Snowmobile "Buran" is a domestic snowmobile. We can say that this is a legend of the Soviet industry. It belongs to the class of so-called, designed for work. The Buran snowmobile is being produced, the photo of which is presented below, in the city of Rybinsk, Yaroslavl Region. It first appeared on the assembly line in 1971. Since then, its design has not changed at all.
Snowmobile "Buran", the technical characteristics of which causes a lot positive emotions, built entirely in Russia, by domestic engineers, on our units. It exists in two versions: short wheelbase and long wheelbase.
background
In the post-war period, residents of the northern regions of the USSR and Siberia were in dire need of small vehicles capable of overcoming any snow jams. The result of the development of Soviet engineers was the snowmobile "Buran". The engine of this vehicle allows you to learn many things about the developments of that time. The predecessor of the "Buran" was the snowmobile, which was used even before the war in the Red Army. But the founder of this type of transport is the Bombardier company.
Engine and fuel
The Buran has a two-stroke engine. A successful design allowed it to exist for almost four decades and reach our days without any special alterations. Works on an oil-fuel mixture. Gasoline is poured along with oil. No separate lubrication system is provided here.
Access to the engine compartment is very convenient. Everything is very simple. It is enough just to open the hood of the snowmobile, and you can get to any unit. The engine compartment is very large. It should be noted that the hood is mounted very conveniently and is fixed by two. Wide air intakes are located on its upper part. They serve for good air cooling of the engine, which produces 34 horsepower. is about 60-70 km/h. "Buran" has a disc brake system.
The fuel tank is large enough and located in front. Compared to a car, it is in place of the radiator. Capacity - 35 liters. Snowmobile "Buran", which is about 15-20 liters per 100 km, can be called a very voracious unit. Gasoline is used by AI-92. Filled with oil. It is diluted 1:50 - for 50 liters of gasoline 1 liter of oil. It is used the same as in imported chainsaws. The snowmobile refueling hatch is located in front, under the headlight.
Body and transmission
Behind the hood is the driver's seat. In the double version, the passenger seat is located behind it. There is a backrest for it at the back. Under the seat is the battery and luggage compartment, which is impressive in its size. Therefore, it is better to buy a long-wheelbase snowmobile "Buran". The technical characteristics of the transmission are as follows: CVT box, only two speeds, front and rear. There is also a neutral position.
Behind is a block headlight and a tow bar, to which you can attach a sled. The dimensions of the snowmobile are small, which makes it very compact and easy to transport.
Chassis
On the instrument panel there is a speedometer, a switch for turning on the low and high beams. The accelerator is located on the right handlebar, next to the brakes for two tracks. There is one ski in front, which provides controllability of the snowmobile. It has a suspension, which is an inverted spring. It is taken from some domestic car. Two tracks give good cross-country ability. Much better than some expensive imported snowmobiles. This distinguishes it favorably from foreign competitors.
Snowmobile "Buran", the price of which is much lower, can compete with Yamaha or Polaris. But still, one ski noticeably worsens the maneuverability of the snowmobile. You have to do several maneuvers to turn around. This places him behind his competitors. Especially it is not very convenient on the ice.
Start of movement
Starting the engine is very convenient. It is necessary to transfer the position to the on mode, put forward the "choke" and pull the start cord towards you. It is located on the lower right, under the steering wheel. Everything starts up. By the way, the ignition locks are used from GAZ cars, so in the event of a breakdown there will be no problems with the search and compatibility of the spare part.
There are also configurations with a starter, but they often have problems associated with the constant discharge of the battery and the eternal "burning" of the domestic starter, which is used from one of our cars. To start the movement, you need to move the transmission handle to the desired position: forward or backward. Then it remains only to press the accelerator lever. The snowmobile "grabs" immediately. He has very good lows.
Outcome
An indispensable technique in the vast Siberian expanses is, of course, the Buran snowmobile. The technical characteristics of the transmission allows it to overcome even the most impassable snow jams. Its additional advantage is a large trunk, which is very useful in the taiga, when every piece of free space is worth its weight in gold. It will fit a lot of fish, additional fuel or provisions. There is also enough space for spare parts, since this is still a technique, and it sometimes breaks down.
Therefore, a good solution for conquering domestic snow expanses is the Buran snowmobile. The price for it is the lowest of all the models presented on the Russian market. True, there is an eternal problem of domestic technology - this is the build quality, but that's a completely different story.
The Buran snowmobile is produced at a factory in Rybinsk. This is a technique with a powerful engine, which is designed for winter walks, fishing or hunting.
Specifications
Description and technical characteristics of Buran-640:
| Front suspension type | spring |
| Rear suspension type | Independent |
| Number of front springs | 1 |
| Number of tracks | 2 |
| Tension mechanism | Screw |
| Gearbox Model | Variable speed drive |
| Number of gears | 4 |
| Reverse | There is |
| Type of brake system | Disk |
| Brake drive | Mechanical |
| Power unit start system | Manual, electric starter |
| Ignition | Contactless |
| Lubrication system | Combined (gasoline and oil) |
| Number of seats | 2 |
| Permissible mass of towed cargo | 250 kg |
| Speedometer | There is |
| Heated handles | There is |
| Headlight | 55/60 halogen |
| Taillight | LED |
| Piston stroke | 7 cm |
| Fuel used | Gasoline AI-92, AI-76, AI-80 |
| Carburetor Model | Mikuni |
| Power unit model | RMZ-640 |
| Diameter of cylindrical elements | 7.6 cm |
| Type of working fluid cooling system | aerial |
| international environmental standard | Euro 2 |
| Fuel tank capacity | 28 l |
Dimensional data
Overall dimensions of the Buran ADE snowmobile caterpillar:
- length - 2.87 m;
- width - 0.38 m;
- height - 0.075 m.
Vehicle dimensions: 2.7 * 0.91 * 1.33 m, weight - 285 kg.
Drawer dimensions
Buran 4TD is equipped with boxes, the size of which is 2.42 * 1.06 * 1.13 m.
Suspension
An elliptical leaf spring front suspension and an independent rear suspension mechanism equipped with a balanced spring are installed.
The stroke of the front and rear mechanism is 5 cm. The number of front springs is 1.
The snowmobile suspension design includes the following elements:
- bearing shell;
- outer hub;
- star;
- internal type hub;
- fixing bolts and nuts;
- sleeve;
- video clip;
- ski;
- axial device;
- collar;
- buffer;
- steering column;
- cuff;
- thrust washer;
- sprocket driven type chain transmission;
- retaining ring.
The spring assemblies are attached to the ski sole brackets. The ends of the root sheet must be locked with cotter pins. The longitudinal movement of the springs is carried out by sliding along the bronze insert of the front tip of the main sheet.
Bearings, king pin and handle shaft must be treated with special grease.
mover
This snowmobile is equipped with a tracked propulsion system equipped with drive sprockets. Number of caterpillar mechanisms - 2. Type of caterpillar - reinforced with plastic rods, made of rubber and fabric. The tension mechanism is screw, the height of the lugs is 17.5 mm.
The propulsion unit converts the energy of the power unit through interaction with the environment. Traction is generated by rewinding the tracks.
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The large contact area of the tracked belt device with the soil makes it possible to provide low pressure on the ground and high level patency.
The propulsion device includes the following mechanisms:
- driving wheel;
- caterpillars;
- track rollers;
- supporting rollers;
- tension mechanism with sloths.
This mechanism allows you to increase maneuverability and extend the life of the vehicle.
Transmission
This snowmobile has a transmission in the form of a variator and a gearbox. The variator consists of a V-belt transmission with automatic change in the working diameter of the drive shaft of the Buran snowmobile caterpillar.
The design of the variator includes:
- driving pulley equipped with a centrifugal adjusting device;
- driven pulley equipped with a cam-type clutch.
The gearbox consists of:
- crankcase;
- reverse shaft;
- gear change devices;
- chain tensioner.
The gearshift mechanism is mounted on the housing cover and consists of an axial device, a shift fork, a spring-loaded ball that enters the axle groove. A cork with a breather hole made of plastic is screwed into the lid.
The tensioner is located at the bottom of the housing. The tension is adjusted by turning the tension shaft. To check the circuit, a special viewing ring is provided in the design.
brakes
The snowmobile is equipped with mechanical disc brakes. The design of the brake system includes the following mechanisms:
- main brake cylinder block;
- vacuum type amplifier;
- a device that regulates the pressure in the rear brake mechanism;
- ABS block;
- working brake cylindrical elements;
- working circuits.
The main brake cylinder converts the traction force, which is transmitted from the brake pedal, into the pressure of the fuel fluid in the system and distributes it to all working circuits.
In order to increase the force that creates pressure, a vacuum hydraulic drive booster is needed.
The control device reduces the level of pressure in the drive of the brake device of the rear wheel elements, which makes it possible to increase the braking efficiency of the vehicle.
The circuits consist of closed pipelines that connect the main cylinders and wheels.
Operating parameters
Overview of operating parameters:
Basic equipment
The basic package includes:
- starter;
- reverse type transmission;
- handle heating;
- windshield;
- rear hitch;
- speedometer;
- odometer.
lighting technology
On this modification of the snowmobile, projector headlights of model 17.3711010 are installed. They consist of a body, a bezel and an optical device. The lamp is attached to the optical mechanism with a spring latch. There are 3 pins that are needed to connect the male connector. The screws can be used to adjust the headlights in a horizontal or vertical position.
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The rear light is located on the rear suspension housing, to which it is attached with two screws. Lantern design includes: base, lamp, holder, glasses.
On the vehicle there are 2 safety devices: 15 A and 30 A. They are designed to protect the electrical circuit of the ignition system and the motor.
The brake light is located on the handle of the steering mechanism. It activates the snowmobile handbrake lamp by closing the switch contacts.
Engine
The snowmobile engine Buran RMZ-640 has the following technical specifications:
On some models, the Lifan engine for the Buran snowmobile is installed. Technical indicators:
Repair and breakdown
The main malfunctions and ways to eliminate them:
- If the engine does not start, it is necessary to disconnect the ends of the fuel pipe and blow through the system, rinse all filter elements, clean the breather hole, replace gasoline.
- If there is no spark on the electrodes of the spark plug, check the mechanism for damage and defects, clean the spark plugs from carbon deposits, and adjust the gap.
- If the transmission chain is broken, it is recommended to replace the chain mechanism, for this you will need to remove the track.
- If the gearbox is disengaged while driving, the entire mechanism should be disassembled, the spring and other worn parts should be replaced.
- If oil is leaking from the gearbox, it is necessary to adjust the cuffs and replace damaged and worn parts.
- If the snowmobile does not develop full power, it is recommended to adjust the tension and centering of the track belt.
Tuning makes it possible to protect the suspension mechanism and transmission from premature wear.
The improvement of the motor will allow you to start the equipment even at low temperatures environment. If you install heated handles and seat, you can increase the time of walking in cold weather.
In order to use transport in areas with a lot of snow, it is recommended to install an advanced ski model.
Installing a roof rack helps increase safety in the event of a collision with an obstacle or during a vehicle rollover.
The pad on the steering mechanism will help soften the blows in case of accidental collisions, and the installation of additional rear-view mirrors will help to expand the viewing angle.
The history of the storm is interesting in itself. Despite the fact that the first version of the snowstorm was developed back in the USSR, and the snowmobile snowmobile began to be produced in 1971, this technique is still in great demand, and not only among the northerners.
This is originally a civilian model. This is how it is still produced and successfully sold to this day. Moreover, despite the improvements with imported spare parts, the snowstorm has not changed so much structurally.
What's being released today
At the moment, there is a certain set of model ranges of snowstorms that differ from each other externally and constructively:
- Snowmobile blizzard leader;
- snowmobile buran ade (AD);
- 4T and 4TD.
Each of these versions contains certain improvements that increase the handling, as well as the usability of the snowmobile. For example, the Buran Ade snowmobile is equipped with an electric starter, and it also has an extended platform.
Features of the classic model
First, let's look at the main technical characteristics:
- Storm engine. By default, a 2-stroke, 2-cylinder engine is installed. It gives out about 35 liters. with., allows the snowmobile to reach speeds of up to 60 km / h. There are improved two-cylinder engines with 4 strokes. Fuel consumption up to 25 liters per 100 km. At the same time, the snowstorms have RMZ 640 and carburetor fuel system(carburetor 1). On some versions, injection systems are installed. Also worth noting is the air-cooled electric engine start system. Most options also have an emergency start;
- Transmission introduced snowstorms have a variator-type box. It provides for the use of forward movement, as well as reverse and neutral gear;
- Disc brakes mechanical;
- Contactless ignition. In addition to manual, it is planned to start using an electrical circuit;
- Front suspension equipped with an elliptical spring, and the rear with a spring balancer (internal). The rear suspension is fully independent. Additional shock absorbers for Buran 640 are not provided.
additional characteristics
- Caterpillars at the snowstorm 2. This makes its movement similar to tanks - it goes ahead. Withstands movement on small ravines, as well as rough snowy terrain;
- The snowmobile has one ski. It is rather short, located in the bow. Often, tuning a snowmobile snowmobile comes down to improving this particular element (for example, adding additional cutters);
- Buran is quite heavy. Even its dry weight (without cargo, passengers and refueling) varies between 290 - 310 kg;
- The seat is double. Equipped with a passenger back;
- A molded windshield with a fairly powerful halogen headlight is installed in the nose of the snowmobile snowmobile. Also, all the controls and controls (bulbs, sensors and cigarette lighter) are placed on the steering wheel. For complete comfort, all this is connected to the heating circuit;
- Combined lubricant. That is, upon receipt of the parts, the oil is mixed with gasoline. Some models are equipped with a mechanical pump.
Snowmobile Features
Despite the rather large weight and considerable dimensions, the snowstorm demonstrates excellent power when traveling with a loaded trailer. Therefore, it becomes an ideal option for hunting large game or performing household needs. In addition, many models are additionally supplied with their own trunk.
The snowmobile demonstrates a fairly good cross-country ability, which increases significantly after the upgrades of some elements. Buran behaves confidently on loose, deep snow. Although, at the same time, it “eats” quite a lot, and the tank capacity is too small (only 28 liters). For comparison, in the taiga, the tank is 12 liters larger (40 liters). But, given that the taiga has more consumption (35 liters per hundred km instead of 25), you can not be afraid not to reach your destination. Recommended brands of gasoline 80 and 92.
Repair and breakdown
According to the reviews of the owners, one of the most frequent and annoying breakdowns is an open gearbox chain. Oddly enough, but this is due to improvements. On new models, more “elegant” two-row chains with a reduced pitch are installed (only 9.5 instead of the original 12.7).
Almost immediately during operation, frequent breaks and repairs of the snowmobile snowmobile gearbox began to be noted. Double-row chains with a pitch of 12.7 are rightfully considered the most reliable, but these can only be found on models of the 70s and 80s of production. In more modern models, there is a division into chains of the “old” and “new” samples (the step is the same at 9.5).
Unfortunately, today the gearbox is the weakest and most vulnerable node of the snowstorm. Therefore, many carry a spare chain with them. One of the additional solutions to the problem was the transition to imported three-row chains (the step is the same). They show a significant reduction in breaks due to the increase in the minimum values of breaking loads in the chain.
But, there are also nuances here. Together with the chain, it is also desirable to change the shafts with gears. Worn parts (especially for sprockets) will give distortions, which again will lead to frequent breaks. In addition, many are also upgrading the gearbox itself.
Do I need a license to Buran?
Of no small importance for the owners of such equipment is the question of whether the rights to a snowmobile are needed? The answer is simple - yes, they do. Only these are not ordinary rights and they are issued by Gostekhnadzor. In fact, this is a special type A1 certificate with the category of tractor driver - driver.
But, you can get it after passing special training and practice (as in the case of rights). The certificate is valid for 10 years, after which you will have to retake the exams. Some driving schools also have the right to take such exams with the subsequent issuance of certificates (payment of state duty is required).
But, the presence of an employee of Gostekhnadzor is considered a prerequisite. All this does not apply to snowmobile models with an engine displacement below 50 cm3. In this case, you can drive without a license. Please note that in any case, you can only enter the roadway if you receive a registered number.
Buran (spaceship)
Buran- orbital spacecraft of the Soviet reusable transport space system (MTKK), created as part of the Energia-Buran program. One of the two orbital vehicles of the MTKK implemented in the world, the Buran was a response to a similar American project, the Space Shuttle. Buran made its first and only space flight in an unmanned mode on November 15, 1988.
Story
Buran was conceived as a military system. The performance specification for the development of a reusable space system was issued by the Main Directorate of Space Facilities of the USSR Ministry of Defense and approved by D. F. Ustinov on November 8, 1976. "Buran" was intended for:
The program has its own background:
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Drawings and photographs of the shuttle were first received in the USSR through the GRU in early 1975. Immediately, two examinations were carried out for the military component: at the military research institutes and at the Institute for Problems in Mechanics under the leadership of Mstislav Keldysh. Conclusions: “the future reusable ship will be able to carry nuclear weapons and attack the territory of the USSR with them from almost anywhere in near-Earth space” and “The American shuttle with a carrying capacity of 30 tons, if loaded with nuclear warheads, is capable of flying outside the radio visibility zone of the domestic missile attack warning system. Having made an aerodynamic maneuver, for example, over the Gulf of Guinea, he can release them across the territory of the USSR "- they pushed the leadership of the USSR to create an answer -" Buran ".
And they say that we will fly there once a week, you know ... But there are no goals and cargoes, and immediately there is a fear that they are creating a ship for some future tasks that we do not know about. Possible military use? Undoubtedly.
Vadim Lukashevich - historian of cosmonautics, candidate of technical sciences
And so they demonstrated this by flying over the Kremlin on the Shuttle, so it was a surge of our military, politicians, and so a decision was made at one time: working out a technique for intercepting space targets, high, with the help of aircraft.
By December 1, 1988, there had been at least one secret military shuttle launch (NASA flight code STS-27).
In America, they said that the Space Shuttle system was created as part of a program of a civilian organization - NASA. The Task Force under the leadership of Vice President S. Agnew in 1969-1970 developed several options for promising programs for the peaceful exploration of outer space after the end of the lunar program. In 1972 Congress, based on economic analysis? supported the project of creating reusable shuttles to replace disposable rockets. In order for the Space Shuttle system to be cost-effective, it was supposed to remove the load at least once a week, but this did not happen. Currently [ when?] the program is closed, including due to unprofitability.
In the USSR, many space programs had either a military purpose or were based on military technologies. So, the Soyuz launch vehicle is the famous royal "seven" - the R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), and the Proton launch vehicle is the UR-500 ICBM.
According to the procedures established in the USSR for making decisions on rocket and space technology and on the space programs themselves, the initiators of development could be either the top party leadership (“Lunar program”) or the Ministry of Defense. The civil administration of space exploration, similar to NASA in the United States, did not exist in the USSR.
In April 1973, in the military-industrial complex, with the involvement of leading institutions (TsNIIMASH, NIITP, TsAGI, 50 Central Research Institute, 30 Central Research Institute), a draft decision of the military-industrial complex on problems related to with the creation of a reusable space system. In government Decree No. P137 / VII of May 17, 1973, in addition to organizational issues, there was a clause obliging "Minister S. A. Afanasyev and V. P. Glushko to prepare proposals on a plan for further work within four months."
Reusable space systems had both strong supporters and authoritative opponents in the USSR. Wanting to finally decide on the ISS, GUKOS decided to choose an authoritative arbiter in the dispute between the military and industry, instructing the head institute of the Ministry of Defense for military space (TsNII 50) to conduct research work (R&D) to justify the need for the ISS to solve the problems of the country's defense capability. But even this did not bring clarity, since General Melnikov, who led this institute, having decided to play it safe, issued two “reports”: one in favor of the creation of the ISS, the other against. In the end, both of these reports, overgrown with numerous authoritative "Agreed" and "Approve", met in the most inappropriate place - on the table of D. F. Ustinov. Annoyed by the results of the "arbitration", Ustinov called Glushko and asked to be brought up to date, presenting detailed information according to the ISS options, but Glushko unexpectedly sent to a meeting with the Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, a candidate member of the Politburo, instead of himself the General Designer - his employee, and. about. Head of Department 162 Valery Burdakov.
Arriving at Ustinov's office on Staraya Ploshchad, Burdakov began answering questions from the Secretary of the Central Committee. Ustinov was interested in all the details: why the ISS is needed, what it could be, what we need for this, why the US is building its own shuttle, what threatens us. As Valery Pavlovich later recalled, Ustinov was primarily interested in the military capabilities of the ISS, and he presented to D. F. Ustinov his vision of using orbital shuttles as possible carriers of thermonuclear weapons that could be based on permanent military orbital stations in immediate readiness to deal a crushing blow anywhere in the world.
The prospects for the ISS, presented by Burdakov, so deeply excited and interested D. F. Ustinov that he quickly prepared a decision that was discussed in the Politburo, approved and signed by L. I. Brezhnev, and the topic of a reusable space system received the highest priority among all space programs in the party-state leadership and the military-industrial complex.
In 1976, the specially created NPO Molniya became the lead developer of the ship. The new association was headed by, already in the 1960s, working on the project of the reusable aerospace system Spiral.
The production of orbital ships has been carried out at the Tushino Machine-Building Plant since 1980; by 1984, the first full-scale copy was ready. From the factory, the ships were delivered by water transport (on a barge under an awning) to the city of Zhukovsky, and from there (from the Zhukovsky airfield) - by air (on a special VM-T transport aircraft) - to the Yubileiny airfield of the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
For the landings of the Buran spaceplane, a reinforced runway (RWY) was specially equipped at the Yubileiny airfield in Baikonur. In addition, two more main reserve landing sites for Buran were seriously reconstructed and fully equipped with the necessary infrastructure - Bagerovo military airfields in the Crimea and Vostochny (Khorol) in Primorye, as well as runways were built or reinforced in fourteen more alternate landing sites, including outside the territory of the USSR (in Cuba, in Libya).
A full-size analogue of Buran, designated BTS-002 (GLI), was made for flight tests in the Earth's atmosphere. It had four turbojet engines in its tail section, which allowed it to take off from a conventional airfield. In -1988 it was used in the LII. M. M. Gromov (Zhukovsky city, Moscow region) to work out the control system and the automatic landing system, as well as to train test pilots before space flights.
On November 10, 1985, at the Gromov Flight Research Institute of the USSR Ministry of Aviation Industry, a full-size analog of the Buran made the first atmospheric flight (machine 002 GLI - horizontal flight tests). The car was piloted by LII test pilots Igor Petrovich Volk and R. A. A. Stankyavichus.
Earlier, by order of the USSR Ministry of Aviation Industry dated June 23, 1981 No. 263, the Industry Detachment of Test Cosmonauts of the USSR Ministry of Aviation Industry was created, consisting of: Volk I.P., Levchenko A.S., Stankyavichus R.A.A. and Shchukin A.V. (first kit).
First and only flight
Buran made its first and only space flight on November 15, 1988. The spacecraft was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome using the Energia launch vehicle. The flight duration was 205 minutes, the ship made two orbits around the Earth, after which it landed at the Yubileiny airfield in Baikonur. The flight took place without a crew automatic mode using the on-board computer and on-board software, unlike the shuttle, which traditionally makes the last stage of landing on manual control (reentry into the atmosphere and deceleration to the speed of sound in both cases are fully computerized). This fact - the flight of a spacecraft into space and its descent to Earth in automatic mode under the control of an on-board computer - was included in the Guinness Book of Records. Over the Pacific Ocean "Buran" was accompanied by the ship of the measuring complex of the USSR Navy "Marshal Nedelin" and the research vessel of the USSR Academy of Sciences "Cosmonaut Georgy Dobrovolsky".
... the control system of the Buran ship was supposed to automatically perform all actions up to the ship stopping after landing. The participation of the pilot in the management was not provided. (Later, at our insistence, they nevertheless provided for a backup manual control mode in the atmospheric leg of the flight during the return of the spacecraft.)
A number of technical solutions obtained during the creation of Buran are still used in Russian and foreign rocket and space technology.
A significant part of the technical information about the course of the flight is not available to today's researcher, since it was recorded on magnetic tapes for BESM-6 computers, no serviceable copies of which have been preserved. It is possible to partially recreate the course of the historical flight using the preserved paper rolls of printouts on the ATsPU-128 with selections from on-board and ground telemetry data.
Specifications
- Length - 36.4 m,
- Wingspan - about 24 m,
- The height of the ship when it is on the chassis is more than 16 m,
- Starting weight - 105 tons.
- The cargo compartment holds a payload weighing up to 30 tons during takeoff, up to 20 tons during landing.
A sealed all-welded cabin for the crew and people for work in orbit (up to 10 people) and most of the equipment for ensuring flight as part of the rocket and space complex, autonomous flight in orbit, descent and landing are inserted into the nose compartment. The volume of the cabin is over 70 m³.
Differences from the Space Shuttle
Despite the general external similarity of the projects, there are significant differences.
The general designer Glushko considered that by that time there were few materials that would confirm and guarantee success, at a time when the flights of the Shuttle proved that a configuration similar to the Shuttle worked successfully, and there is less risk when choosing a configuration. Therefore, despite the larger useful volume of the Spiral configuration, it was decided to carry out the Buran in a configuration similar to the Shuttle configuration.
... Copying, as indicated in the previous answer, was, of course, completely conscious and justified in the process of those design developments that were carried out, and during which, as already indicated above, many changes were made to both the configuration and the design. The main political requirement was to ensure that the dimensions of the payload compartment were the same as the payload compartment of the Shuttle.
... the absence of sustainer engines on the Buran noticeably changed the centering, the position of the wings, the configuration of the influx, well, and a number of other differences.
After the disaster of the Columbia spacecraft, and in particular with the closure of the Space Shuttle program, the Western media have repeatedly expressed the opinion that the US space agency NASA is interested in the revival of the Energia-Buran complex and intends to place an appropriate order for Russia in the near future. time. Meanwhile, according to the Interfax news agency, the director of TsNIIMash, G. G. Raikunov, said that Russia could return after 2018 to this program and the creation of launch vehicles capable of launching cargo up to 24 tons into orbit; testing will begin in 2015. In the future, it is planned to create rockets that will deliver cargo weighing more than 100 tons into orbit. In the distant future, there are plans to develop a new manned spacecraft and reusable launch vehicles.
Causes and effects of differences between the Energiya-Buran and Space Shuttle systems
The original version of the OS-120, which appeared in 1975 in Volume 1B "Technical Proposals" of the "Integrated Rocket and Space Program", was an almost complete copy of the American space shuttle - in the tail section of the ship there were three sustainer oxygen-hydrogen engines (11D122 developed by KBEM with a thrust along 250 t.s. and a specific impulse of 353 seconds on the ground and 455 seconds in a vacuum) with two protruding engine nacelles for orbital maneuvering engines.
The key issue turned out to be the engines, which had to be equal in all basic parameters to or exceed the characteristics of the onboard engines of the American SSME orbiter and side solid rocket boosters.
The engines created in the Voronezh Chemical Automation Design Bureau turned out to be compared with the American counterpart:
- heavier (3450 vs. 3117 kg),
- larger in size (diameter and height: 2420 and 4550 versus 1630 and 4240 mm),
- with less thrust (at sea level: 155 against 190 t.s.).
It is known that in order to launch the same payload into orbit from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, for geographical reasons, you need to have more thrust than from the Cape Canaveral Cosmodrome.
To launch the Space Shuttle system, two solid-propellant boosters with a thrust of 1280 tons each are used. each (the most powerful rocket engines in history), with a total thrust at sea level of 2560 t.s., plus a total thrust of three SSME engines of 570 t.s., which together creates thrust at separation from the launch pad of 3130 t.s. This is enough to launch a payload of up to 110 tons from the Canaveral Cosmodrome, including the shuttle itself (78 tons), up to 8 astronauts (up to 2 tons) and up to 29.5 tons of cargo in the cargo compartment. Accordingly, to put into orbit 110 tons of payload from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, all other things being equal, it is required to create thrust when separated from the launch pad by about 15% more, that is, about 3600 t.s.
The Soviet orbital ship OS-120 (OS means "orbital aircraft") was supposed to have a weight of 120 tons (to add to the weight of the American shuttle two turbojet engines for flying in the atmosphere and an ejection system for two pilots in an emergency). A simple calculation shows that to put into orbit a payload of 120 tons, more than 4000 tons of thrust on the launch pad is required.
At the same time, it turned out that the thrust of the propulsion engines of the orbital ship, if a similar configuration of the shuttle with 3 engines is used, is inferior to the American one (465 t.p. vs. 570 t.p.), which is completely insufficient for the second stage and the final launch of the shuttle into orbit. Instead of three engines, it was necessary to install 4 RD-0120 engines, but there was no space and weight in the design of the airframe of the orbital ship. The designers had to drastically reduce the weight of the shuttle.
Thus, the OK-92 orbital ship project was born, the weight of which was reduced to 92 tons due to the refusal to place main engines together with a system of cryogenic pipelines, to lock them when separating the external tank, etc.
As a result of the project development, four (instead of three) RD-0120 engines were moved from the rear fuselage of the orbiter to the lower part of the fuel tank.
On January 9, 1976, the general designer of NPO Energia, Valentin Glushko, approved the "Technical Information" containing a comparative analysis of the new version of the OK-92 ship.
After the release of Decree No. 132-51, the development of the orbiter glider, the means of air transportation of the ISS elements and the automatic landing system was entrusted to the specially organized NPO Molniya, headed by Gleb Evgenievich Lozino-Lozinsky.
The changes also affected the side accelerators. The USSR did not have design experience, the necessary technology and equipment for the production of such large and powerful solid-propellant boosters, which are used in the Space Shuttle system and provide 83% of thrust at the start. The designers of NPO Energia decided to use the most powerful rocket engine available - the four-chamber RD-170 engine, created under the leadership of Glushko, which could develop thrust (after refinement and modernization) of 740 t. However, instead of two side accelerators, 1280 t. use four of 740 each. The total thrust of the side boosters, together with the engines of the second stage RD-0120, when separated from the launch pad, reached 3425 tons, which is approximately equal to the starting thrust of the Saturn-5 system with the Apollo spacecraft.
Possibility reuse side boosters was the ultimatum requirement of the customer - the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Ministry of Defense represented by D. F. Ustinov. It was officially believed that the side boosters were reusable, but in those two Energia flights that took place, the task of preserving the side boosters was not even set. American boosters are parachuted into the ocean, which provides a fairly "soft" landing, sparing the engines and booster hulls. Unfortunately, under the conditions of a launch from the Kazakh steppe, there is no chance for a “splashdown” of the boosters, and a parachute landing in the steppe is not soft enough to save the engines and rocket bodies. Gliding or parachute landing with powder engines, although they were designed, were never put into practice. Missiles "Zenith", which are the very side boosters of "Energy" and are actively used to this day, have not become reusable media and lost in flight.
The head of the 6th test department of the Baikonur Cosmodrome (1982-1989), (the department of the military space forces for the Buran system), Major General V. E. Gudilin noted:
One of the problems that had to be taken into account when developing the structural layout of the launch vehicle was the possibility of a production and technological base. Thus, the diameter of the rocket block of the 2nd stage was equal to 7.7 m, since the larger diameter (8.4 m like that of the shuttle, expedient according to the conditions of optimality) could not be realized due to the lack of appropriate equipment for machining, and the diameter of the rocket block 1 steps 3.9 m dictated by the possibilities railway transport, the start-docking block was welded, and not cast (which would be cheaper) due to the lack of mastery of steel castings of this size, etc.
Much attention was paid to the choice of fuel components: the possibility of using solid fuel in the 1st stage, oxygen-kerosene fuel in both stages, etc. was considered, but the lack of the necessary production base for the manufacture of large-sized solid-propellant engines and equipment for transporting equipped engines excluded the possibility of their use
Despite all efforts, if possible, exactly copy the American system, right down to the chemical composition aluminum alloy, as a result of the changes made, with a payload weight less than 5 tons, the launch weight of the Energia-Buran system (2400 tons) turned out to be 370 tons more than the launch weight of the Space Shuttle system (2030 tons).
The changes that made the Energy-Buran system different from the Space Shuttle system had the following consequences:
According to aviation lieutenant general test pilot Stepan Anastasovich Mikoyan, who led the Buran test flights, these differences, as well as the fact that the American space shuttle system had already successfully flown, served as the reason for the conservation, and then the closure of the program during the financial crisis " Energy - Buran":
No matter how insulting the creators of this exceptionally complex, unusual system, who put their soul into the work and solved a lot of complex scientific and technical problems, but, in my opinion, the decision to stop work on the Buran topic was the right one. Successful work over the system "Energiya - Buran" - a great achievement of our scientists and engineers, but it was very expensive and dragged on for a long time. It was assumed that two more unmanned launches would be performed, and only then (when?) - the launch of the ship into orbit with the crew. And what would we achieve? We could no longer do better than the Americans, but it made no sense to do much later and, perhaps, worse. The system is very expensive and could never pay off, mainly due to the cost of a one-time Energia rocket. And in our present time, the work would be completely unbearable for the country in terms of monetary costs.
Layouts
- BTS-001 OK-ML-1 (product 0.01) was used to test the air transportation of the orbital complex. In 1993, a full-size model was leased to the Cosmos-Earth society (president - cosmonaut German Titov). It is installed on the Pushkinskaya Embankment of the Moskva River in the Central Park of Culture and Leisure of Moscow and, as of December 2008, a scientific and educational attraction has been organized in it.
- OK-KS (product 0.03) is a full-size complex stand. It was used for testing air transportation, complex testing of software, electrical and radio testing of systems and equipment. It is located at the control and test station of RSC Energia, the city of Korolev.
- OK-ML-2 (product 0.04) was used for dimensional and weight fitting tests.
- OK-TVA (product 0.05) was used for heat-vibration-strength tests. Located in TsAGI.
- OK-TVI (product 0.06) was a model for thermal vacuum tests. It is located in NIIKhimMash, Peresvet, Moscow Region.
Model of the cabin "Buran" (product 0.08) on the territory of the Clinical Hospital No. 83 FMBA on Orekhovy Boulevard in Moscow
- OK-MT (product 0.15) was used to practice pre-launch operations (ship refueling, fitting and docking work, etc.). Currently located at the site of Baikonur 112A, ( 45.919444 , 63.31 45°55′10″ s. sh. 63°18′36″ E d. / 45.919444° N. sh. 63.31° E d.(G)(O)) in building 80. Is the property of Kazakhstan.
- 8M (product 0.08) - the layout is only a cabin model with hardware stuffing. Used to test the reliability of ejection seats. After completion of work, he was on the territory of the 29th Clinical Hospital in Moscow, then he was transported to the Cosmonaut Training Center near Moscow. Currently located on the territory of the 83rd Clinical Hospital of the FMBA (since 2011 - the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Species medical care and medical technologies FMBA).
Product list
By the time the program was closed (early 1990s), five flight copies of the Buran spacecraft had been built or were under construction:
In philately
see also
Notes
- Paul Marks Cosmonaut: Soviet space shuttle was safer than NASA's (English) (7 July 2011). Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
- Application of Buran
- Path to Buran
- "Buran". Kommersant No. 213 (1616) (November 14, 1998). Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
- The mysterious flight of Atlantis
- Agnew, Spiro, chairman. September 1969. The Post-Apollo Space Program: Directions for the Future. Space Task Group. Reprinted in NASA SP-4407, Vol. I, pp. 522-543
- 71-806. July 1971. Robert N. Lindley, The Economics of a New Space Transportation System
- The use of "Buran" - Combat space systems
- The history of the creation of the reusable orbital ship "Buran"
- Reusable orbital ship OK-92, which became the "Buran"
- Mikoyan S. A. Chapter 28 Memoirs of a military test pilot. - M .: Yauza, Eksmo, 2006. - S. 549-566.
- Presentation by Gen. const. NPO "Molniya" G. E. Lozino-Lozinsky at the scientific and practical exhibition-conference "Buran - a breakthrough to super technologies", 1998
- A. Rudoy. Cleaning mold from numbers // Computerra, 2007
- The contact of any cosmic body with the atmosphere during acceleration is accompanied by a shock wave, the effect of which on gas flows is expressed by an increase in their temperature, density and pressure - pulsed condensing plasma layers are formed with a temperature that rises exponentially and reaches values that can only withstand without significant changes special heat-resistant silicate materials.
- Bulletin of St. Petersburg University; Series 4. Issue 1. March 2010. Physics, Chemistry (the chemical section of the issue is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of M. M. Schultz)
- Mikhail Mikhailovich Shults. Materials for the bibliography of scientists. RAN. Chemical Sciences. Issue. 108. Second edition, supplemented. - M.: Nauka, 2004. - ISBN 5-02-033186-4
- The General Designer of Buran Gleb Evgenievich Lozino-Lozinsky answers
- Russia To Review Its Space Shuttle Project / Propulsiontech’s Blog
- Douglas Birch. Russian space program is handed new responsibility. Sun Foreign (2003). Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
- Russia To Review Its Space Shuttle Project. Space Daily (???). Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
- OS-120
- Booster Energiya
- Fridlyander N. I. How the Energia launch vehicle began
- B. Gubanov. Reusable Block A // Triumph and Tragedy of Energy
- B. Gubanov. Central Block C // Triumph and Tragedy of Energy
- Russian space shuttle in Port of Rotterdam
- The end of Buran's odyssey (14 photos)
- D. Melnikov. The end of the Buran odyssey Vesti.ru, April 5, 2008
- The Soviet shuttle "Buran" sailed to the German Museum Lenta.ru, April 12, 2008
- D. Melnikov. "Buran" was left without wings and tail Vesti.ru, September 2 82010
- TRK Petersburg - Channel Five, September 30, 2010
- Remains of "Buran" sold in pieces REN-TV, September 30, 2010
- Buran will be given a chance
- Buran rotting in Tushino will be put in order and shown at the air show
Literature
- B. E. Chertok. Rockets and people. Lunar Race M.: Mashinostroyeniye, 1999. Ch. twenty
- The first flight. - M .: Aviation and cosmonautics, 1990. - 100,000 copies.
- Kurochkin A. M., Shardin V. E. Area closed to swimming. - M .: OOO "Military Book", 2008. - 72 p. - (Ships of the Soviet fleet). - ISBN 978-5-902863-17-5
- Danilov E.P. The first. And the only one… // Obninsk. - No. 160-161 (3062-3063), December 2008
Links
- About the creation of Buran
- Buran and other reusable space transport systems (history, documents, specifications, interviews, rare photographs, books)
- English site about the ship "Buran" (eng.)
- Basic concepts and history of the development of the orbital complex "Buran" Baltic State Technical University "Voenmeh" named after D. F. Ustinov, report on the first work of UNIRS
- Gleb Evgenievich Lozino-Lozinsky - headed the development
- Visit Buran Technik Museum Speyr, Germany
- Pilots of Buran
- "Buran". Constellation Wolf d / f about the team of Buran pilots (Channel One, see Official website. TV projects)
- Rise of "Buran" (video)
- The last "Buran" of the empire - TV report of the Roscosmos studio (video)
- "Buran 1.02" at the storage site at the Baikonur Cosmodrome (since spring 2007, it has been located 2 km southeast of this place, in the Museum of the History of Baikonur)
- The Tushino Machine-Building Plant, which built the Buran space shuttle, disowned its offspring //5-tv.ru
- Pharmacists dragged Buran along the Moscow River (video)
- The Buran spacecraft was transported along the Moscow River (video)
- Fairway for "Buran" (video)
- "Buran" will return (video). Russian Space Program, interview with O. D. Baklanov, December 2012.
| Space program "Energy-Buran" | ||
|---|---|---|
| Components | Buran · Energy · World · Quantum-1 · Quantum-2 · Crystal · Androgynous-Peripheral Docking Unit | |
| Orbital Instances | Buran 1.01 · Buran 1.02 · Buran 2.01 · Buran 2.02 · Buran 2.03 | |
| Test instances and devices | BOR-4 BOR-5 | |
| Launch site | Baikonur | |
| landing sites | main: Yubileiny reserve: Bagerovo Vostochny (Khorol) reserve: other | |
| Related topics | Collapse of the roof of the assembly and test building of the Baikonur Cosmodrome | |
| Reusable transport spacecraft | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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... Baikonur Cosmodrome November 15, 1988 At the start universal transport rocket and space system"Energy-Buran".
To that The day has been prepared for over 12 years. And another 17 days due to cancellation launch October 29, 1988 when, 51 seconds before, the normal retraction of the platform with aiming devices did not pass and a command was issued to cancel the start. And then draining the fuel components, prevention, identifying the causes of failure and eliminating them. "Don't rush!" Chairman of the State Commission V.Kh.Doguzhiev warned. "First of all, safety!"
Everything happened before the eyes of millions of TV viewers... The tension of expectation is very high...
At 05:50, after a ten-minute warm-up of the engines, an optical-television surveillance aircraft (SOTN) MiG-25 - board 22 takes off from the runway of the Yubileyny airfield. The aircraft is piloted by Magomed Tolboev, cameraman Sergei Zhadovsky is in the second cockpit. The task of the SOTN crew is to conduct a TV report with a portable TV camera and observe the launch of the Buran above the cloud layers. By this moment, several aircraft are already in the air at different altitude echelons - at an altitude of about 5000 meters and a distance of 4-6 km from the launch complex, the An-26 is patrolling and slightly higher than it, following pre-planned routes (zones) at a distance of 60 km from start, the meteorological reconnaissance aircraft is on duty.
At a distance of 200-300 km from the start, a Tu-134BV laboratory aircraft patrols, controlling the radio equipment of the automatic landing system from the air. In the morning, before the start, the Tu-134BV had already completed two control flights at a distance of 150-200 km from the start, according to which a conclusion was issued on the readiness of the landing complex.
Exactly ten minutes before the start, by pressing a button, the tester of the laboratory of the autonomous control complex Vladimir Artemyev issues the command "Start" - then everything is controlled only by automation.
One minute 16 seconds before the launch, the entire Energia-Buran complex switches to autonomous power supply. Now everything is ready to start...
Note: in
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Buran launched its only triumphant flight exactly according to the cyclogram - the "Lift Contact" command, fixing the gap in the last communications between the rocket and the launch complex (by this moment the rocket manages to rise to a height of 20 cm), passed at 6:00:1.25 Moscow time time.
(Launch sound recording wav/mp3)
The picture of the launch was bright and fleeting. spotlights on launch complex disappeared into the exhaust gases, from which, illuminating this huge bubbling man-made cloud with a fiery red light, a rocket slowly rose like a comet with a sparkling nucleus and a tail directed towards the earth! It was a shame this spectacle was short! A few seconds later, only a fading spot of light in the cover of low clouds testified to the violent force that carried the Buran through the clouds. A powerful low roaring sound was added to the howls of the wind, and it seemed as if it was coming from everywhere, that it was coming from low lead clouds.
After 5 seconds, the Energia-Buran complex began to turn in pitch, in another second - a turn to 28.7º on a roll.
Further, only a few people directly observed the flight of the Buran - it was the crew of the An-26 transport aircraft, which took off from the Krainy airfield (commander Alexander Borunov), from which, through the side windows, three (!) Operators of the Central central television filming was carried out, and the crew of SOTN MiG-25, which was reporting from the stratosphere, capturing the moment of separation of the parablocks of the first stage.
The hall in the control bunker froze, it seemed that the thickened tension could be touched...
At the 30th second of the flight, the RD-0120 engines began to throttle up to 70% of thrust, at the 38th second, when passing through the section of maximum velocity head, the RD-170 engines began.
The control system led the rocket exactly inside the calculated tube (corridor) of acceptable trajectories, without any deviations.
Everyone present in the control room is watching the flight with bated breath. The excitement is growing...
77th second - the thrust throttling of the engines of the C block has ended and they smoothly switch to the main mode.
On 109 second second, the thrust of the engines is reduced to limit the overload to 2.95g, and after 21 seconds, the engines of blocks A of the first stage begin to switch to the mode at the final stage (49.5%) of thrust.
Pro walks for another 13 seconds, and the loudspeaker is heard: "There is a shutdown of the first stage engines!" In fact, the command to turn off the engines of blocks 10A and 30A passed at the 144th second of the flight, and to turn off the engines of blocks 20A and 40A after another 0.15 seconds. Switching off the opposite side blocks at different times prevented the occurrence of disturbing moments during the movement of the rocket and ensured the absence of sharp longitudinal overloads due to a smoother drop in the total thrust.
After 8 seconds, at an altitude of 53.7 km at a speed of 1.8 km / s, the parablocs separated, which after 4 and a half minutes fell 426 km from the start.
At the fourth minute of the flight, the picture depicting the main stages of the return maneuver disappeared from the right screen in the Main Hall of the Moscow Region Mission Control Center, which was simply watching what was happening at the launch site - after the 190th second of the flight, in the event of a emergency situation the implementation of the return maneuver with the landing of the ship on the Baikonur runway became impossible.
Immediately after the complex exited from low cloudiness, the Buran TV camera, located on the upper window of the docking control and surveying the upper hemisphere of the ship, began to transmit to the C flight control center picture that went around all the world's news agencies. Due to the constantly increasing pitch angle of the Buran over time, more and more, as it were, "lay on its back", so the camera installed "on the back of its head" confidently showed a black and white image of the earth's surface passing under it. At 320 seconds, the camera recorded a small centimeter-sized fragment flying past the cabin of the ship, which, most likely, was a broken fragment of the second stage heat-shielding coating.
On 413 -th second the throttling of the engines of the second stage began; after another 28 seconds, they are transferred to the final stage of thrust. Anguishing 26 seconds and... at the 467th second of the flight, the operator reports: "There is a shutdown of the second stage engines!"
Within 15 seconds, Buran "calmed" the entire bunch with its engines and at the 482nd second of the flight (with a control engine impulse of 2 m / s) separated from block C, entering orbit with a conditional perigee height of -11.2 km and apogee of 154.2 km . From that moment on, the control of the ship is transferred from the command center at Baikonur to the control center near Moscow.
In the hall, according to tradition, no noise, no exclamations. In accordance with the strict instructions of the technical director of the launch, B.I. Gubanov, all those present at the command post remain at their jobs - only the rocket men's eyes are burning. Under the table, they shake hands - the carrier's task is completed. Now it's all about the ship.
Through three and a half minutes "Buran", at the apogee of its trajectory, being in the "lying on its back" position, issued the first 67-second corrective impulse, having received an increment in orbital velocity of 66.7 m/s and being in an intermediate orbit with a perigee height of 114 km and an apogee 256 km. Managers on Earth breathed a sigh of relief: "There will be a first turn!"
On the second orbit, at the 67th minute of the flight, outside the radio communication zone, Buran began to prepare for landing - at 07:31:50, the RAM of the onboard computer system was reloaded from the magnetic tape of the on-board tape recorder to work on the descent section and pumping of fuel from bow tanks to stern tanks to ensure the required landing centering.
At 07:57, a newly refueled SOTN MiG-25 (LL-22) was rolled out onto the runway, and at 08:17 M. Tolboev and S. Zhadovsky again took their places in separate cabins of the aircraft. After the MiG-25 was towed to the runway, the equipment of the ground support complex (KSNO) began to line up on the taxiways.
At this time in space, the orbiter built an orientation to issue a braking impulse, again turning into a "back" position to the Earth, but this time with a "forward-up" tail. At 8:20, while over the Pacific Ocean at point 45º S and 135 º west, in the zone of visibility of the tracking ships "Cosmonaut Georgy Dobrovolsky" and "Marshal Nedelin", "Buran" turned on one of the orbital maneuvering engines for 158 seconds to issue a braking impulse of 162.4 m / s. After that, the ship built a landing ("aircraft") orientation, turning "in flight" and raising the "nose" by 37.39º to the horizon to ensure entry into the atmosphere with an angle of attack of 38.3º . Descending, the ship passed the height of 120 km at 08:48:11.
Atmospheric entry ( with a conditional border at a height H=100 km) occurred at 08:51 at an angle of -0.91º at a speed of 27330 km/h over the Atlantic at the point with coordinates 14.9º S and 340.5 º h.d. at a distance of 8270 km from the landing complex of Baikonur.
The weather in the area of the landing airfield did not improve significantly. A strong, gusty wind still blew. Saved by the fact that the wind was blowing almost along the runway - wind direction 210º , speed 15 m/s, gusts up to 18-20 m/s. Wind (his corrected speed and direction were transmitted to the ship before the braking impulse was issued) unambiguously determined the landing approach direction from the northeast direction, on the runway of the landing complex (Yubileiny airfield) No. 26 (true landing heading No. 2 with an azimuth of 246º 36 "22" "). Thus, the wind for the planning ship became oncoming (under 36º left). The same runway, when approached from the south-western direction, had a different number - No. 06.
At 08:47, the MiG-25 engines are started, and at 08:52 Tolboev receives permission to take off. A few minutes later (at 08:57) the plane for the second time this morning takes off rapidly into the gloomy sky, and, after a sharp left turn, disappears into the clouds, leaving to meet the Buran.
Navigator-operator Valery Korsak began to take him to the waiting area to meet the orbital ship. It was necessary to perform not quite the usual guidance of the "interceptor" on an air target. In practice air defense it is assumed that the interceptor is catching up with the target. Here, the target itself had to catch up with the "interceptor", and its speed decreased all the time, changing over a wide range. To this should be added a constant decrease in altitude with a high vertical speed, and a changeable course of the target, but the most important thing is a large degree of uncertainty in the trajectory after the ship leaves the plasma region and on the descent. With all these difficulties, the aircraft should have been brought to the visual visibility range of the ship - 5 km, because there was no onboard radar, since it was still a flying laboratory based on the MiG-25, and not a full-fledged combat interceptor ...
At this moment, Buran pierces the upper layers of the atmosphere like a fiery comet. At 08:53, at an altitude of 90 kilometers, due to the formation of a plasma cloud, radio contact with it was interrupted for 18 minutes (the movement of Buran in plasma is more than three times longer than during the descent of disposable Soyuz-type spacecraft.
Flight
"Burana" in the hypersonic gliding area, in a cloud of high-temperature plasma (see our photo archive for other flight illustrations).During the absence of radio communications, control over the flight of the Buran was carried out by national means of the missile attack warning system. For this, radar means of controlling outer space with "over-the-horizon" radars were used, which, through command post R Strategic Rocket Forces Golitsino-2 (in the city of Krasnoznamensk near Moscow) constantly transmitted information about the parameters of the Buran's descent trajectory in the upper atmosphere with the passage of specified boundaries. At 08:55 a height of 80 km was passed, at 09:06 - 65 km.
In the process of descending, in order to dissipate kinetic energy, Buran performed an extended S-shaped "snake" due to a programmatic change in the roll, while simultaneously implementing a lateral maneuver 570 km to the right of the orbit plane. When shifting, the maximum roll value reached 104º left and 102 º to the right. It was at the moment of intensive maneuvering from wing to wing (rolling speed reached 5.7 degrees / sec) that a fragment fell into the field of view of the onboard television camera, falling from top to bottom in the inter-cabin space, which made some specialists on Earth nervous: "Well, that's it, the ship began to fall apart!" A few seconds later, the camera even captured the partial destruction of the tiles next to the upper contour of the porthole...
In the aerodynamic braking area, sensors in the forward fuselage recorded a temperature of 907º C, on the toes of the wing 924º C. The maximum design heating temperatures were not reached due to a smaller reserve of stored kinetic energy (the launch mass of the spacecraft in the first flight was 79.4 tons with a design 105 tons) and lower braking intensity (the value of the implemented lateral maneuver in the first flight was three times less than the maximum possible 1700 km). Nevertheless, the on-board television camera recorded that pieces of thermal protection in the form of blots hit the windshield, which then completely burned out within a few tens of seconds and were carried away by the oncoming air flow. These were "splashes" from the burn-out paint coating of the heat-protective coating (HRC), falling on the windshields due to the decrease in the angle of attack as the descent in the atmosphere: after the speed dropped to M=12, the angle of attack began to gradually decrease to α=20º at M=4.1 and up to α=10 º at M=2.
Post-flight analysis showed that in the altitude range of 65...20 km (M=17.6...2) actual values lift coefficient C y constantly exceeded the calculated ones by 3 ... 6%, remaining, nevertheless, within acceptable limits. This led to the fact that when the real drag coefficient coincided with the calculated one, the actual value of the balancing quality of the Buran at speeds M = 13 ... 2 turned out to be 5 ... 7% higher than the calculated one, being at the upper limit of permissible values. Simply put, the Buran flew better than expected, and this after many years of blowing scale models in wind tunnels and suborbital flights of BOR-5!
After passing the plasma formation site at 09:11, at an altitude of 50 km and a distance of 550 km from the runway, Buran contacted the tracking stations in the landing area. His speed at that moment was 10 times the speed of sound. The following reports were held at the MCC by loudspeaker:"There is a telemetry reception!", "There is a detection of the ship by means of landing locators!", "The ship's systems are working normally!"
In the speed range M=10...6, the maximum deflection of the balancing flap was noted - the control system tried to unload the ailerons for intensive maneuvering. A little more than 10 minutes remained before landing ...
The ship passed the altitude of 40 km at 09:15. Descending, at an altitude of 35 km, in the area of the eastern coastline of the Aral Sea (at a distance of 189 km to the landing point), the Buran passed over the air corridor of the Moscow-Tashkent international air route, from the southwest of the enveloping border of the Leninsky air hub area, which includes includes the air traffic control and airspace use areas in the vicinity of the launch complexes of Baikonur, the landing complex "Buran" (airfield "Yubileiny"), the airfield of Leninsk ("Krainy") and the airport of Dzhusaly.
At that moment, the ship was in the area of responsibility of the Kzyl-Orda regional center of the unified air traffic control system of the USSR, which controlled the flights of all aircraft outside the Leninsky air hub at altitudes of more than 4500 meters, except, of course, Buran, rushing in the stratosphere at hypersonic speed .
The orbital spacecraft crossed the border of the air hub "Leninsky" at a distance of 108 km from the landing point, being at an altitude of 30 km. At that moment, it passed over a section of the air corridor No. 3 Aralsk-Novokazalinsk, and flew, surprising its creators - in the speed range M = 3.5 ... 2, the balancing quality exceeded the expected calculated values \u200b\u200by 10%!
The direction of the wind in the area of the airfield "Yubileiny", transmitted on board the ship, caused the ship to be brought to the eastern energy dissipation cylinder and approached with the azimuth of the true landing course No. 2.
At 09:19 Buran entered the target zone at an altitude of 20 km with minimal deviations , which was very useful in difficult weather conditions. The reactive control system and its executive bodies were switched off and only the aerodynamic rudders involved at an altitude of 90 km, continued to lead the orbiter to the next destination - key point.
So far, the flight has been strictly following the calculated descent trajectory - on the control displays of the MCC, its mark has shifted to landing complex runway almost in the middle of the acceptable return corridor. "Buran" was approaching the airfield somewhat to the right of the runway axis, and everything went to the fact that it would "dissipate" the rest of the energy on near "cylinder". So thought the experts and test pilots who were on duty on joint command and control center. In accordance with the landing cyclogram, the onboard and ground facilities of the radio beacon system are switched on. However, when exiting key point from a height of 20 km, "Buran" "laid" a maneuver that shocked everyone in the OKDP. Instead of the expected landing approach from the southeast with a left bank, the ship vigorously turned to the left, onto the northern heading cylinder, and began to approach the runway from the northeast with a list of 45º to the right wing.
Pre-landing maneuvering of the Buran in the atmosphere (see our photo archive for other illustrations of the flight).
At an altitude of 15300 m, the Buran's speed became subsonic, then, when performing its "own" maneuver, the Buran passed at an altitude of 11 km above the band at the zenith of the radio landing aids, which was the worst case in terms of ground antenna patterns. In fact, at that moment, the ship generally "fell" out of the field of view of the antennas, the scanning sector of which in the vertical plane was in the range of only 0.55º
-30
º
over the horizon. The confusion of the ground operators was so great that they stopped pointing the escort plane at the Buran!
Post-flight analysis showed that the probability of choosing such a trajectory was less than 3%, however, under the current conditions, this was the most correct decision of the ship's on-board computers! Moreover, telemetry data testified that the movement along the surface of the conditional heading cylinder in projection onto the earth's surface was not a circular arc, but part of an ellipse, but the winners are not judged!
Height - twenty-five,
to the Earth another quarter of an hour -
homecoming
from the depths of his starry abode.
And ready for a long time
for landing him a strip,
The path to which lies
under the protection of the wing of a fighter.
That went through the layer
clouds that came at the wrong time,
Silence on earth
everyone fell into an uneasy silence.
His entire flight was
like a bright cosmic ray
Illuminated for everyone
fantastic distances.
That's all. On the ground.
Hear the joy in everyone's voices,
And the creators of everything
congratulations on the undeniable victory.
He made his way to the Boeing X-37B on December 3, 2010. But taking into account the fact that the launch weight of the Kh-37V is about 5 tons, the flight of the 80-ton Buran can still be considered unsurpassed.
Buran - a snow storm, a snowstorm in the steppe. (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, M.: Russian language, 1975).
Many years later, Sergei Grachev, assistant to the senior flight director, recalled: "I am in the control room and choose - where is the best place to observe the launch? I ran out onto the balcony of the 5th floor of the OKDP - and there the wind rumbles in the metal flooring - you can hardly hear how it takes off" Energy". I decided to go back to the control room and watch out the window. Before the launch - a few minutes. I mentally calculate: so - the distance is 12 km, the speed of sound, the movement of the shock wave - if it explodes at the start - and I tell the dispatchers: look, if you will see a flash at the start - immediately fall to the floor under the windows against the wall and do not move! After Energia-Buran left for cloudiness, I mentally imagine - and if the "comet tail" suddenly appears again from under the clouds? After all, there were such cases at the training ground , were..."
The launch and acceleration of the orbital ship by the carrier rocket takes place against the background of changing external parameters of the atmosphere. These perturbations are random in nature, so the trajectory parameters have acceptable deviations, changing not only from flight to flight, but also during one flight. Under such conditions, it is impossible to determine a fixed design flight path and one has to consider only calculation tube trajectories, in which the actual trajectory must lie with a certain probability. The calculated trajectory tubes for the Buran launch site were determined for a probability of 0.99, for the Buran descent trajectory, due to increased requirements for a non-motorized landing, they were even more accurate: 0.997!
Post-flight analysis of telemetry showed that there was a flash during launch fire detectors by radiation from engine torches, due to which emergency drain covers opened in the tail compartment of block C, designed to relieve excess pressure in emergency situations in the event of a fire and / or operation of the fire and explosion warning system (SPVP). Due to the erroneous operation of the sensors, even at the start, the SPVP began an emergency purge of the engine compartment of block C with inert gas at a flow rate of up to 15 kg / s, due to which, by the 70th second of the flight, the entire supply of inert gas was used up, and then the flight continued with inoperable SPVP.
Carefully examining the video recording, one can detect another amazing phenomenon: when flying over a mountainous area, a certain dark object moves into the field of view, moving faster than the "Buran" and due to this, crossing the frame in a straight line in the direction from below (in the center of the lower border of the frame) - up - to the right , i.e.as if in a lower orbit with a lower inclination. The video recording at the disposal of the webmaster does not allow to reliably link this event by flight time.
Several questions arise: if this is a space object, then why does it look too dark in the illuminated part of the orbit? If this is an insect that got inside the Buran cabin and crawls along the inner surface of the porthole, then why does it crawl in a straight line at a constant speed and what does it breathe in the completely nitrogen (oxygen-free) atmosphere of the cabin? Most likely, this is a fragment (garbage?) flying in weightlessness inside the cabin and accidentally falling into the field of view of the camera
You can see it all for yourself
by downloading the video clip
. control engines of the reactive control system (RCS) the following:
First, in the initial phase of the descent , elevons are connected to the control loop to balance the ship and remove static components in commands for the operation of the control engines of the DCS. Then, as the velocity pressure increases, the transition to aerodynamic controls is carried out and the transverse (q = 50 kgf / m 2) and longitudinal (q = 100 kgf / m 2) channels of the DCS are switched off sequentially. "scheme (creating a slip followed by a roll rotation) until transonic speeds are reached.
Anton Stepanov, a participant in the events described in the OKDP, recalls: “At the moment of a sharp change in the course of the Buran, one of the female operators of our ES series computers shouted “Come back!”, - her face should have been seen - it was both fear and hope, and worries for the ship as for her own child." The surprise of the air traffic controllers is easy to understand, since in the central air traffic control room in the OKDP, to facilitate reading information on circular monitors, directly on the screen glasses, the operators drew in advance with black felt-tip pens the expected approach trajectories of Buran for landing. Naturally, no real, but least probable and therefore completely unexpected trajectory was drawn, and the deviation immediately became noticeable.
Newsreel footage testifies that in the MCC, the landing approach scheme was also displayed on all screens through the southern heading adjustment cylinder (see photo from the MCC screen on the right).
Years later, Vladimir Ermolaev, who was at the time of landing tens of meters from the runway, and thus, being one of the closest people to the returned Buran, recalled: "... We stared at the Buran that suddenly fell out of low clouds" "It was already moving with its landing gear down. It was going somehow heavily, stone-like, as if glued to a transparent glass glide path. Very smoothly. In a straight line. So it seemed. Open-mouthed, we all looked at the Buran approaching us and flying straight into our mouths of "MiG" escort... Touching... parachute... got up... Everything... EVERYTHING!!!
We were still standing dazed, with our mouths open, deafened by the MiG engines and fanned by some kind of warm breeze brought by the Buran from somewhere from there ... From the plasma section of the descent, probably ... God knows ... "
For comparison, in August 2007, the flight of the American space shuttle Endeavor was shortened by a day due to tropical hurricane Dean approaching the Kennedy Space Center. When deciding on an early landing, the determining factor was the limitation on the maximum value of the crosswind during landing for shuttles - 8 m/sec.
The poem "The Flight of the Storm" by Vitaly Chubatykh, Ternopil, March 1, 2006
| This website is based on an article
web-masters "Buran: Facts and Myths", written for the 20th anniversary of the Buran flight and published in the journal "Cosmonautics News" No. 11/2008 (pp. 66-71). The article was recognized as the "Best Article of 2008" and took second place in the contest of authors of the magazine "Cosmonautics News" in the nomination "The most popular author of 2008 among non-professional journalists", see certificates on the right.
In addition, the text of the article without changes was posted on the website of the Federal Space Agency as a story about the Buran flight. |
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