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements (1)
Test work >>... state needs; order carrying out an examination of projects of national standards; order publication of notices of developing national standard... testing of medical equipment; development state standards, methods and normative ...
Standard CJSC Kurilsky Rybak
Coursework >> Industry, productionAnd maintaining health. 1.2. Concepts and order development standards organization B federal law"On technical regulation" ... for federal state needs, approval of the draft of this standard With public customer approved...
Order development strategic plans of the enterprise
Abstract >> Managementshape, structure and order development internal plan. Process development comprehensive plan socially..., tehpromfinplan, business plan, standard-plan and a number of others that ... the level of the entire economy of the country ( state, national), on separate...
Nikiforov, A.D. Metrology, standardization and certification: Textbook / A.D. Nikiforov, T.A. Bakiev. - 2nd ed. - M.: Higher School, 2005. - 422 p.
industry standards, standards enterprises, standards scientific...
Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation
Department of Science and Technology Policy and Education
Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
"Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University"
Institute of Land Management, Cadastre and Environmental Management
Department of environmental management
abstract
on metrology, standardization and certification
The procedure for developing state standards
Completed by: student of group 54-C Kolmakova O.G.
Accepted: Ph.D. Associate Professor Vinogradova L.I.
Krasnoyarsk 201 1
INTRODUCTION 3
1. ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT OF STATE STANDARDS 5
CONCLUSION 11
REFERENCES 13
INTRODUCTION
The legal basis for standardization in the Russian Federation is established by the law "On Standardization". The provisions of the law are obligatory for implementation by all state management bodies of business entities, regardless of the form of ownership of public associations. The law defines measures of state protection of the interests of the consumer and the state through the requirements, rules and norms introduced into state standards during their development and state control over the observance of the mandatory requirements of standards when they are applied. The law interprets the essence of standardization in the Russian Federation as an activity aimed at determining the norms, rules, requirements, characteristics that should ensure the safety of products, works and services, their technical and information compatibility, interchangeability, quality of products (services) in accordance with scientific and technical achievements .
The norms and requirements of standards may also apply to household safety. subjects in emergency situations, to the defense and mobilization capabilities of the country.
Based on the legal norms of the law, the principles and tasks of standardization in the Russian Federation are defined:
1. The feasibility of developing a standard is determined by analyzing its need in social, economic and technical aspects.
2. The priority direction of standardization is the safety of the object of standardization for humans and the environment, as well as ensuring the compatibility and interchangeability of products.
Work on standardization in the Russian Federation is organized and carried out by a system of bodies and services for standardization, which consists of:
Gosstandart of Russia - the national standardization body of the Russian Federation;
Department of Technical Regulation, Standardization and Certification of the Gosstroy of Russia;
Subdivisions of standardization, certification, metrology of federal ministries and departments of the Russian Federation;
Technical committees (TC) for standardization, created on a voluntary basis by interested parties (enterprises and organizations);
Standardization subdivisions (departments, bureaus, groups) created by business entities (enterprises and organizations).
The procedure for the development, adoption, accounting registration of national standards is established by the standards of the State Standardization System (SSS).
State standards are not subject to copyright. They are developed collectively in accordance with GOST R 1.2-92. The developers of GOST R are technical committees for standardization under the State Standard of Russia, assigned to standardization objects. They include on a voluntary basis: authorized representatives of all enterprises and organizations interested in the development of standards (developers, manufacturers, consumers of products); leading scientists and specialists specializing in certain types of products or technologies; representatives of public organizations.
1. ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT OF STATE STANDARDS
The technical committees under the Gosstandart of Russia work in accordance with the annual standardization plan. The plan is drawn up on the basis of applications that can be submitted to the Labor Code by enterprises, citizens engaged in self-employment, and government bodies. Applications must justify the need to work with the standard. As a result, a full order of work for a year is formed from the proposals received.
The creation of a standard from planning its development to publication is carried out in a certain sequence, which, as a rule, provides for the following stages (GOST R 1.2-92):
1st stage - organization of the development of the standard and preparation of technical specifications for development;
2nd stage - development of a draft standard (the first, if necessary, subsequent editions);
3rd stage - development of the final version of the draft standard and its submission to the State Standard of Russia for adoption of the standard;
4th stage - adoption and state registration (assignment of a number) of the standard;
5th stage - publication of the standard.
The state standard, in the process of its application, may be subject to verification, if necessary, changes are made to it, the standard may be revised or canceled, completely canceled.
Interested enterprises and organizations receive information about current standards, about the introduction of new state standards, changes to them through the annual and monthly information indexes "State Standards of the Russian Federation", which they receive by subscription.
The work of the technical committee begins with the collection of applications for the development of a standard. Applicants can be state bodies and organizations, public associations, scientific and technical societies, enterprises, firms, entrepreneurs who send applications to the TC in accordance with the objects of standardization assigned to them.
The application must necessarily justify the need to develop a regulatory document, it is also possible to add to it a draft standard already developed by the applicant.
On the basis of applications, the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation) forms an annual plan for the state standardization of Russia.
Further work is carried out on the basis of agreements for the development of a standard between the applicant and the relevant TC and includes the following steps: preparation of terms of reference (by the development organization or TC), development of a draft standard, submission of the final version of the project to the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation) for adoption, updating the standard , revision and cancellation of the standard.
Consider the content of the stages of development of the state standard.
The terms of reference determine: the timing of the implementation of each stage included in the content of the work as a whole; the content and structure of the future standard and the list of requirements for the object of standardization; a list of interested potential consumers of this standard (government bodies, enterprises, firms, etc.). In the future, the draft standard will be sent to the organizations selected for the list for review or, if necessary, for approval; special or additional proposals of the customer of the normative document and other information related to the development procedure, the content of the standard, etc. can be highlighted.
The development of a draft standard is preceded by organizational work that the TC must do. This is due to the clear placement of tasks in subcommittees and working groups in accordance with the objects of standardization. In addition, at this stage, the TC seeks to more specifically identify the organizations from which it is advisable to receive feedback on the draft standard. To do this, brief information about the normative documents being developed is published in a specialized publication of the State Standard of the Russian Federation (or Gosstroy of the Russian Federation) so that interested parties can declare their intentions.
The development of the project goes through two stages. The first edition is created first. The main requirements for the first edition relate to the compliance of the project with Russian legislation, international rules and regulations, as well as national standards of foreign countries, provided that these documents are progressive and have a higher scientific and technical level. An important point at this stage is the determination of the patent purity of the object of standardization, which requires appropriate research and proper information support.
The draft in the first edition, drawn up by the subcommittee and the working group, must be considered by the members of the TC either at a special meeting or by correspondence in order to make sure that it complies with the terms of the agreement for the development of the standard, the requirements of Russian legislation and the provisions of the State Standardization System. After that, the project is sent for review to the customers of the standard and previously identified interested organizations.
The second stage of development consists in analyzing the received feedback, compiling the final version of the draft normative document and preparing it for adoption. The final version should be considered by members of the TC, state control and supervision bodies for compliance with the mandatory requirements of the standard, research institutes of the State Standard (Gosstroy). If at least two thirds of the TC members agree with the final version of the draft, then the document is considered approved and is recommended for adoption. The draft standard must be sent to the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation), as well as to the customer of the regulatory document.
The adoption of the standard is carried out by the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation). The adoption procedure includes a mandatory analysis of the content of the project for compliance with Russian legislation, metrological rules and norms, terminological standards, as well as GOST R 1.5-91 "GSS. General requirements for the construction, presentation, design and content of standards." The standard is adopted by consensus, after which the date of its entry into force is set. The term of validity of the standard, as a rule, is not determined.
All of the above functions are performed by the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation) in the manner prescribed by it.
The standard should not be a brake on the development of the economy in accordance with the achievements of scientific and technological progress. But since its validity period is not set, constant work of all members of the TC and interested parties is necessary, aimed at timely updating the regulatory document. According to the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation, the standard is updated in order to maintain its compliance with the needs of the population, the economy and the country's defense capability. The result of the analysis of the current standard may be to amend its content, or to revise or cancel the normative document.
In order to obtain information for updating standards, technical committees are constantly working to maintain feedback from enterprises and organizations that adopt standards, and also analyze proposals received from TC members to amend the current regulatory documents. If it is necessary to update the standard, the TC develops a draft change, a draft revised standard or proposals for the abolition of the current regulatory document and submits a proposal to the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation). A change to a product standard usually involves more progressive product requirements. But they should not violate the interchangeability and compatibility of products manufactured according to the updated standard with those manufactured according to the current one.
The revision of the state standard is essentially the development of a new one to replace the current one. The need for revision arises if the changes introduced are associated with a significant adjustment of the main indicators of product quality and affect its compatibility and interchangeability.
Cancellation of the standard can be carried out both with its replacement with a new one, and without replacement. The reason, as a rule, is the termination of production (provision of services), which was produced according to this regulatory document, or the adoption of a new standard.
The adoption of final decisions on the introduction of changes, revision and cancellation of state standards, as well as the corresponding publication in the Information Index of Standards, are the responsibility of the State Standard of the Russian Federation (Gosstroy of the Russian Federation).
The decision to amend, revise or cancel the industry standard is made by the authority government controlled who approved this normative document. The cancellation of an industry standard is usually associated either with the removal of products from production, or with the introduction of a state standard for the same standardization object with the same or higher requirements and norms.
Updating or canceling the standard of the enterprise is carried out by decision of the management of the business entity itself, which has adopted this standard.
The standards of scientific and technical societies, public associations are reviewed in order to introduce new results of scientific research or production achievements related to the introduction of inventions and scientific discoveries. Cancellation of this category of normative documents is connected with obsolescence of the object of standardization.
All business entities that have been granted the right to develop, update and cancel standards are required to inform the State Standard of the Russian Federation about the work done and its results.
CONCLUSION
So, summing up the above, it can be noted briefly that the work on the development of state standards has the following content:
The organization of the development of standards involves the definition of specific executors (working group), the timing of the work and the publication of information about the start of work on the standard in order to have feedback from the customers of the project.
The working group develops two documents: a draft standard and an explanatory note to the standard. The construction, presentation, design and content of the GOST R project is carried out in accordance with GOST R 1.5-92. The explanatory note contains the following information: compliance of the draft standard with international and regional standards; information about the patent purity of the object of standardization (lack of a similar standard); sources of information taken into account in the development of the draft standard; information about the recipients of the distribution of the draft standard.
The draft standard and the explanatory note are submitted to the TC for verification of compliance with the current legislation. After that, the TCs submit the draft standard for review to interested enterprises and specialists.
The TC, taking into account the comments and suggestions received, prepares two documents: the final version of the draft standard and an explanatory note, which is supplemented by a description of the fundamental comments on the draft standard. The final version, together with the explanatory note, is submitted for consideration: to the members of the TC; organizations of state supervision of standards; research standardization organization for publishing editing.
– the issue of adoption of the draft standard is decided by voting of the members of the TC and registration of the voting results in the minutes.
The adopted projects of GOST R are submitted for approval to the State Standard of Russia. When a standard is approved, the date of its entry into force is set.
State registration of approved standards is carried out in the Federal Standards Fund with the assignment of a registration number in the prescribed manner. The use of GOST R that has not passed state registration is prohibited.
Information on the adoption of the standard is published in the monthly information index "State Standards of the Russian Federation".
LIST OF USED LITERATURE
1. Nikiforov, A.D. Metrology, standardization and certification: Textbook / A.D. Nikiforov, T.A. Bakiev. - 2nd ed. - M.: Higher School, 2005. - 422 p.
2. Tartovsky, D.F. Metrology, standardization and technical measuring instruments: Textbook / D.F. Tartovsky, A.S. Hawks. - 3rd ed. - M.: Higher school, 2001. - 401 p.
