Sewing needles needle number and application. Types of needles for sewing machines

Information for beginner tattoo artists.

There are four main types of tattoo needles:

Types of tattoo needles

Some are made for a specific use, others may vary depending on how the tattoo artist uses them.

The tattoo needles that we carry as an example are pre-sterilized in individual blister packs and carry the name Premade.

A separate word about the sterilization of needles

Gas sterilization is the most common sterilization method for tattoo needles. Inside the transparent blister you will always find an indicator that indicates the fact of sterilization, on the back of the blister there is the date the sterility of the needle ended, for example: Experies 05 - month / 2015 - year.

The expiration date of the sterility of the needle on the blister does not mean that it has deteriorated, sterilization in an autoclave returns it to combat formation.

Types of tattoo needles

Below we provide a general explanation of the categories of needles and how you can use the different types of needles.

1. Round Liner, roundshader- needles soldered in bundles, standard soldering counts from 1 to 18 needles, visually such soldering is a perfect circle.

Round Liner- flattened beams, suitable for creating thin, medium or thick lines, with certain skills you can paint over small places with them.

roundshader- not tightened beams, used for shadows in color and black and white works.

There is a special group of beams - this is TightsRoundLiners- needles tightly tied to a point, used exclusively for lines.

Depending on how bold your plans are, you can choose from 3 to 18 needles for this purpose.

2. flats, Double Flats, Stacks- needles tightly soldered to each other in one or two rows, used to paint over large areas, used in various techniques, for example, to depict clouds, waves.

Needle range from 4 to 15 needles

3. Magnums- the more popular version of the needles for shading and shadows, they are also used to perform work in various techniques.

Round-CurvedMagnums– Crescent brazed magnum to avoid notches left by regular magnum, allowing greater maneuverability in hard to reach places.

Needle range from 5 to 49 needles.

Order of elementary knowledge

You must be familiar with the structure of the skin

The structure of the skin

There are 3 main layers of the skin, but we are only interested in 2 - this is the epidermis - the outer layer and the dermis - the object we are looking for, where the pigment applied at the tips of the tattoo needles will remain.

The introduction of pigment into the layers of the skin

The penetration depth of the needle is on average 1.5 mm - this can only be understood on an intuitive level, that is, only in practice.

If you do not apply the tattoo pigment to the desired depth, it will come out, leaving a barely noticeable mark on the skin, blurry colors are also possible, a characteristic change in the original colors.

If the pigment remains below the level of the dermis, sad consequences await you, up to the problematic healing of such a “tattoo”.

Conclusion: do not rush to work in practice, work on theory and practice under the supervision of a specialist.

We are ready to publish some costs and advice not so that you take them on faith and apply them in practice on “live material”, but so that you understand that a tattoo is a painstaking path to knowledge and it will be possible to achieve a real result only with 3 components:

You need to start with a real instrument, and not with its parody. A tattoo machine is not a car and calm yourself with the words: "it's okay, then I'll buy something worthwhile, I'll just learn" - in this case, this formula does not work.

Reputation - deteriorates in one day and is restored over the years or not restored at all, remember this!

Question asked to the tattoo artist

Question: What kind of needles do you use for contouring?

Answer: I advise you to count from 3 needles, first make sure that these are contour needles =), I completely disagree with the myth that small needle sizes from 1 to 3 are better for small details in a tattoo, it's just that beginners are usually misinformed about the extreme importance of fine needles.

I use needles of at least 5 rounds, I consider 7 rounds to be optimal, I like these clear bold lines, if you need to increase the line, feel free to build it up with the same group.

The progress in my skill was obvious when I switched to 5-7 rounds.

The fact is that these groups retain more pigment on themselves.

In order to make a good line, I'm not in a hurry, holding the car vertically, slowly and confidently pass through the place I need.

When I started, there were no such things as artificial leather, and my friend and I trained on pigs, until I put my hand and learned how to make straight lines, I didn’t even have a thought to try my “talents” on the skin of a living person .

Lines or contours are the most important thing in a tattoo, this is a kind of plan, without which none of the tattoos begins.

Without contours, you will not make a fill-paint, do not proceed to the shadows.

Make sure your contour machine is a really good machine, make sure it's in tune, doesn't get stuck, etc.

Then feel free to charge 7-ku or more, however, if your work does not have many small details.

Then slowly start laying the line, do not rush, anyway you will not keep up with the speed of the car, start to rush - you will get a dotted line instead of a contour.

Remember the safety of your client - this is a priority, no matter how uncomfortable it is - this is his problem, the main thing is that you feel comfortable, you can find a compromise, but not to the detriment of your work, your comfort is more important in this case.

Your action in the formula if you want to be beautiful - be able to endure and this is so, you are the master of the situation.

Watch the paint, don't let it run out.

If you draw an empty line, you will get a potential scar and you will have to go over this place a second time.

And finally, experience, if you are a beginner, do not immediately try to practice your skills on a person until you feel the typewriter and handle it like a regular pencil there are tangerines, bananas, artificial leather, etc., they will help you in the learning process .

Good luck and straight lines!

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These materials are protected by the Law of the Russian Federation "On Copyright and Related Rights".

Reprinting, reproduction in any form is possible only with the permission of Tattoomarket ®, subject to the placement of an active link to our site and attribution of authorship.

Kirill Sysoev

Calloused hands do not know boredom!

Content

Among all machine parts, sewing needles receive the greatest load. The tool must be durable, of high quality, properly selected for the type of fabric. It is easy for beginner seamstresses to get confused among the variety of details, since manufacturers produce a large number of items with different characteristics. Knowing the marking and purpose of the tool will help you choose the right product for a specific purpose.

Sewing needle classification

The tool is divided into two large groups - overlock and for household sewing machines. The main difference between them is the size of the eyelet, the overlock part has a larger one. Other classification features: sharpening, eye shape, diameter, groove parameters, purpose for certain fabrics. In order for the user to have a clear idea of ​​the characteristics of the product, the manufacturer has introduced digital and letter marking.

The meaning of the numbers in the marking

The numbers indicate the parameters of the needle for sewing machines. Many copies have a digital mark 130/705. She says that the part can be used in a household sewing machine, it has a flat bulb. Another marking takes the following form: No. 80/12. The number in the first place is the diameter of the needle according to the European metric. The value is given in hundredths of a millimeter, in this example the diameter is 0.8 mm. The lower the value, the thinner the tool. The second number is the same value, only in fractions of an inch (US system).

From the table below, you will understand which numbers are suitable for different types fabrics:

Numbers, fractions of a millimeter	Material
	Highly elastic knitwear, lycra fabric, other elastic materials
	Light fabrics for blouses, shirts
	Coarse calico, staple fabrics, synthetic materials, suiting fabric, thin linen: chiffon, cambric, crepe de chine
	Denim, light wool, heavy synthetic
	heavy wool
	Burlap, coarse cloth, beaver
	Leather, tarpaulin, heavy materials - the number is selected individually

The meaning of the letters

The letter marking indicates the shape, purpose and size of the tool. Manufacturers use the following designations:

Marking, name		Execution	Purpose
H, universal		slightly rounded	Suitable for almost all materials
H-M, microtex		Particularly thin, well-sharpened point	Silk, taffeta, microfiber fabrics
H-S, stretch fabrics		rounded tip	Knitwear, stretchy synthetics
H-E, embroidery		Ball point, large eye	Embroidery on all materials with natural and synthetic threads
H-Q, quilting		Fine point, special bevel	Quilting and quilting
		Very thin, well sharpened point	Heavy fabrics: denim, canvas, twill, work clothes, canvas
H-O, xiphoid		Wide tool with wings (blades)	Making hems, openwork stitches
H-MET, embroidery or sewing with metallic threads		Large polished eyelet, notch to prevent thread splitting	Fabrics of different density
H-SUK, knitwear		ball point	Thick knitwear, jersey, knitted materials
		45° bevel cutting point	All types of natural and artificial leather, suede, film, oilcloth, plastic
H-ZWI, double rod		Two needles in one holder, distance between rods in mm: 1.6, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0; three types: H, J, E	Decorative trim, tucking
H-DRI, three-rod		Three needles in one holder, spacing in mm: 2.5, 3.0	Decorative stitches
		Large eye and groove for better cross-country threading	Decorative stitches. Used to create seams with loose, disintegrating threads on light, medium and heavy fabrics.

Types of needles for sewing machines

Residents of Moscow and St. Petersburg can easily choose the right instrument - diversity allows. If you live in a small town, online shopping will be your salvation. They can order a part of all sizes and shapes for any sewing machine. You should not worry about delivery by mail, because this is such a group of goods that is difficult to damage. The cost of quality products is affordable, and if you are serious about sewing, you should not save on a tool - a bad needle can severely damage the fabric. Which manufacturers have become favorites of professionals?

For knitwear

The tool should not cut through the fabric, so it is advisable to choose samples with a round tip. The part does not pierce the threads, but passes between them. Best Options for knitwear: H-S, H-SUK, H-SES. Popular model:

• Name: SCHMETZ Stretch 130/705 H-S.
• Price: 125 rubles.
• Characteristics: in a set of 5 copies - 2x65, 2x75, 1x90. Production material - nickel. Flask cut, diameter 2.04 mm.
• Pros: excellent product quality, suitable for highly elastic knitted materials, bulb size is standard for household sewing machines.
• Cons: not found.

The German company Schmetz is a leader in the production of goods in this category. Sewing needles for machines from this manufacturer break extremely rarely. Product ideal for knitwear:

• Name: SCHMETZ Jersey 130/705 H-SUK Combi.
• Price: 89 p.
• Characteristics: in a set of 5 needles - 1x70, 2x80, 1x90, 1x100. Made of nickel, steel color. Flask cut, diameter 2.04 mm.
• Pros: the best choice for knitwear.
• Cons: not found.

Another titan in the production of needles for various purposes is the Japanese company ORGAN NEEDLE co. Ltd. Experienced seamstresses know that the Lady and Organ emblem is a symbol of reliability. For dense materials, craftswomen use the following model:

• Name: Organ Needles Leder Leather Cuir130/705 H-LL.
• Price: 270 r.
• Characteristics: in a set of 5 samples - 3x90, 2x100. Suitable for working with suede, pig, calf, goat skin.
• Pros: long service life, excellent stitch quality.
• Cons: there is a factory defect with defective ears, there are many fakes on sale.

Another German company produces quality products. The Groz-Beckert brand (the name Grotz-Beckert is often found on the Internet) specializes in the creation of industrial needles. For leather, the company has the following set:

• Name: Groz-Beckert DBx1 LR.
• Price: 190 r.
• Characteristics: in a set of 10 copies No. 90/14. The length from the beginning of the needle eye to the base is 33.8 mm. Flask thickness - 1.62 mm. The product is designed for upright machines, creates a diagonal seam with a slope to the right.
• Pros: low breakage, thread breakage, stitch skipping, high cut quality, long service life.
• Cons: not suitable for home sewing machines.

For denim

Very sharp end type H-J gently enters the dense fabric without damaging the threads. The needlewomen liked this set of tools:

• Name: Prym Nadeln Jeans 130/705.
• Price: 271 p.
• Characteristics: in a set of 5 samples No. 90/14. Production material - steel, color - silver. The smoothing size corresponds to the size of the needle.
• Pros: the eyelet is well polished, which prevents damage to the thread, the parameters of the part provide a perfect loop formation, error-free threading.
• Cons: expensive.

On sale there are needles from domestic manufacturers. They are cheap, so needlewomen, for whom sewing is a rare hobby, buy them. Budget offer:

• Name: Needle for Jeans Arti.
• Price: 42 p.
• Characteristics: in a set of 5 samples No. 100. Production material - tool steel.
• Pros: Inexpensive, good work.
• Cons: often break, bend.

For finishing stitch

With the help of a double or triple needle, you can make beautiful finishing seams. The H-ZWI, H-DRI tool is not suitable for all machines, but only for those with a zigzag stitch (Singer, Brother, Janome, Juki and others), while it works exclusively in straight stitch mode. The following model is popular:

• Name: Double needles for knitwear Hemline.
• Price: 189 p.
• Characteristics: in the set there is one copy No. 80, the distance between the rods is 4 mm. Production material - steel. Suitable for creating a decorative stitch on a knitted, elastic fabric with a thick pile. The tip is rounded.
• Pros: strong, does not damage fibers, suitable for all modern machines.
• Cons: does not always make a perfect line, whimsical in work.

Particularly beautiful stitches are obtained when using a triple needle. To make the decorative seam perfect, you need to choose a quality tool, for example:

• Name: SCHMETZ Universal Triple Needle H-DRI.
• Price: 169 p.
• Characteristics: in the set there is one universal copy No. 80 with a distance between the rods of 2.5 mm. Production material - nickel.
• Pros: convenient plastic case for storage and carrying, high durability of the product.
• Cons: not found.

double needle

A tool with two rods is designed for making decorative seams that are not subject to heavy stress. If you need to embroider parallel elements of the pattern at the same time, a double needle is indispensable. Popular tool:

• Name: Hemline Klasse double embroidery.
• Price: 151 p.
• Characteristics: one copy No. 75 with a distance between the rods of 3 mm. Product length - 3.8 cm. Color: steel, red. Purpose: topstitching after embroidery with polyester or rayon threads on thin fabrics.
• Pros: a large hole into which the thread is easily threaded, it is convenient to store the product in a plastic case.
• Cons: requires reduced speed in operation.

Sales on this part are rare, because its cost is affordable. The price category of the following manufacturer is higher than that of other well-known brands, but the quality corresponds to:

• Name: Prym Double Needle 130/705.
• Price: 271 p.
• Characteristics: one copy No. 100, the width between the rods is 6 mm. The tip is rounded, designed for knitwear.
• Pros: durable, long service life.
• Cons: not found.

with wings

With the help of a xiphoid needle, beautiful openwork lines, hemstitching are obtained. Top seller in the category:

• Name: SCHMETZ Hemstitch Needle 130/705 H WING.
• Price: 180 r.
• Characteristics: in the set there is one copy No. 100/16 with two longitudinal protrusions (wings) on the rod. Used on non-dense woven materials.
• Pros: The sewing machine needle is of impeccable quality.
• Cons: not found.

A tool with wings creates an openwork pattern that looks especially impressive on fabrics with a loose weaving structure: cambric, linen, cotton. Popular item:

• Name: Hemline Klasse for hemstitching.
• Price: 215 rubles.
• Characteristics: in a set one copy No. 100/16. Product length - 3.9 cm.
• Pros: long service life, durable, does not bend.
• Cons: expensive.

Self-threading needle

The tool is convenient for those who find it difficult to thread a needle. At the same level with the eye there is a slot through which the thread is passed, after which it enters the eye itself. The model is optimal for working with fabrics of medium density. Self-threading needles for sewing machines are extremely rare on sale; there are no such sets in the lines of well-known manufacturers. If a person has difficulty threading, you can use this tool:

• Name: Threader for sewing machine Hemline 136.
• Price: 218 p.
• Characteristics: there are two threaders in the set - a needle threader (extra long for overlocks and sewing machines), a loop threader (thin threader for overlockers).
• Pros: facilitates the introduction of the thread into the eye.
• Cons: from the description from the manufacturer it is not clear how to use the device.

How to choose needles

Discounts for this group of goods are extremely rare (unless there is damage to the packaging), so you should not expect a reduction in cost. Promotions are carried out by online stores, they need to be closely monitored. If you're lucky, you can buy several items for the price of one. When buying, you need to focus on the following criteria:

• type of sewing machine. Be sure to read the instructions for your device, it gives specific recommendations on the selection of needles: numbers, markings are indicated. This point is especially important to observe when replacing a working tool in overlockers - they have differences in flasks.
• Fabric characteristics. When choosing a needle for sewing machines, be guided by the table, which indicates the purpose of each working tool. Miscellaneous groups fabrics require a tool of a specific shape and thickness.
• Manufacturer. The best brands are Schmetz, Organ, Groz-Beckert. By choosing products of well-known companies, you will not worry about their quality. Before starting work, you need to check the curvature of the tool, the absence of external defects (for example, loss of sharpening, incorrect position of the eye in relation to the groove, rust).

For household sewing machines

Needles for home devices have a flat flask - this facilitates the process of proper installation of the instrument. Do not attempt to use an industrial needle in a home appliance. If you find a part is warped, don't try to straighten it. A high-quality product should not bend, with an intensive attempt to level it, steel or nickel breaks - this is an indicator of good quality.

For industrial sewing machines

A rounded flask is the main difference from household models. There is also a difference in length and purpose. Industrial sewing machine needles are produced by the following companies: Schmetz, Grots-Beckert, Organ. They offer working tools for overlockers, embroidery, upright, tailor, button, rivet, cover stitch, hand stitch machines, blind stitch machines, etc. Each device has its own marking, which you need to pay attention to.

For injections, needles of different lengths and diameters are used. Modern manufacturers have developed various modifications of medical devices for comfortable injections. Among medical devices, you can find needles for injector pens (microfine models), butterfly-shaped injectors and simple models of needles of various lengths.

Characteristics of injectors

The medical syringe is intended for the introduction of a medicinal solution into the body and the collection of fluids for analysis. The syringe device is a conventional pump for pumping fluid and sucking it out of the body cavity. The syringe consists of several parts:

1. hollow cylinder;
2. piston
3. needles.

Depending on the amount of infused solution or fluid intake, syringes are produced with cylinders of different volumes. In modern medicine, disposable medical devices made of polyvinyl chloride are used, packed in individual sterile bags. They also produce syringes-tubes already filled with a medicinal solution.

Characteristics of injection needles

The injection needle is a hollow metal tube with a cut and sharpened end. The non-sharp end of the needle has a sleeve with which it is attached to the cylinder. Injection rods have different lengths and sizes. The length depends on the nature of the injections:

• for intramuscular - 60 mm;
• for subcutaneous — 25 mm;
• for intradermal — 16 mm;
• for intravenous - 40 mm.

All rods have a sharp end without notches. The cutting angle depends on the nature of the injections:

• for intravenous - an angle of 45 °;
• for subcutaneous — an angle of 15 °.

To reduce pain during an injection, disposable needles are coated with a silicone compound, as a result of which the metal does not cut the tissue, but pushes it apart. The needle smoothly enters the thickness of the tissue, without creating discomfort during the puncture.

The diameter of the rod also varies depending on the rate of infusion or fluid withdrawal:

1. for intramuscular punctures, sizes of 0.6-0.8 mm are chosen, the length is 3-40 mm;
2. for a dropper choose a diameter from 0.8 to 1.1 mm, length - 40 mm;
3. for subcutaneous injections, the diameter should not exceed 0.5 mm, and the needle should not be longer than 16 mm.

The thinnest needle is used for mesotherapy and other specific medical manipulations. Foreign products are marked with the letter G to indicate the circumference of the diameter and inches to indicate the length.

Important! Do not use a short needle for intramuscular injection: the solution will remain in the subcutaneous layer.

Needles for insulin

The administration of insulin is different from the administration of other drugs - it is administered subcutaneously. For painless drug administration, the contour of the microfine rod consists of three faces. The cylinder of syringe pens is made in an elongated shape - this creates convenience during use and storage.

For these pen syringes, 5 mm microfine needles made of high-quality surgical steel are used. Microfine refills are for single use only. Microfine products are suitable for syringe pens of various modifications and production.

Important! The use of pens is very convenient for diabetics and has solved many problems with a painless puncture.

Infusion needles

Infusions, or intravenous infusions, are carried out using a butterfly needle. The butterfly rod is intended for single use for intravenous infusions and punctures of peripheral veins. The butterfly device is more convenient than a conventional injection needle for intravenous administration.

Butterfly needle made of surgical steel High Quality and is designed for different diameters of veins and medical solutions of any viscosity. The butterfly has special "wings" that are designed to fix the device. The wings prevent the rod from moving in the vein, which prevents damage to the vessel tissue during many hours of infusion.

Needles for dentistry

In dentistry, 1.0 ml carpool syringes are used for local anesthesia. Carpool type injectors are made of metal and plastic. Syringes are disposable and single use. High-quality disposable rods are made for carpool-type injectors, which are particularly flexible and durable.

Needles for dental carpool anesthetic have a very sharp cut angle, which minimizes pain during puncture. Rods for dental injectors are produced in different lengths - from 10 mm to 41 mm. A distinctive feature of the rod for a dental injector is the method of fastening by winding.

Disinfection of disposable syringes - processing rules

The role of aviation in armed conflicts is growing every year. The primary target of combat aircraft is enemy troops, not only in places of permanent deployment or at their own lines, but also on the march. This problem arose acutely during the Second World War, and it is still relevant today. It was partially solved only in the 70s of the last century, when the level of development of rocket technology made it possible to create portable anti-aircraft missile systems (MANPADS), effective against enemy aircraft and helicopters at low altitudes.

There are not many countries in the world capable of producing MANPADS. At the moment, the leaders in this area are Russia, the USA, France and the UK. One of the most famous portable missile systems in the world is the 9K38 Igla MANPADS, the development and production of which began back in the USSR. MANPADS 9K38 "Igla" is in service Russian army, in addition, this complex was actively supplied (and is being supplied) for export, several dozen armies of the world are armed with it.

The Igla missile system has excellent characteristics, it is able not only to confidently hit enemy aircraft and helicopters, but also to counteract interference and recognize false targets. The development of this weapon is carried out by the Kolomna Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering.

History of creation

Aviation became a formidable force during World War II. The German "thing" dive bombers were a real curse for the Red Army, and the Soviet Il-2 attack aircraft instilled real horror in the German soldiers. effective means against attacks by front-line aviation was never invented. The anti-aircraft missile systems that appeared after the war did not solve this problem, since they were designed to destroy enemy aircraft at high altitudes. The situation was further aggravated by the appearance of attack helicopters, which became ideal attack aircraft.

In the 60s, at about the same time, the development of a mobile anti-aircraft missile system began in the USA and the USSR, which could be armed with an individual infantryman. Shooting was to be carried out from the shoulder or a small tripod. The missile for the new air defense system had to be aimed at an air target itself and confidently destroy it.

In the USSR, the results of these works were the appearance of the Strela MANPADS, and in the USA, the FIM-43 Redeye portable missile system. These complexes belong to the first generation of these weapons. It was very effective, was used in many conflicts and confidently shot down enemy aircraft. For example, with the help of the Soviet Strela-2 MANPADS, the Viet Cong shot down 205 American aircraft.

Soviet MANPADS "Strela" received their baptism of fire in 1969, with their help they managed to shoot down 6 Israeli "Phantoms" in one day. American MANPADS created a serious problem for the Soviet troops in Afghanistan, especially when the Afghan Mujahideen began to be supplied with more advanced second-generation Stinger systems. During the years of the Afghan war, Afghan partisans managed to hit Soviet planes and helicopters 226 times with the help of various types of MANPADS. 167 aircraft were shot down.

All of the above shortcomings were taken into account by the designers when developing the next generation MANPADS, which include the Igla-1 complex.

The development of MANPADS 9K38 "Igla" began in 1971, after the relevant decree Soviet government. The designers were tasked with immediately improving a number of characteristics of the missile system. The lead developer of the Needle was KBM MOP under the leadership of S. P. Invincible, the homing head for the rocket was created by specialists from the LOMO association. A number of other enterprises of the USSR also participated in this project.

The military set the designers the following tasks:

• increasing the security of the infrared homing head from traps that shoot enemy planes and helicopters;
• increase the probability of hitting an air target in the event of a direct hit by a guided missile;
• increasing the range of target destruction and the possibility of firing on a collision course;
• a clear definition of the ownership of an aircraft or helicopter in order to exclude the possibility of accidentally shooting at friendly ones;
• the possibility of preliminary targeting of approaching enemy air targets by air defense control points at the tactical level.

The task turned out to be very difficult to implement, so work on the new complex was greatly delayed. Tests of the new MANPADS were supposed to begin in 1973, but they started only in 1980. The basis of the 9K38 Igla MANPADS was the 9M39 missile, equipped with a homing head with two photodetectors. They allowed the rocket to confidently distinguish an enemy aircraft or helicopter from decoys.

Due to a significant delay in the creation of anti-aircraft complex"Igla", in 1978 it was decided to start developing another MANPADS - "Igla-1", which would differ from the basic complex in greater simplicity and lower cost. They were supposed to be put into service in parallel, speeding up and reducing the cost of the process of completing the USSR Armed Forces.

In the same 1978, work on the creation of a new missile for the Igla-1 MANPADS was completed, only the homing head (GOS) was not ready. It was decided to install a GOS from the Strela-3 complex on this missile and, as soon as possible, receive a new portable anti-aircraft missile system. In 1980, tests of Igla-1 began, and a year later it was put into service.

The 9K38 Igla portable anti-aircraft missile system was put into service in 1983.

A more advanced modification of this weapon is the Igla-S, the state tests of which were completed in 2001, and a year later it was adopted by the Russian army. There are also several other modifications:

• "Needle-B". This MANPADS is designed to arm helicopters and ground combat equipment. There is a block that allows the simultaneous launch of two missiles at once.
• "Igla-D". This modification was developed for parts of the Airborne Forces and has a collapsible launch tube.
• "Needle-N". The missile of this complex has a warhead with a much greater power, which significantly increases the likelihood of destroying an air target.

There are several more modifications created by Ukrainian developers. They are distinguished by a more advanced homing head, which has greater accuracy and noise immunity.

Design Description

The most advanced modification of the Igla complex is the Igla-S, this MANPADS has the highest performance characteristics. It was created as a result of a deep modernization of the 9K38 Igla MANPADS. This missile system is capable of countering not only enemy aircraft and helicopters, but also shooting down enemy drones and cruise missiles. The probability of hitting targets is 0.8-0.9.

Experts believe that the probability of hitting an air target of the F-16 type in the forward hemisphere is approximately 50%, taking into account the use by the enemy of all available active and passive interference and its intense maneuvering.

The 9K338 Igla-S complex consists of a 9M342 rocket in a launch tube and a trigger mechanism, as well as a Mowgli-2 night vision device. The complex also includes the means of its Maintenance: mobile control point and means of control and testing equipment.

Compared with basic model, MANPADS "Igla-S" has a greater range of destruction (it has increased to 6 km) and increased power of the warhead (both in terms of explosives and the number of fragments). Despite this, the weight of the missile system remained virtually unchanged. In addition, the missile has become even more noise-resistant, which allows it to hit even well-protected targets.

The maximum flight altitude of an air target is 3.5 km. Its speed can reach 340 m/s. The weight of the complex is 19 kg.

The homing head of the GSN 9E435 missile has two channels for receiving incoming signals, which allows it to carry out effective selection and separate false targets from real ones. When approaching the target, the rocket deviates from the pointing point (that is, from the nozzle) and hits the central part aircraft, which is much more vulnerable. In terms of vibration and shock resistance, the 9M342 missile is significantly superior to its predecessors.

In addition, for the first time, a proximity fuse was installed in the missile, which provides an explosion at a short distance from the target, causing more serious damage to it. The issue of the interaction of contact and non-contact fuses was also resolved. Moreover, during contact detonation, the explosion does not occur immediately, but after certain time, after penetration of the warhead of the rocket into the skin of the affected aircraft. This greatly increases the effectiveness of undermining.

The fuel used in the Igla-S MANPADS missile has high detonation properties, which further increases the missile's combat effectiveness, especially when used on a collision course.
Immediately after the rocket takes off, the powder engine starts to work, which directs the missile defense system to the lead point. All this happens without any human intervention.

The installation of a night vision device on the Igla-S MANPADS is very important, which makes it possible to use this weapon at any time of the day. Modern aviation is increasingly making night raids, so such a device significantly increases the capabilities of the anti-aircraft complex. Using the Mowgli night vision device, the shooter can easily aim and track the target.

When we talk about Igla MANPADS, we mean a whole family of man-portable missile systems. Despite the fact that modification "C" is the most modern and advanced, the army is armed with thousands of complexes of earlier modifications, released back in the Soviet period.

The dimensions of the Igla-S modification allow firing missiles of old modifications. Moreover, the 9M342 missile can be used by the Igla and Igla-1 complexes. Mounting the night vision device "Mowgli" allows you to install this device on complexes of earlier modifications.
The use of the Igla-S modification does not require serious retraining from military personnel who have previously dealt with the Igla or Igla-1.

MANPADS "Igla" is equipped with a reliable "friend or foe" identification system, which guarantees blocking the launch of a missile at its own planes or helicopters.

The complex is able to work effectively in any conditions: at extremely high and low temperatures, in conditions of high humidity, with heavy precipitation and even after immersion in water (0.5 meters for 30 minutes). The missile system in the package is not afraid of falling from a height of two meters, strong vibration and numerous mechanical shocks.

To ensure the firing of two anti-aircraft missiles at once, the Dzhigit launcher was created. It is equipped with an external preliminary determination("friend or foe"), means of self-diagnosis and maintenance. The shooter is in a rotating chair, to the left and to the right of him are the missile launch tubes. Targeting is done manually. Volley fire increases the probability of hitting an air target by 1.5 times.

Combat use of MANPADS "Igla"

This portable missile system was first used during the Civil War in El Salvador. The rebels, who were supported by the USSR, managed to shoot down one Cessna A-37 attack aircraft and an AC-47 aircraft. Nicaraguan rebels shot down a cargo DC-6 with the Needle.

The first large-scale conflict in which the Needles were used was the Gulf War. In 1991, with the help of this MANPADS, four Harriers were shot down.

During the war with Bosnia, the Serbs shot down the French Mirage-2000 fighter with the Needle.

Chechen fighters shot down five or six Russian helicopters using Igla MANPADS of various modifications. Among them are a helicopter with officers of the General Staff and a helicopter in which Deputy Minister Rudchenko and other high-ranking officials flew, as well as an Mi-26 with 113 servicemen on board. Only in 2005 did the FSB manage to seize the last anti-aircraft system from the separatists.

With the help of this MANPADS, several helicopters and planes of government troops were shot down during the civil conflict in Syria. Separatists in eastern Ukraine use Igla MANPADS against government forces.

A little less than a month ago, the Kurds, using Igla MANPADS, shot down a Turkish AH-1 Super Cobra helicopter.

Below are the performance characteristics (TTX) of the Igla-S MANPADS.

Damage zone, m: - by range - by height	6000 10 — 3500
Target speed, m/s: - towards - in pursuit	400 320
Weight in combat position, kg	19
Rocket caliber, mm	72
Rocket length, mm	1635
Rocket mass, kg	11. 7
Warhead weight, kg	2.5
Transfer time of MANPADS from traveling to combat position, s	13
Transfer time of MANPADS from combat position to marching position, s	30
Operating time of the onboard battery of the rocket, s	at least 15
Power supply replacement time, s	15
Operating conditions: — temperature, C - air humidity - immersion in water - depth - climbing to a height in an unpressurized cabin - drop on concrete (packed) - overload (packed)	-40 to +50 up to 98% 0.5 m for 30 min up to 12000m from height up to 2 m up to 35g
Air situation display area, km	25.6x25.6
Selection of PEP 1L10-2 targets for tracking	auto
Supply voltage, V	12, 24±3
Temperature range of application, С	-50 to +50

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Choosing a needle for needlework can be compared to how an artist chooses a brush for work. Mastering the basics of a particular skill, you can get by with one or two tools. But the deeper we dive into the subject, the more subtle we feel the difference.

An experienced seamstress or embroiderer may have hundreds of needles in stock - of different lengths and thicknesses, with different tips and eyes. Needles can glide through fabric with varying ease, be harder, firmer, or more flexible. Needles of the same size and purpose, made by different manufacturers, may be comfortable for one person and not very suitable for another. In a word, it is best to choose needles in practice - but remember about the presence of their main varieties.

a set of needles for needlework Prym (24 pcs.) at BurdaStyle

The main types of handmade needles:

1. Sewing needles- are considered universal: average length and thickness, eye size - not too big, not too small. In fact, a fairly general concept: for sewing different fabrics, it is better to select the right needle.

2. Darning needles- long, with a sharp end. The thickness of the needle and the size of the eye are best selected according to the thickness of the darning thread. For darning knitwear or knitwear, it is better to take the appropriate needle.

3. Tapestry needles- with a large eye and a rounded end that does not pierce, but pushes the fabric fibers apart. Tapestry needles are sold under different numbers, the larger the number, the smaller the needle. Many embroiderers prefer to use tapestry needles for cross stitching (although there are special needles for this type of needlework, see below).

4. Embroidery needles- for cross-stitching, the needles are short (up to 3 cm), the tip is slightly rounded, the core is well polished for the free entry of the needle into the fabric, the eye is oval, so that it is easier to insert multilayer floss threads, well processed. For satin stitch embroidery, the needles should be sharper and longer.

5. Chenille, or chenille needles- designed for embroidery with ribbons. Similar to tapestry, but with a pointed tip.

6. Needles for knitwear- can be of different lengths and thicknesses, with different eye sizes. The main feature is the rounded tip: just like tapestry needles, knitwear needles do not pierce, but push apart the fibers of the fabric, so there are no hooks or thread breaks on the knitwear.

7. Needles for leather and fur- have a tip with a trihedral sharpening, which is convenient to pierce, as if cutting, thick dense material.

8. For basting- as a rule, rather long thin needles with a sharp end and a small eye are used. Exceptions - work with knitwear, tapestry or other fabrics that require special needles.

9. Needles for wool- thick, medium length, with a rounded end and a wide oval eye. It is convenient to sew knitted products with such needles, to do embroidery on them and so on.

10. Needles for beads- thin, with a round eye, have the same thickness along the entire length (this is important when threading the needle through a bead with a thin hole). Some beading needles have a special flexible eye.

11. Special needles to work with the application- exceptionally sharp needles, along the length of which very thin notches can be applied (the notches are almost impossible to see, but they facilitate the sliding of the needle) or a special coating is made.

12. Needles for quilting- Designed for hand stitching quilts. These are short needles designed for making small and neat stitches.