Titanium dioxide (E171) is a food additive with good whitening properties, therefore it is widely used in many areas (manufacturing, cosmetology, food industry). You can also find other names for E171: titanium dioxide, Titanium Dioxide, titanium dioxide and titanium oxide.
Additive description
The chemical composition of E171: titanium dioxide (responsible for whitening) and titanium white. When heated, the substance turns pale yellow. This is an inert substance that does not dissolve in, and,.
In nature, titanium dioxide is found in some minerals, such as brookite, rutile and anatase. The dye is a white powder without a distinctive taste and aroma. It is characterized by long-term resistance to sunlight, acidic environments, alkalis and temperature fluctuations.
White crystals in fractional form are used in industrial sectors. They are obtained in two of the most common ways. The first is sulfate from ilmented concentrate, the second is chloride from titanium tetrachloride.
The main properties of titanium dioxide: it is not toxic at all, it has chemical resistance, does not change the smell (only the shade changes during heating), it is highly moisture resistant, it is fully compatible with absolutely any film products, it has a high whitening and at the same time coloring ability.
Titanium oxide in cosmetology
E171 is used in the production of various creams for a uniform and high-quality tan, in ointments for allergic reactions. It is recognized as one of the best substances that protect the skin from ultraviolet rays that cause skin melanoma.
Titanium dioxide can be found in cosmetics and beauty products such as powder, lipstick, eye shadow, antiperspirants, soaps, and toothpaste. Lovers of natural cosmetics prepare soap on their own and select the necessary and high-quality components. In soap, an obligatory component is E171, which not only gives the desired shade, but also protects it from sunlight. With the help of the additive, a high-quality cosmetic material is obtained, including titanium micas (saturated mother-of-pearl).
Titanium dioxide in food production
The use and widespread use of Titanium Dioxide in the food industry began in 1994, primarily as a natural dye, due to which an incredible whitening effect is obtained. In food, E171 is considered safe, but research and testing is under way to determine the effects of the supplement on the human body.
The dye is an indispensable component in the production of dry mixes, dairy products and instant breakfasts. As a natural bleach, it is used for the mass production of chewing gum. With the help of titanium dioxide, crab sticks (their white parts) and other seafood are bleached.
The food industry needs E171, because titanium dioxide dye is a primary component for creating cookies, buns, sweets and other products. The daily allowance for a person of this food supplement should not be more than 1 percent.
Titanium dioxide in medicine
The pharmaceutical industry also did not stand aside, since E171 is one of the components of many medicines. It is designed to:
- give tablets or capsules a whitish color;
- make them more presentable;
- extend the shelf life of the medicine.
White titanium dioxide is widely used in the medical industry in the production of tablet preparations and vitamin complexes. Adding powder to the bases of creams, suppositories, pastes and other pharmacological drugs has become commonplace.
Titanium dioxide in other areas
Also, titanium oxide can be found in the production of paints and varnishes (for example, laminated paper and plastics). The substance has refractory abilities, therefore it is necessary for the manufacture of optical glasses. It is also known to be used to create whitewash for coating welding electrodes. Thanks to this additive, the resistance to fading and aging of the topographic paint is increased, the structural features of the paper pulp in the cardboard and paper industry are improved.
Titanium dioxide is used in the form of microparticles in the field of nanotechnology, but this is still a new direction in the application of E171. Therefore, the global consumption of microparticles is approximately two thousand tons per year. The demand for titanium dioxide is explained by the fact that over the past few years there has been an increase in the production of consumer goods and other sectors of the national economy. In developed countries, the consumption of the additive should be 2 kg per person, but this is quite difficult to achieve, for example, in Russia this figure is only 300 grams. The capacity of sales and consumption markets is rapidly increasing, and this indicates that this food additive has good prospects on the world market.
For the large-scale production of ceramics, glass and rubber, titanium dioxide is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions, which makes it possible to use finished products at elevated temperatures. Titanium dioxide has a beneficial effect on wood, it protects it from the radiation of sunlight.
How does E171 affect health?
The effect of food additives on the human body is being studied to this day. It is allowed in many states: Russian Federation, Belarus, European Union, America, Canada and others. This dye is in the Codex Alimentarius (code of food international standards) as a valuable nutritional supplement.
According to the results of many studies, it was found that the substance does not harm a person, but is this true? The supplement is not absorbed and accumulated by the body, after a few hours it is excreted from it. Tests have been conducted that indicate that titanium dioxide, when consumed, is capable of destroying body cells. But so far this opinion has not been confirmed by scientists.
It is not recommended to use the food supplement for people who have a weak immune system, kidney and liver diseases. When inhaled white powder increases the likelihood of cancer. This is confirmed by experiments carried out on rats. The dye was added to the rodents' food, five days later, the well-being and general condition of the rats were checked. During these 5 days, the chromosomes were deformed in rodents, the DNA chain was broken. The metabolism in rats is several times faster than in humans, so when testing the human body after consuming E171, the results can vary significantly.
It was believed that E171 is a harmless substance that does not cause chemical reactions in living organisms, but this is not so. The additive has a strong mechanical effect on living cells and can completely destroy their natural structure. There is a high probability that titanium dioxide dust has carcinogenic characteristics and can adversely affect a person's well-being.
Despite lengthy studies and experiments, E171 dye is used as a food additive and is considered safe, provided that it is added to food in minimal dosages.
Wherever it is used, titanium dioxide is an indispensable and natural supplement. This is primarily due to its technological features: it prevents, completely eliminates unwanted coloring of food products, is known as a dye for products and mixtures, and gives an attractive appearance to finished products. Most importantly, this supplement is derived from natural, sustainable sources. Experts say that only in case of an overdose can side effects occur, so the supplement is allowed in many states, since its harmful sides do not pose any significant risk to human health.
). Two more high-pressure modifications were artificially obtained - rhombic IV and hexagonal V.
| Modification/Parameter | Rutile | Anataz | Brookite | Rhombic IV | Hexagonal V | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elementary lattice parameters, nm | a | 0,45929 | 0,3785 | 0,51447 | 0,4531 | 0,922 |
| b | - | - | 0,9184 | 0,5498 | - | |
| c | 0,29591 | 0,9486 | 0,5145 | 0,4900 | 0,5685 | |
| Number of formula units in a cell | 2 | 4 | 8 | |||
| space group | P4/mnm | I4/amd | Pbca | Pbcn | ||
When heated, both anatase and brookite irreversibly transform into rutile (transition temperatures, respectively, 400-1000°C and about 750°C). The structures of these modifications are based on TiO 6 octahedra, that is, each Ti 4+ ion is surrounded by six O 2- ions, and each O 2- ion is surrounded by three Ti 4+ ions. The octahedra are arranged in such a way that each oxygen ion belongs to three octahedra. In anatase, there are 4 common edges per octahedron, in rutile - 2.
Being in nature
In its pure form, it occurs in nature in the form of the minerals rutile, anatase and brookite (in structure, the first two have a tetragonal system, and the last one has a rhombic syngony), with the main part being rutile.
Properties
Physical, thermodynamic properties
Pure titanium dioxide - colorless crystals (turns yellow when heated). For technical purposes, it is used in a crushed state, representing a white powder. Insoluble in water and dilute mineral acids (except hydrofluoric).
- Melting point for rutile - 1870 ° C (according to other sources - 1850 ° C, 1855 ° C)
- The boiling point for rutile is 2500 °C.
- Density at 20 °C:
The melting, boiling and decomposition temperature for other modifications is not indicated, because they go into the rutile form when heated (see).
Due to the denser packing of ions in a rutile crystal, their mutual attraction increases, photochemical activity decreases, hardness (abrasiveness), refractive index increase (2.55 for anatase and 2.7 for rutile), dielectric constant.
Chemical properties
Titanium dioxide is amphoteric, that is, it exhibits both basic and acidic properties (although it reacts mainly with concentrated acids).
It slowly dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid, forming the corresponding tetravalent titanium salts:
2TiO 2 + 4NH 3 →(t) 4TiN + 6H 2 O + O 2
When fused with oxides, hydroxides and carbonates, titanates and double oxides are formed:
Toxic properties, physiological effects, hazardous properties
TLV (U.S. Threshold Limit): As TWA (Shift Mean U.S.) 10 mg/m³ A4 (ACGIH 2001).
Mining and production
Full article Titanium(IV) oxide production
World production of titanium dioxide at the end of 2004 reached approximately 5 million tons.
The main producers and exporters of titanium dioxide:
In recent years, the production of titanium dioxide in China has grown extremely rapidly.
In Russia, pigment titanium dioxide is not produced, but technical grades used in metallurgy are produced. On the territory of the CIS, titanium dioxide is produced in Ukraine by the enterprises "Sumykhimprom", the city of Sumy, "Crimean Titan", the city of Armyansk) and KP "Titanium-Magnesium Plant" (Zaporozhye). The Sumy State Institute of Mineral Fertilizers and Pigments (MINDIP) in its research works gives a special place to the technology for producing titanium oxide (IV) by the sulfate method: research, development of new grades, modernization of technology and instrumentation of the process.
As stated above, titanium dioxide occurs in the form of minerals, however, this source is scarce, so a significant part of it is produced. There are two main industrial methods for obtaining TiO 2: from ilmenite (FeTiO 3) concentrate and from titanium tetrachloride.
Production of titanium dioxide from ilmenite concentrate
The production technology consists of three stages:
- obtaining solutions of titanium sulfate (by treating ilmenite concentrates with sulfuric acid). As a result, a mixture of titanium sulfate and iron sulfates (II) and (III) is obtained, the latter is reduced with metallic iron to the oxidation state of iron +2. After recovery on drum vacuum filters, sulphate solutions are separated from the sludge. Iron(II) sulfate is separated in a vacuum crystallizer.
- hydrolysis of a solution of titanium sulfate salts. Hydrolysis is carried out by the method of introducing nuclei (they are prepared by precipitating Ti (OH) 4 from solutions of titanium sulfate with sodium hydroxide). At the hydrolysis stage, the formed hydrolyzate particles (titanium dioxide hydrates) have a high adsorption capacity, especially with respect to Fe 3+ salts, for this reason, at the previous stage, ferric iron is reduced to ferrous. By varying the hydrolysis conditions (concentration, duration of stages, number of nuclei, acidity, etc.), it is possible to achieve the yield of hydrolyzate particles with desired properties, depending on the intended application.
- heat treatment of titanium dioxide hydrates. At this stage, by varying the drying temperature and using additives (such as zinc oxide, titanium chloride and using other methods, it is possible to carry out rutilization (that is, the transformation of titanium oxide into a rutile modification). For heat treatment, rotary drum furnaces 40-60 m long are used. heat treatment evaporates water (titanium hydroxide and titanium oxide hydrates are converted to the form of titanium dioxide), as well as sulfur dioxide.
Production of titanium dioxide from titanium tetrachloride
There are three main methods for obtaining titanium dioxide from its tetrachloride:
- hydrolysis of aqueous solutions of titanium tetrachloride (with subsequent heat treatment of the precipitate)
- vapor-phase hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride (based on the interaction of titanium tetrachloride vapor with water vapor). The process is usually carried out at a temperature of 900-1000°C
- heat treatment of tetrachloride (combustion in a stream of oxygen)
Application
Main applications of titanium dioxide:
| 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| America | 1730 | 1730 | 1730 | 1680 |
| West. Europe | 1440 | 1470 | 1480 | 1480 |
| Japan | 340 | 340 | 320 | 320 |
| Australia | 180 | 200 | 200 | 200 |
| Other countries | 690 | 740 | 1200 | 1400 |
| Total | 4380 | 4480 | 4930 | 5080 |
Other applications are in the rubber industry, the glass industry (heat-resistant and optical glass), as a refractory (coating of welding electrodes and mold coatings), in cosmetics (soap, etc.), in the food industry (food additive). E171).
Prices and market
Prices for titanium dioxide differ depending on the degree of purity and brand. So, especially pure (99.999%) titanium dioxide in rutile and anatase form cost $0.5-1 per gram in September (depending on the size of the purchase), and technical titanium dioxide - $2.2-4.8 per kilogram depending on the brand and volume of purchase.
Regulations
- Titanium dioxide pigment. Specifications GOST 9808-84
Currently, titanium dioxide according to GOST 9808-84 is not produced.
- Titanium dioxide pigment. TU U 24.1-05762329-001-2003
According to specifications operates SJSC "Titan" (Armyansk).
- Titanium dioxide pigment. TU U 24.1-05766356-054:2005
JSC "Sumykhimprom" (Sumy) works according to these specifications.
References
- B. V. Nekrasov. Fundamentals of General Chemistry. T. I ed. 3rd, rev. and additional Publishing house "Chemistry", 1973. S. 644, 648
- T. G. Akhmetov, R. T. Porfiryeva, L. G. Gaisin and others. Chemical technology of inorganic substances: in 2 books. Book. 1 Ed. T. G. Akhmetova.-M.: Higher School, 2002 ISBN 5-06-004244-8 S. 369-402
- Chemistry: Ref. ed./V. Schroeter, K.-H. Lautenschleger, H. Bibrak and others: Per. with him. 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Chemistry, 2000. S. 411
- Chemical Encyclopedia (electronic version) S. 593, 594
Links
- Global Market for Pigmented Titanium Dioxide Status, Trends, Forecasts
- TiO2 - Titanium Dioxide | Titanium Dioxide (Titanium Dioxide) | Properties, scope, manufacturers of titanium dioxide
- International Chemical Safety Card for Titanium Dioxide
- Titanium dioxide Information from the Chemical Database of the University of Akron
Notes
- http://www.snab.ru/lkm2/01/03.pdf
- Chemical Encyclopedia
Cosmetic properties of titanium dioxide, the main characteristics of the substance, the benefits and potential harm from the use of cosmetics with titanium dioxide.
The content of the article:
Titanium dioxide is a widely used ingredient in cosmetics, food products and many other products different types industry. It does not have a wide spectrum of activity, but is quite useful in a number of production technologies. The cost and demand depend on the degree of purification. This parameter also determines the degree of security. Let's take a closer look at the main beneficial features the substance and the possible hazards associated with its use.
What is titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide has unique properties, due to which it has become widespread.
Here is a brief description of this substance:
- As labeled on labels, synonyms. Titanium dioxide, Titanium Dioxide, titanium white, titanium anhydrite, titanium oxide, titanium oxide, CI 77891, Titanium oxide, Titanic acid anhydride, Pigment white 6, micronized titanium dioxide.
- Basic properties. It has a high whitening ability, is easily combined with film formers, is stable, has excellent hiding power.
- Receipt. It may be of natural origin - it is rutile, a mineral, the concentration of titanium dioxide in which is about 60%. Before use in any production, it must be thoroughly cleaned of impurities.
- Scope of titanium dioxide. Paint and varnish production, for the manufacture of rubber and plastics, laminated paper, glass (optical and heat-resistant), for the creation of refractory materials, artificial gems, ceramic dielectrics, as a photocatalyst in nanotechnology, in the food industry, in pharmaceuticals and for the manufacture of cosmetics.
- Danger level. In accordance with the classification of hazardous substances, the dioxide has a hazard class IV, i.e. is low risk. It is not toxic. characterized by inertia. Does not pose a risk to the skin.
- Permissible concentration. The described substance is safe if the concentration in the air does not exceed 10 mg/m3.
Cosmetic properties of titanium dioxide
The vast majority of cosmetics - decorative, caring, cleansing - contain titanium dioxide. But this does not mean at all that it effectively copes with many cosmetic problems and is very beneficial for the skin.
It is not an active component due to its inertness. It is not able to change the characteristics of the skin. It does not have moisturizing, stimulating, antioxidant properties, tk. it does not penetrate the skin. However, the benefits of his presence are still there. Which - consider in more detail.
From a practical point of view, Titanium Dioxide is used in the production of products designed to give a special shade to the skin and to protect it from ultraviolet rays. In this context, it has several useful cosmetic properties:
- Acts as a dye. Titanium Dioxide is primarily used as a dye. It perfectly whitens any components. The whitening properties of CI 77891 are actively used in the production of tinting products - foundation, powder, eye shadow, blush, because. allow you to set the desired shade by mixing in different proportions with other dyes.
- . Titanium dioxide crystals are able to protect the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. This ability allows us to classify this substance as an SPF filter.
- Is an excipient. It is used as a thickener of mixtures, filler, gives the desired viscosity to the product. Titanium dioxide has also been credited with retaining moisture and masking some skin imperfections.
Can you be sure of the safety of using products containing titanium dioxide - read on.
Titanium dioxide in cosmetics: harm or benefit?
Titanium dioxide is a substance approved for use not only in cosmetics, but also in the food industry. It owes a lot. Currently, controversy surrounding this ingredient does not subside. Some research centers are conducting studies designed to confirm or refute the safety of the use of this dye and SPF filter.
Consider several controversial and ambiguous options:
- Application as a dye. Yes, titanium dioxide significantly improves the consumer characteristics of products - it bleaches the mixture, giving it a noble white color. However, in this context, we can talk about creating an attractive appearance goods, because White color is always associated with cleanliness and safety. Therefore, this use case is important from a marketing point of view for the manufacturer, but is in no way associated with practicality and usefulness for the consumer. Another thing is the use in decorative cosmetics to give a special shade. However, even here there are restrictions on the content, for example, up to 10% in foundation creams, up to 15% in powders.
- Use in antiperspirants. Aerosol antiperspirants containing titanium dioxide are potentially harmful to humans. This is due to the fact that a highly crushed substance is used in the production, and when spraying an aerosol, particles involuntarily enter through the respiratory tract into the lungs. From where they can be carried by the bloodstream to all organs of the body. It is believed that titanium dioxide is easily excreted from the body unchanged. But recent research shows that Titanium oxide nanoparticles, which are increasingly being used by manufacturers different groups goods penetrate cells and have a mechanical effect on DNA. These data appeared after the experiments on rats. There are no reliable data on the effects on humans yet.
- Application as an SPF filter. The first titanium dioxide sunscreens left a white mark on the skin after application. Manufacturers solved this problem in the following way - they began to use nanoparticles of this substance. Indeed, the cream became more transparent, so it stopped leaving marks on the skin. But this led to the fact that the filtering ability of the product changed. When crushed to nanoparticles at the same specific gravity, Titanium oxide acquires a large surface area and can become a photocatalyst that will enhance the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.
- Use in topical products. Separately, it should be said that titanium dioxide has the ability to clog pores and lead to the formation of acne. To avoid this, you should pay special attention to thorough cleaning of the skin after applying cosmetics containing this component.
Thus, the use of titanium dioxide may be unsafe in the context of physicochemical reactions, provided that it is used in nanoparticle sizes. Consumers should carefully study the composition in order to minimize the risks of developing negative reactions.
What is the harm of titanium dioxide in cosmetics
Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that not every cosmetic product containing titanium dioxide can be safe. It will not be possible to completely abandon such products in a short time, because. the use of this ingredient has become firmly established in production technologies. In anticipation of new research results, it is worth remembering the precautions for certain categories of people - people with sensitive skin and children.
The harm of titanium dioxide for owners of problem skin
Problematic skin is most susceptible to the negative influence of various factors, so the most gentle care should be used to care for it. cosmetics. The harm of using titanium dioxide in cosmetics for problem skin appears more often than on the normal type.
Despite its chemical neutrality with respect to the dermis and any ingredients of cosmetics and detergents, titanium dioxide can create a sticky film on the skin, which not only retains moisture, but can also cause acne, irritation, especially on oily skin prone to to such defects.
In the case of normal skin, there is no increased secretion of sebum, sweat, so these impurities will not cause problems.
In any case, it is necessary to choose high-quality makeup removers, because. Residues of titanium dioxide can accumulate in the skin pores and provoke the appearance of new irritations.
Is titanium dioxide in cosmetics harmful for children?
As mentioned earlier, Titanium oxide is used everywhere, even in products for children. Now the popularity of children's cosmetics is growing. This substance is used in powders, creams, children's decorative cosmetics, toothpastes, soaps, etc.
On the label of each product, the coordinates for contacting the manufacturer are indicated. Before buying, it is best to make sure that nanoparticles are not used in a particular product, because they carry the greatest danger. The ingestion of microparticles of this substance is fraught with changes in DNA, impaired immunity and unpredictable development of chronic diseases. In the case of a child's fragile organism, the danger increases several times.
It is noteworthy that theoretically the risk of getting nanoparticles from cosmetics into the body is quite small. That's why complete failure from the use of such goods is not required. In this case, parents should educate children on proper use and prevent misuse.
If you need to use a sunscreen, it is better to choose one that leaves a white mark - this suggests that titanium dioxide is applied in the form of a coarse powder and will be safer.
What is titanium dioxide in cosmetics - look at the video:
Poorly purified titanium dioxide is a potential hazard. In this case, impurities can cause irreparable harm to the body. Unfortunately, it is quite difficult for the consumer to check this, it remains to rely on the integrity of the manufacturers. On the this moment titanium dioxide is approved for use in certain concentrations. But in the coming months, the situation may change, because the debate about its safety does not subside.
(titanium dioxide) - a synthetic pigment of white color, having two forms - rutile and anatase, obtained by hydrolysis of solutions followed by calcination of hydrated titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide is the main product of the titanium industry. Nowadays, on the Internet, you can increasingly find the request ", so let's try to figure out what it is for and how it is used.
The main areas of application of titanium dioxide:
Paints and varnishes:(titanium white) enamels, varnishes, as well as paints and coatings based on them: to improve hiding power and to whiten, to prevent film aging, to protect coatings from ultraviolet rays, and from yellowing of painted surfaces.
Plastic(furniture, windows, plastic parts for cars): for high whiteness and intensity of color shade, prevention of aging of the material and the effects of external factors on it.
Paper: used for whitening and smoothness improvement, also for the production of paper coating agents.
Cosmetics: for UV protection in sunscreens, to improve the whitening of toothpastes.
Food industry: for bleaching such products semi-finished products, minced fish, white meat, chewing gums, refined sugar. To protect plastic packaging from ultraviolet radiation, which helps with the storage and transportation of products that are not resistant to sunlight.
Pharmaceutical industry: titanium dioxide pigment has a high chemical purity, for better whitening and covering properties.
Printing ink: increasing the protection of coatings to atmospheric influences.
Used in other areas: protection of wood from external factors (increase in weather resistance, filtering solar radiation), addition to rubber products, production of glass and glass ceramics, radio electronics, air purification, in the manufacture of optical and heat-resistant glass, heavy alloys, intermediate chemical compounds, materials for high temperatures (fire protection of furnaces with draft), experimental chromatography of liquids. Dioxide serves as a standard of purity in the creation of ultrapure glasses.
To meet the needs described above, titanium dioxide used in different fractions, whose characteristics are adapted to the respective use. Titanium Dioxide Crystals have shapes such as rutile and anatase. Depending on the use, crystals of various shapes and particle sizes are used.
Titanium dioxide has found the widest application in the paint and varnish industry as a white pigment, because of its good whiteness. With such advantages as non-toxicity, availability, ability to repel ultraviolet radiation and resistance to external atmospheric influences. We hasten to disappoint the old conservatives: paints based on zinc or lead are a thing of the past.
Consequently, the main ability titanium dioxide in enamels and paints is giving them whiteness. But competitors are also present, the most important chalk and marble calcite. They cost less and are white. Therefore, paints contain a mixture of these substances, and in rare cases only one pigment.
The whiteness of the paint is expressed in the amount of titanium dioxide included in its composition, but it also increases its price, in comparison with paints, which include more chalk or marble calcite. There are recommendations for the partial replacement of titanium dioxide with aluminum oxide or talc, but all this is related to economic considerations. Oddly enough, but there is some pattern in that the consumption and production of titanium dioxide is a kind of indicator of economic development. Here is such an opportunity friends.
For the production of welded frames of reinforced concrete products, workers performing welding fittings must be dressed in special clothing sewn from fire-resistant fabrics. This type of clothing protects welders from sparks and metal spatter.
Due to its properties, titanium dioxide is used today in the production of a wide range of goods for various purposes. Thus, more than 50% of the total volume of titanium dioxide is used for the manufacture of goods in the paint and varnish industry (titanium white), since the dioxide has excellent coloring properties. These are: paints (glossy, matte and semi-gloss, silicate, organosilicon, powder, emulsion and with fillers for a variety of construction, repair and industrial works, printing), varnishes and enamels, mixtures and solutions for priming, puttying, plastering, cementing, as well as polyurethane and epoxy coatings, including for wood. Dioxide, like metal, is white, so it is used as a pigment. Its main advantage is non-toxicity and harmlessness. In addition, the coatings acquire high resistance to ultraviolet radiation, do not turn yellow and practically do not age.
More than 20% of the production volume of titanium dioxide is consumed for the manufacture of plastics and products based on them with high thermal properties(for example, window plastic, various furniture, household items, parts of cars, machines and equipment), as well as rubber, linoleum and rubber. Here it acts as a filler, ensuring the resistance of products and surfaces to changes in light weather, resistance to changing environments, and protection from aggressive factors.
About 14% is used in the production of paper (white, colored, impregnated), cardboard, wallpaper. Titanium dioxide plays important role with pigmentation. To give paper smoothness, whiteness and high printing properties, dioxide or its mixtures with other pigments are applied to the surface.
Titanium dioxide chemical purity 99.9998% is used in the production of fiber optic products, medical equipment, in the radio-electronic industry. In the manufacture of ultrapure glasses, dioxide serves as the standard of purity. It is also indispensable in the production of heat-resistant and optical glass, as a refractory protective coating for welding. In the production of ceramics, dioxide is used to give maximum whiteness to a shard or enamel (engobam).
The use of titanium oxide in the cosmetic industry is known, in particular to enhance the properties of sunscreens, the whitening capabilities of various creams, etc. Packaging materials using titanium dioxide play an important role in the transportation and storage of products that are not resistant to sunlight. In the food industry, dioxide is used to whiten products such as minced fish and semi-finished products, white meat (squid, chicken), refined sugar, chewing gum, dragee, etc. At the same time, of course, the maximum concentration of dioxide in the mass of the product is regulated .
Also, the compound can be used as a catalyst in chemical and pharmaceutical production to obtain specific intermediates.
In general, for each production, the purity of dioxide, the amount and nature of impurities, permissible mass concentrations and other indicators are standardized. The production and consumption of titanium dioxide today is one of the indicators of economic development.
