The cable production process can be divided into several stages: step-by-step drawing and broaching of the workpiece, application of insulation and sheath, coiling, shipment. Let's follow it sequentially:
First, general views of the two workshops in which the main stages of production take place.
1. Workshop for drawing and strand stranding. Here, the primary processing of copper rod, the main raw material for the production of cable and wire products (CCP), takes place.
2. Workshop for the application of insulation and sheathing. Extrusion lines are located in this workshop, where copper blanks take the form of a finished product. 
The plant receives copper rod, which is made by continuous casting and rolling from copper cathodes. Wire rod is a rough billet, usually of large diameter, that is used to further manufacture wire.
3. Coarse drawing machine VM-13. Designed for drawing copper rod into wire. Drawing is the process of cold working of metals by pressure, in which the processed wire or other workpiece passes through the drawing tool (drawing tool) and takes the shape and dimensions of its internal channel with a cross section smaller than the cross section of the workpiece. Reducing the cross section leads to an increase in the length of the wire. This machine is designed for drawing from a diameter of 9 mm to 1.6-4.3 mm. 
4. General view of the Nihoff drawing complex. 12-arm drawing machine designed for fine-medium drawing of copper wire into a skein. This is a blank for further twisting into a strand. This is the beginning of the production of flexible multicore cable. 
5. When drawing, work hardening occurs, which worsens the electrical conductivity of the wire. Also, during drawing, a change in the plastic properties of the metal occurs: it is hardened (riveted), its structure changes, metal grains are crushed in the direction of drawing, that is, a texture is formed. Removal of hardening and obtaining soft wire is achieved by heating the metal to a certain temperature, holding for a given time and cooling room temperature. In this case, the metal becomes plastic again.
Heat treatment of metal, in which it returns to its original properties, is called annealing. The temperature and duration of annealing depend on the properties and dimensions of the wire. To protect copper wire from oxidation, it is annealed in special steam or vacuum furnaces. The wire rope is passed through the "annealing per pass" device, which saves time by not using annealing in a muffle furnace. 
6. After annealing, the finished pasma is wound on a technological container. Here you can clearly see the layout mechanism, which consists of a drive and a spreader. The product is placed as a result of the displacement of the spreader along the axis of the receiving coil in one revolution, equal to the diameter of the received product. As the number of revolutions of the take-up reel decreases, the speed of the spreader also decreases. 
7. Empty coils. 
8. At the next stage, the skein from several active feeders is fed into the twisting machine, where the skein is twisted into a strand, a blank for the production of wires of the PVS, ShVVP, VP-3 brands. Stranding is one of the most common cable production processes. Conductive wires and bare wires are twisted from individual wires.
From insulated cores, either cables and wires are twisted directly, or (in the manufacture of communication cables) their component parts - groups, bundles, from which cables are twisted in turn. In this process, individual elements (wire, strands, groups, bundles) are combined, in which each of them is located along a helix around the central (one or more) elements. 
9. The inside of a twisting machine with a rotating receiving device. Twisted cores are wound on a technological container into a finished strand. Twisting is carried out as a result of a combination of two movements: rectilinear (translational) and rotational.
In this case, rotation can be performed both clockwise and counterclockwise. The direction of the twist is judged by the arrangement of the turns of the elements in the twisted product. A twist is called left when each element of the twist, if viewed along the axis, goes from right-up-left, and right when the element trajectory is left-up-right 
10. Nearby is a DHC fine-medium drawing machine. Unlike Nihoff, drawing in it goes in one core with annealing per pass. 
11. The workpiece obtained after drawing. 
12. She goes to the strand laying machine, through the passive feeder. Payoffs are divided into passive and active according to the principle of workpiece return from the drum. The main task of the feeder is to ensure uniform winding of the workpiece at a constant speed and tension. 
13. Element of the twisting machine through which the skein passes before twisting. 
14. 
15. Finished strand prepared for insulation. 
16. Active feeder from which the strand is fed to the extrusion line. 
17. PVC compound in granules. Material for applying insulation and sheathing. Polyvinyl chloride compound used in the cable industry is a mixture of polyvinyl chloride resin (polyvinyl chloride) obtained by polymerization of vinyl chloride with plasticizers, stabilizers, fillers and other components. 
18. Extrusion line. The unit for applying insulation and sheaths made of plastics consists of an extruder, giving, traction and receiving devices, a cooling bath, control and ballast equipment. From the giving device, the wire, twisted core or workpiece for the shell enters the extruder head. The brake device of the pay-off device is used to constantly tension the core and prevent the drum or spool of wire from spinning up when the unit is stopped or the extrusion speed is reduced.
First, the plastic granules are melted in the screw to a homogeneous mass. For better adhesion and to prevent the formation of air inclusions on the core, especially when applying polyethylene insulation, a device for heating the core with electric current is installed in front of the extruder head through a system of rollers to which the necessary voltage is applied. The core heated to 100–150°C enters the extruder head. 
19. Extruder (worm press). In the extruder head, the molten plastic is extruded through the annular gap between the mandrel and the die in the form of a sheath and applied to the wire. 
20. The cooling bath with tap water, located behind the extruder head, into which the wire or cable enters after the plastic sheath is applied, should be of such length that, with the selected cooling mode and pressing speed, the insulation or sheath has time to cool down to 60–70 ° throughout its entire thickness FROM. Insufficient cooling leads to displacement of the core or collapse of the insulation and sheath. 
21. Control panel for the extrusion line. 
22. After the cooling bath, the wire enters the device for blowing water and drying, then into the traction device and through the compensators is fed to the receiving shaft. When applying insulation, a dry voltage test apparatus is installed in front of the compensator or traction device. 
23. 
24. The receiver of the extrusion line. 
25. In the manufacture of a multi-core cable, individual insulated cores are twisted. The twisting of insulated cores into a cable in the manufacture of power cables can be done with and without unscrewing. When twisting without unscrewing, a spontaneous additional twisting of the core around its own axis occurs. This leads to deformation of the phase insulation and, consequently, to the formation of additional defects in it in the form of wrinkles and dents. This phenomenon is especially noticeable when twisting conductors of large cross-section and with large thicknesses of insulation.
Twisting into a twist is a twisting process in which the direction of twisting of the insulated cores coincides with the direction of twisting of the wires in the outer layer of the insulated core. Twisting into unwinding is understood as a process of twisting, in which these directions are opposite. 
26. Twisting of pre-twisted cores is carried out on conventional twisting disk machines, which are equipped with a special twisting device. Often this device is combined with a sealing mechanism. In this case, the sealing rollers, in addition to rotating around their own axis, rotate around the axis of the cable. Phase insulation is superimposed on a pre-twisted core, so after a general twist, which is done with a twist, the quality of the phase insulation does not deteriorate. 
27. The stranded strands then go to the extrusion line for the application of general insulation. 
28. After applying the insulation, the cable is fed to the coiling. Here it passes the Quality Control Department and is packaged. 
29. Finished products for shipment. 
1. Has expired. - Federal Law of March 4, 2013 N 23-FZ.
(see text in previous)
2. Inspection of the traces of a crime and other discovered items shall be carried out at the place of the investigative action, except for the cases provided for by part three of this article.
3. If such an inspection requires a long time or inspection on the spot is difficult, then the items must be seized, packed, sealed, certified by the signature of the investigator at the place of inspection. Only those items that may be relevant to the criminal case are subject to seizure. At the same time, the individual signs and features of the seized items are indicated in the inspection protocol, if possible.
(see text in previous)
4. Everything discovered and seized during the inspection must be presented to the participants in the inspection.
(in ed. federal law dated 04.03.2013 N 23-FZ)
(see text in previous)
5. Inspection of the dwelling is carried out only with the consent of the persons living in it or on the basis of a court decision. If the persons living in the dwelling object to the inspection, the investigator shall file a motion with the court to conduct the inspection in accordance with Article 165 of this Code.
6. Inspection of the premises of the organization is carried out in the presence of a representative of the administration of the relevant organization. If it is impossible to ensure his participation in the examination, an entry is made in the protocol.
Art. 177 Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. Inspection procedure
The procedure for inspecting the dwellings of citizens in the course of criminal proceedings is regulated by Part 5 of Art. 177 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. The specified norm establishes a legal guarantee that the inspection of a dwelling can be carried out only with the consent of the persons living in it or on the basis of a court decision.
The dwelling may be the site of an incident, as a result of which various traces remain in it, subject to fixation and seizure.
Inspection of the dwelling
Due to the procedural importance of such examinations, it is necessary to pay attention to the existing exceptions to general rule regulated by criminal procedure law.
So, in accordance with Part 2 of Art. 176 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, in cases of urgency, an inspection of the scene of the incident, including the dwelling, can be carried out before the initiation of a criminal case. In exceptional cases, when the inspection of the dwelling is urgent, this inspection can be carried out on the basis of an investigator’s decision without obtaining a court decision and the consent of the persons living in it, on the basis of Part 5 of Art. 165 Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. In this case, the inquirer or investigator must notify the court and the prosecutor of the conduct of the investigative action within 24 hours from the start of the investigative action.
Before conducting an inspection, the investigator finds out the opinion on the possibility of conducting an inspection of the dwelling from all persons living in it. Persons residing in a dwelling are understood as adult citizens permanently or temporarily residing in a dwelling to be inspected or owning it by the right of ownership, regardless of the fact of their registration in this dwelling. In a situation where the dwelling is rented out, there is no need to obtain consent for inspection from the owner, it is sufficient to obtain the consent of the resident.
If incapacitated citizens or minors live in the dwelling, the consent of their legal representatives is required for the inspection. Consent cannot be sought from a minor, nanny, housekeeper or neighbor, etc.
In the event that at least one of the residents of the dwelling objects to the inspection in it and the investigator does not consider that the conduct of this investigative action is urgent, the court order obtaining permission to visit.
The owner of the dwelling has the right to give consent on any conditions: for example, to allow inspection of the first floor of the house and not to allow the second. If there is a need to inspect other premises, and the residents object, the investigator has the right to issue an appropriate decision and conduct an inspection. In such a situation, the investigator must also notify the court and the prosecutor about the conduct of the investigative action within 24 hours from the start of the inspection, attaching copies of the resolution on the inspection of the dwelling and the record of the inspection of the dwelling to the notification.
Similarly, the issue of conducting an inspection can also be resolved when the residents of the dwelling initially agreed, but subsequently changed their mind and object to the continuation of the inspection.
The law does not specify the procedure for issuing the consent of persons living in the dwelling for inspection. According to established practice, such consent should be recorded in the protocol of the investigative action.
Inspection of the dwelling can be carried out even in the absence of persons living in it. In such a case, representatives must be invited to participate in the inspection. local administration or the organization in charge of the residential premises (ZHEU, UK, HOA, etc.).
Since the need to conduct an inspection of the dwelling is motivated in the investigator’s decision, or set out in a court decision, if the tenants refuse to voluntarily provide the investigator with the opportunity to inspect their dwelling, coercive measures can be applied to them. Thus, persons who refuse to comply with the legal requirement of the investigator may be brought to administrative (Article 17.7 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation) or criminal (Part 2 of Article 294 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) liability. The investigator must explain to the persons living in the dwelling the liability provided for by law, informs Irina Dudina, Deputy Prosecutor of the Kursk District.
Inspection of premises, buildings, structures, terrain and vehicles
Inspection of premises, buildings, terrain and Vehicle - an operational-search measure, which consists in visual or technical means of studying objects in order to detect persons, objects, documents, caches, etc., as well as to identify circumstances related to criminal activity.
The event can be held:
publicly as part of an official audit by operational staff in conjunction with authorized inspectors);
b) behind the scenes or with the use of conspiracy measures (legendation);
in) on behalf of an operational officer by a person providing confidential assistance to the authorities;
G) on behalf of the operational officer, representatives of organizations that, by virtue of their official duties, have been granted the right to enter the territory of interest (fire inspectors, electricians, etc.).
Conducting operational-search measures that restrict the constitutional rights of a person and a citizen to the inviolability of a home, an examination of residential premises is allowed only on the basis of a court decision. In other cases, the survey is carried out on the basis of the relevant resolution approved by the head of the unit.
Tactical features of the inspection of the dwelling in the absence of the consent of the persons living in it
Thus, in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Police", if there is evidence of a violation of the law governing economic activity, by order of the head of the police department (police body) or his deputy to police officers to fulfill their duties the right is granted:
- in the presence of at least two witnesses and a representative of a legal entity, inspect production, storage, trade and other office premises, other places of storage and use of property;
- study documents reflecting the financial, economic, entrepreneurial and trading activity, require the provision of duly certified copies of these documents within five days from the date of delivery of the relevant decision;
- seize, with the obligatory drawing up of a protocol, individual samples of raw materials, products and goods necessary for conducting research or examinations, etc.
If original documents are seized, copies are made from them, which are certified by the official of the internal affairs body (police body) conducting the check or revision, and transferred to the person from whom the original documents are confiscated. If it is impossible to make copies or transfer them at the same time as the original documents are seized, the official of the internal affairs body (police body) conducting the check or revision shall transfer certified copies of the documents to the person from whom the original documents were seized, within five days after the seizure, about which a corresponding entry is made in the protocol on the seizure.
The results of the survey are reflected in the reports compiled by the operational officer. report or certificate to which (if any) are attached photographs and video recordings, an examination protocol, an inventory of seized items and documents, explanations and statements of persons participating in the event.
An act of inspection of a dwelling, a sample of which can be found in this article, contains mandatory information about the purpose of compilation. The form is needed in order to reflect the consequences of damage from flooding the apartment.
Residents of the municipal fund have the right to apply to the local administration in order to recognize the house as emergency and stand in line to improve their living conditions. The visiting commission must conduct a survey of housing and find out the real living conditions of a citizen or an entire family.
The content of the act of inspection of residential premises
Inspection of residential premises - when drawing up a lease agreement or other conditions indicated above, should be carried out by competent specialists - representatives of the housing commission of the local administration, employees managing organization or HOA. The document must include the following information:
- address of the apartment - its total area, number of rooms;
- information about the owner;
- data on physical damage - damp or fallen off plaster,
- peeling wallpaper, damaged furniture and household appliances;
- possible hidden damage.
The inspection must be carried out in the presence of the owner of the property or his legal representative.. The document is drawn up during the examination of a dwelling - for example, for a trial.
The examination of the premises may be carried out in the presence of witnesses. This is necessary in order to subsequently be able to refer to their testimony in court.
The procedure for compiling a document
Inspection of the premises begins with preparatory activities– calling competent officials, making the necessary measurements. Specialists visually examine the condition finishing materials, skirting boards, household appliances and furniture. The act cannot reflect the amount of damage, since such conclusions are confirmed only by the conclusions of experts.
The act must be signed by interested parties - first of all, the owner of the apartment and specialists. The form is also signed by witnesses if their presence is important for further proceedings.
As an application, photo and video shooting can be carried out. They will confirm the damage in the apartment. Photo and video materials are used in court as material evidence.
The results of the inspection of housing are also referred to when initiating a lawsuit. The content of the document serves as the basis for making a decision on registering a citizen to provide more comfortable living conditions.
Sample act of inspection of the apartment
A sample document will help you navigate when drawing up an act.
Exceptions to general rules.
It contains information about damages, and information about the parties. Otherwise, any information can be entered into the document, subject to the grammatical and stylistic norms of the Russian language.
The form must be issued in three copies, and, at the request of the parties, certified by a notary's seal. It is advisable to entrust the preparation of such a document only to a competent specialist.
Do you have any questions? Write your question in the form below and get detailed legal advice:
The difference between a search and an inspection of the scene (premises, dwellings)
Inspection of the premises is carried out with the consent of the persons living in it.
By virtue of h. 3 Article. 182 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, a search is always carried out with the permission of the court.
Inspection assumes that the investigator directly perceives and fixes the external signs of objects to which there are Free access, eliminating the need for forced search activities (opening premises, storage facilities, searching inside pieces of furniture). In addition, the purpose of examining the scene of an incident is to investigate and record the situation in detail and to find obvious traces of a crime that do not require a forced search to fix.
If the investigator has reason to believe that in any place or in any person there may be tools, equipment or other means of committing a crime, objects, documents and valuables that may be relevant to the case, a search is needed, that is, a forced search the specified items.
A search in a dwelling is possible only on the basis of a court decision (part 3 of article 165 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation).
How can a home inspection be carried out?
If the investigator conducts it without a court order, even with the consent of the persons living in the dwelling, the search is illegal. This is what distinguishes a search in a dwelling from its inspection, which can be carried out with the consent of the persons living in it without a court decision.
When, during the inspection of the scene of an incident, the investigator opens cupboards, pulls out drawers, opens the room, etc., in order to find objects relevant to the case, in fact, he conducts a search. Such actions of the investigator are illegal. In this case, the person whose home is being searched is deprived of the most important procedural guarantee provided for this investigative action - the verification by the court of the sufficiency of grounds for an investigative action restricting the right to the inviolability of the home.
If a search was actually carried out, and not an inspection of the scene, as indicated in the protocol: it does not follow from the protocol that the seized items were not located in places open for observation. In order to find them, the investigator carried out forced search activities, and did not record the general situation of the crime. Thus, the investigator replaced an investigative action that required great guarantees of individual rights with an investigative action that did not contain such guarantees.
Under such circumstances, the report of the inspection of the scene is inadmissible evidence. Also, all items seized during this investigative action and attached to the case file as material evidence will be inadmissible evidence. Consequently, objects, substances are recognized as seized illegally, since the evidence was obtained during an illegal search, which means that they cannot be the basis of the charge.
Foreline pumping and high vacuum in manual mode:
10.2.1. Turn on the foreline pump NL1”, press the corresponding button on the LCD screen. Open valve " VP1". Pressure control is carried out by pressure transducer PMT6-3M-1 " PT1"PT1” will turn green on the LCD screen).
10.2.2. Evacuate the chamber to the fore vacuum through the bypass valve " VP3". Open valve " VP3» - press the appropriate button on the LCD screen. Pressure control is carried out by pressure transducer Pirani 972V " PT3/PM1": visually by the element on the LCD screen (if the required forevacuum is present (or achieved) in the system, the indicator “ PT3/PM1
10.2.3. Carry out fore-vacuum pumping of the turbomolecular pump " NR1". Close valve " VP3". Open valve " VP2". Pressure control is carried out by pressure transducer " PT2»: visually by the element on the LCD screen (if the required forevacuum is present (or achieved) in the system, the indicator « PT2» on the LCD screen will turn green.
10.2.4. Supply water to cool the turbomolecular pump. Press the button " ".
10.2.5. Start the turbomolecular pump " NR1". To do this, you need to turn on the turbomolecular pump - on the LCD screen, press the button " NR1". The time for the pump to enter the mode is about 3 minutes. The control of the pump output to the mode is carried out by the indicator on the power supply unit "AST 600TN" and visually on the LCD screen: the element " NR1» will be highlighted in green.
10.2.6. Perform a high vacuum evacuation of the vacuum manifold CV1". Open the vacuum lock VT1” (on the LCD screen, press the corresponding item), open the throttle valve “ DT1openPT3/PM1": visually by the element on the LCD screen (if the required forevacuum is present (or achieved) in the system, the indicator “ PT3/PM1» will turn green on the LCD screen) or via the PDR900/2 power supply and display unit.
Pumping to foreline and high vacuum in automatic mode:
In order to carry out the pumping process on the fore. and high vacuum in the automatic mode of operation, it is necessary to press the “ ” button on the LCD screen (with the inscription “ manual mode' will change to ' auto mode»).
Compressed air will be supplied to the pneumatic devices of the unit automatically (button “ COMPRESSED AIR» will be highlighted).
The foreline pump will turn on automatically. NL1”, the valve “ VP1PT1"PT1» lights up green)).
The chamber will automatically be evacuated to the fore vacuum through the bypass valve " VP3': the valve will open VP3". Pressure control is carried out automatically by the pressure transducer Pirani 972V " PT3/PM1"(on the LCD screen (in the presence (or achievement) of the required forevacuum in the system, the indicator " PT3/PM1» lights up green)).
The fore-vacuum pumping of the turbomolecular pump will be automatically carried out. NR1': the valve will close VP3”, the valve “ VP2". Pressure control is carried out automatically by the pressure transducer PMT6-3M-1 " PT2"(on the LCD screen (in the presence (or achievement) of the required forevacuum in the system, the indicator " PT2» lights up green)).
Water will automatically be supplied to cool the turbomolecular pump. The turbomolecular pump will be launched " NR1».
After the pump enters the mode (control of the pump's output to the mode is carried out by the indicator on the power supply unit "AST 600TN" and visually on the LCD screen: the element " NR1» will be highlighted in green), the automatic operation mode will switch to manual (the inscription above the button « »« auto mode' will change to ' manual mode»).
Working with an ion source
10.3.1. In the main menu, select " Spray process».
10.3.2. Enable item rotation. Press the button " ". The inscription " products rotate».
10.3.3. Perform positioning of products relative to the ion source. Set the carousel to starting position: item No. 1 is located opposite the ion source (a mark is visible through the viewing window), item No. 7 is located under the magnetron. It is necessary to press the “ ” button to set the initial position of the carousel (the LED above the button will light up), while the “ ” button will display the inscription “ step 1».
10.3.4. Inject gas (argon) into the ion source. Open the manual valve (with pressure reducer) on the gas cylinder (argon), set the gas pressure value. With the pressure regulator WF1” (which is located in the “gas ruler”) set the gas pressure value, which should be half the pressure value set on the gas (argon) cylinder reducer.
FG1
VE1". Make sure the throttle valve is DT1» open (click on the corresponding item on the LCD screen, the item will display the inscription « open"). Pressure control is carried out by pressure transducer Pirani 972V " PT3/PM1" FG1» « ».
10.3.5. Supply water to cool the ion source. In the main menu, select " Cooling system", open valves " WE3W3
10.3.6. Open the shutter over the products. To do this, press the button " damper control" (click on the inscription " damper closedmovedamper open».
10.3.7. Apply power to the ion source unit. Press the buttons " Ion source". A window for setting the parameters of the ion source will appear on the screen.
10.3.8. Set the parameters of the ion cleaning process. Set current (range 0 to 300 mA).
10.3.9. Carry out the process of ion cleaning (press the button " CURRENT”, and it will light up).
| NOTE: When the power supply unit of the ion source is operating, the LCD screen will display the product number “1” ÷ “8” (the one that currently stands opposite the ion source), and opposite the number an LED (an indicator that shows that this product has been processed, and this display is not real action, but a hint to the operator). Accordingly, after applying the “CURRENT”, the indicator next to the item number No. 1 or No. 2 or ... No. 8 will light up (the indicator signals (suggests) that the operator has carried out / is conducting / is going to carry out the process of ion cleaning of this product). If for some reason the process was not completed by the operator (the cleaning of this product was not performed by the operator), it is necessary to reset the indicator: turn off the power supply, reset the indicator (press it and hold it for several minutes, the indicator will turn off). Upon completion of the processing of all products, it is necessary to reset all indicators manually (press them and hold for several minutes, one by one, the indicators will turn off). |
10.3.10. Upon completion of the process of ion cleaning of item No. 1, you must press the button " CURRENTIon source” (the unit will be de-energized). Stop rotating the product (press the “ ” button, the button will display the inscription “ product rotation"). Perform positioning. Press the button " ".
Next, to carry out the process of ion cleaning of the next product, press the button " CURRENTIon source
10.3.11. Upon completion of the process of ion cleaning of all necessary products, turn off the unit, press the button " Ion source” (the unit will be de-energized).
Stop the gas supply, close the valve " VE2”, according to RRG-10, set the gas flow rate to 0%. Evacuate to high vacuum. Pressure control is carried out by pressure transducer Pirani 972V " PT3/PM1" or by the PDR900/1 power supply and indication unit.
Start the process of magnetron sputtering.
Working with magnetrons
10.4.1. Enable item rotation. Press the button " ". The inscription " products rotate».
10.4.2. Perform positioning of products relative to the magnetron.
Set the carousel to its original position: item No. 1 is located opposite the ion source (a mark is visible through the viewing window), item No. 7 is located under the magnetron. It is necessary to press the “ ” button to set the initial position of the carousel (the LED above the button will light up), while the “ ” button will display the inscription “ step 1».
10.4.3. Inject gas (argon) into vacuum chamber. Open the manual valve (with pressure reducer) on the gas cylinder (argon), set the gas pressure value. With the pressure regulator WF2” (which is located in the “gas ruler”) set the gas pressure value, which should differ twice from the pressure value set on the gas (argon) cylinder reducer.
Using RRG-10, set the required gas flow rate. On the LCD screen, press the lower value of the symbol " FG2» « », a calculator will appear on the screen, with which you can enter the required gas flow rate (the maximum flow rate of RRG-10 is 3.6 l/h).
Open the gas inlet valve to the ion source VE3».
10.4.4. Close throttle valve DT1” (on the LCD screen, press the corresponding item, the item will display “ closed"). Pressure control is carried out by pressure transducer Pirani 972V " PT3/PM1" or by the PDR900/1 power supply and indication unit. The current value of the gas consumption in % will be displayed on the upper value of the symbol " FG2» « ».
10.4.6. Supply water to cool the ion source. In the main menu, select " Cooling system", open valves " WE2". The presence of water is checked by the liquid flow switch " W2” (the indicator lights green on the LCD screen) and visually. In the event that there is no water cooling, the following message will appear on the LCD screen to check the water cooling of the device.
10.4.6. Open the shutter over the products. To do this, press the button " damper control" (click on the inscription " damper closed" and hold it for ~ 3 seconds, after which the inscription will change to the inscription " move"). After the shutter opens, the button will display the inscription “ damper open».
10.4.7. Apply power to the magnetron block. Press the buttons " Magnetron #1". A window for setting the spraying parameters will appear on the screen.
10.4.8. Set the parameters of the spraying process. Set power.
10.4.9. Carry out the spraying process (press the button " POWER”, and it will light up).
| NOTE: When the magnetron power supply is operating, an indicator will appear on the LCD screen (opposite the product that is currently under the magnetron; the indicator shows that this product has been sprayed, and this display is not a real action, but a hint to the operator). Accordingly, after the “POWER” is applied, the indicator next to the item number No. 1 or No. 2 or ... No. 8 will light up (the indicator signals (suggests) that the operator has carried out / is conducting / is going to carry out the spraying process of this product). |
| If for some reason the spraying process was not completed by the operator (sputtering of this product was not performed by the operator), it is necessary to reset the indicator: turn off the power supply, reset the indicator (press it and hold it for several minutes, the indicator will turn off). |
| Upon completion of the spraying of all products, it is necessary to reset all indicators manually (press them and hold for several minutes, one by one, the indicators will go out). |
10.4.10. Upon completion of the process of spraying product No. 1, you must press the button " POWER” (in this case, its indication will go out) or turn off the unit, press the button “ Magnetron” (the unit will be de-energized). Stop product rotation (press the “ ” button, the button will display the inscription “product rotation”). Perform positioning. Press the button " ".
Next, to carry out the process of spraying the next product, press the button " POWER” (at the same time it will be highlighted) or turn on the power supply (press the button “ Magnetron”), set the current if the unit was switched on.
10.4.11. Upon completion of the spraying process of all necessary products, turn off the unit, press the button " Magnetron” (the unit will be de-energized). Open throttle valve DT1". Stop the gas supply, close the valve " VE3”, according to RRG-10, set the gas flow rate to 0%.
To do this, you must: close the vacuum shutter " VT1", open the inlet valve " VE2". Turn off the turbomolecular pump NR1», in this case, forevacuum pumping must be continued until the turbomolecular pump stops completely. Close valve " VP2», « VP1". Switch off foreline pump NL1". Pressure control is carried out by pressure transducer Pirani 972V " PT3/PM1" or by the PDR900/1 power supply and indication unit. If the pressure in the chamber is equal to atmospheric, then the operator must lift the chamber in accordance with clause 10.1.
The main economic task is to choose the most effective option distribution of factors of production in order to solve the problem of limited opportunities, which is due to the unlimited needs of society and limited resources. With information about its production capabilities, any society must find answers to the following three questions.
What goods and services should be produced and in what quantity?
How should these goods and services be produced?
— Who will buy and be able to consume (use) these goods and services?
— What to produce?
An individual can provide himself with the necessary goods in various ways: produce them on his own, exchange them for other goods, receive them as a gift. Society as a whole cannot have everything immediately. Because of this, it must decide what it would like to have immediately, what it can wait to receive, and what it should refuse altogether.
Developed countries, for example, are making great efforts to improve the production of a limited range of goods in order to achieve some success in competition with other countries. It can be cars, computers or other goods.
Sometimes the choice can be very difficult. The so-called "underdeveloped countries" are so poor that the efforts of most of the labor force are spent only to feed and clothe the population of the country. In such countries, living standards can be raised by increasing production. But since work force fully occupied, then increase the level social production not easy. It is possible, of course, to modernize the equipment in order to increase the volume of production. But this requires a restructuring of the national economy. Part of the resources will be switched from the production of consumer goods to the production of capital goods, the construction of industrial buildings, the production of machinery and equipment. Such a restructuring of production will reduce the standard of living in the name of its future increase. However, in countries with low living standards, even a slight decrease in the output of consumer goods can push large numbers of people to the brink of poverty.
How should goods and services be produced?
There are various options for the production of the entire set of goods, as well as each good separately. By whom, from what resources, with the help of what technology should they be produced? Through what organization of production? By different projects you can build an industrial and residential building, you can produce cars according to various projects, use a piece of land. The building can be multi-story or single-story, a car can be assembled on a conveyor belt or manually, a plot of land can be sown with corn or wheat.
Some buildings are built by private individuals, others by the state (for example, schools). The decision to build cars in one country is made by government agency, in the other - private firms. Land use can be carried out either at the request of farmers, or with the participation or decision of state bodies.
Who is the product for?
Since the number of created goods and services is limited, the problem of their distribution arises. Who should use these products and services, benefit from them? Should all members of society receive the same share, or should there be poor and rich, what should be the share of both? What should be given priority - intellect or physical strength? The solution of this problem determines the goals of society, the incentives for its development.
As you know, the economic system is a set of interconnected and in a certain way ordered elements of the economy.
Outside the systemic nature of the economy, economic relations and institutions could not be reproduced (constantly renewed), economic patterns could not exist, a theoretical understanding of economic phenomena and processes could not take place, there could not be a coordinated and effective economic policy.
Real practice constantly confirms the systemic nature of the economy. Objectively existing economic systems find their scientific reflection in theoretical (scientific) economic systems.
as the history of economic science shows, the classification of economic systems can be made on the basis of various criteria (features). This multiplicity is based on the objective diversity of properties of economic systems.
In an enlarged form, the criteria of economic systems can be divided into three groups: structure-forming criteria; socio-economic (substantive) criteria; volumetric and dynamic criteria.
It is the totality of all economic processes committed in society on the basis of existing property relations in it and organizational forms, represents economic system this society.
Human society in its development has used and uses various economic systems. They differ in their approach and methods of solving the main economic problems.
Traditional systems
Some so-called "underdeveloped countries" have traditional, customary economic systems. Traditions passed down from generation to generation determine what goods and services, how and for whom to produce. The list of benefits, production technologies and distribution are based on customs, time-honored. The economic needs of individuals are determined by heredity and caste. Technological progress penetrates these systems with great difficulty, as it conflicts with tradition and threatens the stability of the existing system.
The presence of specific resources also determines the traditional nature in solving economic problems. For example, if Brazil grew mainly coffee last year, then this year it will also grow coffee, and with the same technological methods, and for the same importers.
command economy
All decisions on major economic problems are made by the state. All resources here are the property of the state. Central economic planning covers all levels - from household to the state. Resource allocation is based on long-term priorities. Because of this, the production of goods is constantly separated from social needs. The progress of society is hampered.
Market economy
“What” is decided by solvent demand, voting with money. The consumer decides for himself what he is willing to pay money for. The manufacturer will himself seek to satisfy the desire of the consumer to give money for the goods he needs.
The "how" is decided by the manufacturer seeking to make more profit. Since the setting of prices does not depend only on him, in order to achieve his goal in a competitive environment, the producer must produce and sell as many goods as possible and at a lower price than his competitors.
"For whom" is decided in favor of different groups of consumers, taking into account their incomes.
mixed economy
The modern market system is a combination of forms entrepreneurial activity and the role of the state. Let us illustrate this with the example of the economies of some developed countries.
The Swedish system is characterized by the vigorous participation of the state in ensuring economic stability and in the redistribution of income. The core of the Swedish system is social policy. For its successful implementation, high level taxation, which is more than 50% of the gross national product. As a result, unemployment has been reduced to a minimum in the country, differences in the incomes of various groups of the population are relatively small, and the level of social security citizens. The export capacity of Swedish companies is also high. The main advantage of the Swedish model is that it combines relatively high rates of economic growth with a high level of full employment and well-being of the population.
The Japanese economic model is characterized by advanced planning and coordination between the government and the private sector. The economic planning of the state is advisory (indicative) in nature. The plans are government programs orienting and mobilizing individual parts of the economy to fulfill national tasks. The Japanese economy is characterized by the preservation of national traditions while borrowing from other countries everything that is needed for the development of the country. This allows you to create such systems of management and organization of production, which in the conditions of Japan give big effect. Borrowing Japanese experience by other countries does not always give the expected result (for example, quality circles), since these countries do not have Japanese traditions.
In the American economy, the state plays important role in the development and observance of the rules of the economic game, the provision of research and development, freedom of enterprise, the development of education and culture.
A mixed economy dictates the most efficient use of resources, promotes the development and use of advanced technologies. An important non-economic argument in favor of a mixed economy is its emphasis on personal freedom. Entrepreneurs and workers move from industry to industry by their own decision, not by government directives.
Societies with different historical and cultural heritage, different customs and traditions use different approaches and methods effective use own resources.
2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF INFLATION. ANTI-INFLATION POLICY OF THE STATE
As an economic phenomenon, inflation has existed for a long time. It is believed that its appearance is associated almost with the first period of the emergence of money. The very concept of "inflation" (from the Latin inflatio - inflation) was first used in North America in 1861–1865 It meant a certain process leading to an increase in paper money circulation. Soon this concept began to be used in Great Britain and France, and mainly among financiers and bankers. AT economic literature it appeared at the beginning of the 20th century.
Inflation is a socio-economic phenomenon that is generated by disproportions in various areas of the country's market economy; it has not yet been fully covered in scientific terms. Inflation is the biggest problem modern development economy, therefore, it requires, first of all, clarification as a socio-economic concept.
The disorder of the laws of monetary circulation is most often explained by the action of external factors. As a rule, in most cases of manifestation of inflation, there is opposition to the monetary side of factors in the sphere of production. Violation of a number of national economic proportions in the sphere of production and circulation leads to a violation of the conditions of exchange. The essence of inconsistency and violation of the terms of exchange lies in the fact that for each subsequent buyer the same monetary value is exchanged for an ever smaller commodity equivalent.
Inflation can be viewed as a manifestation of the contradictions that occur as a result of rising prices and the depreciation of monetary units, on the one hand, between real and monetary, and, on the other, between real and fictitious capital. In other words, the emerging structural disproportions in the reproduction of social capital eventually lead to higher prices.
In domestic literature, the word "inflation" is most often identified with the establishment of a new balance of supply and demand in changing conditions. Often, when determining inflation, it is made dependent on the interpretation of such economic categories like supply, demand, equilibrium. In particular, inflation is the excess of the amount of money in circulation in relation to the cost of goods and services (at a given rate of turnover of money), leading to their depreciation.
Under the conditions of a totalitarian regime, in a socialist economy, the phenomenon of inflation was not "noticeable". It was believed that since the amount of money in circulation is set systematically in accordance with the needs retail trade, then inflation cannot occur. At the same time, it was not taken into account that inflation can be hidden, manifested in a shortage of goods. It was this reason that the decline in production aggravated inflationary processes in 1990. A feature of the economic crisis in Russia was that it was not accompanied by a drop in the incomes of enterprises and the population, which exacerbated inflation.
Do not bring anything new and such explanations for the occurrence of inflation, such as:
the fall in the purchasing power and value of money, their value for the subjects of the economic process;
reduction of the real "weight" of cash income and expenses;
For the Western economy, the formula "inflation - rising prices" turned out to be unacceptable, because "there" inflation means rising prices while maintaining a balance of supply and demand. In the most popular textbook in the West, K. McConnell and S. Brew "Economics" states that "inflation is an increase in the general price level." This, of course, does not mean that all prices are necessarily raised. Even during periods of fairly rapid inflation, some prices may remain relatively stable while others fall – one of the sore spots of inflation is that prices tend to rise very unevenly. Some jump, others rise more at a moderate pace, while others do not rise at all.
So, for the West, the main thing in this issue prices, their general level. In Russia, the concept of inflation is also associated with prices, but in a different perspective: the population has money, but there is nothing to buy - this was the result of price liberalization. The concept of inflation in Russia has its own property and does not fit into the framework of the classical concept. The concept of an inflationary situation, when effective demand exceeds the supply of goods and services, applies not only to the consumer market, but also to the market for industrial and technical products. Hence the popular definition of inflation: an overflow of money circulation with paper banknotes and their depreciation, i.e. the excess of the number of banknotes over the commodity security in circulation.
In all cases, inflation should be considered as: a violation of the laws of monetary circulation, which causes a breakdown in the state monetary system; explicit or hidden price increases; naturalization of metabolic processes ( barter deals); decline in the living standards of the population.
The consequences of inflation are diverse, contradictory and are as follows.
First, it leads to a redistribution of national income and wealth among different groups of society, economic and social institutions in an arbitrary and unpredictable way.
Second, high inflation rates and abrupt changes in the price structure complicate the planning (especially long-term) of firms and households. As a result, the uncertainty and risk of doing business increases. The payoff for this is an increase in interest rates and profits. Investments begin to have a short-term character, the share of capital construction in the total volume of investments decreases, and the share of speculative operations increases. In the future, this may lead to a decrease in the welfare of the nation and employment.
Thirdly, the political stability of society is decreasing, and social tension is increasing. High inflation promotes the transition to a new structure of society.
Fourth, relatively higher rates of price growth in the "open" sector of the economy lead to a decrease in the competitiveness of national goods. The result will be an increase in imports and a decrease in exports, an increase in unemployment and the ruin of commodity producers.
Fifth, there is increasing demand for a more stable foreign currency. The outflow of capital abroad, speculation in the foreign exchange market are increasing, which in turn accelerates the rise in prices.
Sixth, the real value of savings accumulated in cash decreases, and the demand for real assets increases. As a result, the prices of these goods rise faster than the general price level changes. The acceleration of inflation spurs the growth of demand in the economy, leads to a flight from money. Firms and households have to incur additional Costs to purchase real assets.
Seventh, the structure is changing and the real revenues of the state budget are decreasing. The state's capacity to conduct expansionary fiscal and monetary policy is shrinking. The budget deficit and public debt are rising. The mechanism of their reproduction is launched.
Eighth, in an underemployed economy, moderate inflation, slightly reducing the real income of the population, forces them to work harder and better. As a result, creeping inflation is both a "payment" for economic growth and an incentive for it. Deflation, on the contrary, leads to a decrease in employment and capacity utilization.
Ninth, in conditions of stagflation, high inflation is combined with high unemployment. Significant inflation makes it impossible to increase employment. However, there is no direct relationship between inflation, on the one hand, and output and unemployment, on the other.
Tenth, there is a multidirectional movement of relative prices and volumes of production of various goods.
According to the theory of "acceleration of inflation" over long-term time intervals, an increase in the rate of inflation from year to year helps to keep real output above its natural level.
For anti-inflationary regulation, two types of economic policy are used:
a policy aimed at reducing the budget deficit, limiting credit expansion, curbing the issue of money. At the same time, a monetarist approach is applied - regulation of the growth rate of the money supply in certain limits(according to GDP growth);
a policy of price and income regulation designed to link wage increases with price increases. One of the means is the indexation of income, determined by the level of the subsistence minimum or the standard consumer basket and consistent with the dynamics of the price index. Increase or freeze limits may be set to contain adverse events wages, be limited to the issuance of loans.
The active fight against inflation, called deflationary policy, usually leads to a fall in GDP growth rates and even its reduction (deflation).
