What is artificial intelligence?
The author of the term "artificial intelligence" is John McCarthy, the inventor of the Lisp language, the founder of functional programming and the winner of the Turing Award for his great contribution to the field of artificial intelligence research.
Artificial intelligence is a way to make a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a program capable of also thinking intelligently like a human.
Research in the field of AI is carried out by studying the mental abilities of a person, and then the results of this research are used as the basis for the development of intelligent programs and systems.
Main goals of AI
- Creation of expert systems - systems that demonstrate intelligent behavior: learn, show, explain and give advice;
- Realization of human intelligence in machines - the creation of a machine capable of understanding, thinking, teaching and behaving like a human.
Applications with AI
- AI has become dominant in various fields such as:
- Games - AI plays a crucial role in strategy games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where the computer is able to calculate a large number of possible solutions based on heuristic knowledge.
- Natural language processing is the ability to communicate with a computer that understands the natural language spoken by humans.
- Speech recognition - some intelligent systems are able to hear and understand the language in which a person communicates with them. They can handle various accents, slang, etc.
- Handwriting recognition - software reads text written on paper with a pen or on a screen with a stylus. It can recognize letter shapes and convert it into editable text.
- Smart robots are robots capable of performing tasks assigned by humans. They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world, such as light, heat, motion, sound, shock, and pressure. They have high performance processors, multiple sensors and huge memory. In addition, they are able to learn from their own mistakes and adapt to the new environment.
What contributes to the development of AI?
Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on such disciplines as computer science, biology, psychology, linguistics, mathematics, mechanical engineering. One of the main areas of artificial intelligence is the development of computer functions related to human intelligence, such as: reasoning, learning and problem solving.
Program with AI and without AI
A computer program without AI can only answer the specific questions it is programmed to answer.
Can answer the universal questions it is programmed to answer.
Making changes to the program leads to a change in its structure
An AI program can absorb new modifications by sorting highly independent pieces of information together. Therefore, you can change pieces of information from the program without affecting the structure of the program itself.
Modification is not quick and easy.
Modification is fast and easy
Slide 2: What is artificial intelligence?
Since the invention of computers, their ability to perform various tasks has continued to grow exponentially. People develop power computer systems, increasing the execution of tasks and reducing the size of computers. The main goal of researchers in the field of artificial intelligence is to create computers or machines as intelligent as a person.
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The author of the term "artificial intelligence" is John McCarthy, the inventor of the Lisp language, the founder of functional programming and the winner of the Turing Award for his great contribution to the field of artificial intelligence research. Artificial intelligence is a way to make a computer, computer-controlled robot or program capable of thinking intelligently like a human as well. Research in the field of AI is carried out by studying the mental abilities of a person, and then the results of this research are used as the basis for the development of intelligent programs and systems.
Slide 4: Philosophy of both artificial and intellect
During the operation of powerful computer systems, everyone asked the question: “Can a machine think and behave in the same way as a person? ". Thus, the development of artificial intelligence also began with the intention to create a similar intelligence in machines, similar to the human one.
Slide 5: The main goals of AI
Creation of expert systems - systems that demonstrate intelligent behavior: learn, show, explain and give advice; Realization of human intelligence in machines - the creation of a machine capable of understanding, thinking, teaching and behaving like a human.
Slide 6: What contributes to the development of AI?
Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on such disciplines as computer science, biology, psychology, linguistics, mathematics, mechanical engineering. One of the main areas of artificial intelligence is the development of computer functions related to human intelligence, such as: reasoning, learning and problem solving.
Slide 7: Program with and without AI
Programs with and without AI differ in the following properties: With AI Without AI A computer program without AI can only answer the specific questions it is programmed to answer. Can answer the universal questions it is programmed to answer. Making changes to a program results in a change in its structure An AI program can absorb new modifications by sorting highly independent pieces of information together. Therefore, you can change pieces of information from the program without affecting the structure of the program itself Modification is not quick and easy Modification is fast and easy
Slide 8: Applications with AI
AI has become dominant in various areas, such as: Games - AI plays a crucial role in strategy games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where the computer is able to calculate a large number of possible solutions based on heuristic knowledge . Natural language processing is the ability to communicate with a computer that understands the natural language spoken by humans. Speech recognition - some intelligent systems are able to hear and understand the language in which a person communicates with them. They can handle various accents, slang, etc. Handwriting Recognition - The software reads text written on paper with a pen or on a screen with a stylus. It can recognize letter shapes and convert it into editable text. Smart robots are robots capable of performing tasks assigned by humans. They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world, such as light, heat, motion, sound, shock, and pressure. They have high performance processors, multiple sensors and huge memory. In addition, they are able to learn from their own mistakes and adapt to the new environment.
Slide 9: The history of AI development
Year Event 1923 Karel Capek puts on a play in London called "Universal Robots", the first use of the word "robot" in English. 1943 Foundations for neural networks. 1945 Isaac Asimov, a graduate of Columbia University, coined the term robotics. 1950 Alan Turing develops the Turing test for intelligence. Claude Shannon publishes a detailed analysis of the intellectual chess game. 1956 John McCarthy coined the term artificial intelligence. Demonstration of the first launch of an AI program at Carnegie Mellon University. 1958 John McCarthy invents the lisp programming language for AI. 1964 Danny Bobrov's dissertation at MIT shows that computers can understand natural language quite well. 1965 Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT develops Eliza, an interactive assistant that communicates in English.
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Year Event 1969 Scientists at the Stanford Research Institute developed Sheki, a motorized robot capable of perceiving and solving some problems. 1973 A team of researchers at the University of Edinburgh built Freddy, the famous Scottish robot capable of using vision to locate and assemble models. 1979 The first computer-controlled autonomous car, the Stanford Cart, was built. 1985 Harold Cohen designed and demonstrated programming, Aaron. 1997 Chess program that beats world chess champion Garry Kasparov. 2000 Interactive robotic pets become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet, a robot with a face that expresses emotions. Robot Nomad explores remote areas of Antarctica and finds meteorites.
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Slide 11: Examples of achievements in the field of artificial intelligence
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Kismet is a robot created in the late 1990s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by Dr. Cynthia Breazeale. The auditory, visual and expressive systems of the robot were designed for its participation in social interaction with a person and modeling of human emotions and facial expressions. The name "kismet" comes from an Arabic, Turkish, Urdu, Hindi and Punjabi word meaning "fate" or sometimes "luck".
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slide 13: virtual personal assistants
Siri, Kortana and other intelligent digital personal assistants on various platforms (iOS, Android and Windows). They help find useful information that you ask them for using natural human language. The AI in these apps collects information from your questions and uses it to better understand your speech and display results tailored to your preferences. Microsoft claims that Cortana is constantly learning about its users and will eventually be able to anticipate the needs of its customers. Virtual personal assistants process a huge amount of data from various sources in order to learn more about users and become more effective assistants in finding and processing information.
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slide 14 video games
One example of the use of artificial intelligence that most people are probably familiar with is video games, which have been using AI for a long time. The complexity and effectiveness of AI in video games has grown exponentially over the past few decades, resulting in video game characters being able to behave in completely unpredictable ways. Video games actively use AI for their characters, who can analyze environment to search for objects and interact with them. They are able to take cover, investigate sounds, use flanking maneuvers, communicate with other characters, and so on.
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Slide 15: One of the favorite games of horror fans - Five Nights At Freddy's
The game takes place in a pizzeria called "Freddy Fazbear's Pizza", in which the player's character acts as a night guard who must defend against animatronics that come to life at night by closing the electronic doors through which they try to enter the player's room.
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Slide 16: Artificial intelligence cars (self-driving cars)
Autonomous cars are getting closer to reality. This year, Google announced an algorithm that can learn to drive just like a human does: through experience. The idea is that eventually the car will be able to look at the road and make decisions based on what it sees.
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Slide 17: Product offer
Big retailers like Target and Amazon make a lot of money from their stores' ability to anticipate your needs. This ability is implemented in various ways: coupons, discounts, targeted advertising, etc. As you may have guessed, this is a very controversial use of AI as it makes a lot of people worry about possible privacy violations.
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Slide 18: Fraud detection
Have you ever received a message saying that you made a purchase with your credit card, even though you didn't make any purchases? Many banks send these messages if they think your account may be scammed and want to make sure you approve a purchase before transferring money to another company. AI is often used to observe this kind of fraud. After sufficient training, the system will be able to detect fraudulent transactions based on the signs it has learned through training.
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Slide 19: Online customer support
Many sites now offer a customer to chat with a customer service representative while they are browsing the products on the site, but not every site actually responds with live people! In many cases, you are communicating with AI. Many of these chatbots are little more than autoresponders, but some of them are actually capable of extracting knowledge from a site and providing it to customers when they ask for it.
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Slide 20: News portals
Did you know that AI programs are capable of writing news? AI is able to write simple stories like financial reports, sports reports, etc. Of course, such a system still needs human help, but it's just a matter of time and in the near future AI will be able to write full-fledged articles.
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slide 21 video
To control a large number of cameras for one person is a very difficult and sometimes boring task. That is why AI computers have been developed to monitor these cameras. The monitoring algorithm takes input from CCTV cameras and determines whether there is a danger or not. If he "sees" the danger, he notifies the security staff about it.
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Of course, these systems are quite simple compared to other intelligent systems, but at the same time they perform a rather useful task: suggest music and movies based on your interests. By observing your actions, they learn and eventually give you recommendations of what will interest you. Most of these functions depend on the person. For example, if you like "rock" and you have indicated this characteristic in your profile, then you also like other songs that include this characteristic. This is the basis of many recommendations, and although it is not a futuristic development, it makes a very Good work helps us find new music and movies.
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Slide 24: Summarize
Artificial intelligence is an integral part of the life of the majority of the world's population. When the first model was created, everyone was shocked, they were just talking about it. Over time, the models have improved. Now the idea is relevant that someday a person will create such a smart machine that it will enslave humanity. Many films have been made on this topic (Terminator), many games have been made (Five Nights At Freddy's).
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Last slide of the presentation: Presentation on the topic "Artificial Intelligence"
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Artificial intelligence is a discipline that studies the possibility of creating programs for solving tasks that require certain intellectual efforts when performed by a person.
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The science called "artificial intelligence" is part of the complex of computer science, and the technologies created on its basis belong to information technology. The task of this science is to achieve reasonable reasoning and action with the help of computing systems and other artificial devices. The goal of research in the field of artificial intelligence is to create an arsenal of meta-procedures sufficient for a computer (or other technical systems, for example, robots) could find their solutions by setting problems.
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The first studies related to the problems of artificial intelligence were undertaken almost immediately after the advent of computers. The very name of the new science arose in the late 60s of the XX century, and in 1969 in Washington (USA) the first World Conference on Artificial Intelligence was held.
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Research in the field of artificial intelligence is carried out in two directions: bionic - attempts to model the psychophysiological activity of the human brain with the help of artificial systems in order to create an artificial mind; 2) pragmatic - the creation of programs that allow using computers to reproduce not the mental activity itself, but the processes that are its results. Important results of practical value have been achieved here.
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The first direction - neurocybernetics It is based on hardware modeling of the human brain, the basis of which is a large number (about 14 billion) of connected and interacting nerve cells - neurons. Back in the 1950s, a threshold device for modeling a nerve cell, the perceptron, was created. It was not possible to implement the biological structure of the brain on the first low-performance computers. Now microelectronics makes it possible to build computational structures consisting of several thousand microprocessors - neurocomputers. Their main feature is the ability to change the internal structure and thereby learn like a person.
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The second direction is the pragmatic direction of AI. It results in computer software for solving intellectual problems. These are, first of all, natural language programs. They allow you to: translate text from one language into another, compose abstracts of large documents, compose texts for fairy tales and poems, scripts for television series (soap operas). Musical programs can compose musical works, analyze finished musical works, and imitate various performing styles. Recognizing programs allow you to check the correctness of the text, recognize the characters of handwritten text when it is scanned. Analyzers and synthesizers of sounds are able to control the voice of technical devices, as well as issue speech messages. Many game programs use the principles of AI. The famous supercomputer Deep Blue beat the world chess champion G. Kasparov.
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The properties of artificial intelligence systems are internal interpretability - along with information in the knowledge base, information structures are presented that allow not only storing knowledge, but also using it; structuredness - decomposition of complex objects into simpler ones and the establishment of a connection between them are performed; connectedness - patterns are reflected in relation to facts, processes, phenomena and cause-and-effect relationships between them; activity - based on existing knowledge, you can derive (receive) new knowledge.
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Tools for artificial intelligence systems (AI). The first AIS were created in algorithmic languages of wide application. The most convenient languages were LISP and SmallTalk. Subsequently, programming systems in knowledge representation languages were created. They contain their own means of representing knowledge and supporting inference. These languages include FRL, KRL, OPS5, LogLISP and Prolog. The logic programming languages Prolog and OSP5 are the most widely used of these languages.
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Expert systems An expert system (ES) is an artificial intelligence system that contains the knowledge of experienced specialists (experts) about some subject area and which, within this area, is capable of making expert decisions (giving advice, diagnosing, guiding the user's actions).
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Structural diagram of the expert system The main part of any ES is the knowledge base - the totality of knowledge on the subject area, gleaned from publications, as well as introduced in the process of interaction between experts and ES. With the help of the knowledge base editor, the expert fills the knowledge base (as if transferring his knowledge, skills and abilities to it).
Examples of expert systems Expert system MYCIN (Stanford University) is one of the first and most famous ES, developed in the mid-1970s of the last century. It is designed to diagnose infectious diseases. The JUDITH expert system was created in 1975 at Heidelberg and Darmstadt Universities and allows lawyers to obtain expert opinions in civil cases. The INTERNIST expert system diagnoses several hundred diseases with an accuracy comparable to that of a diagnosis made by a qualified physician. The expert management advisor system helps the manager in planning his commercial activities. The EXPERTAX expert system prepares recommendations for auditors and tax specialists in the preparation of tax calculations and the preparation of financial declarations. The knowledge base reflects the experience of over twenty experts. Expert system PROSPECTOR - helps geologists in the search for minerals. Maps, surveys of the area, answers to questions that are asked to geologists are entered into the computer.
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Homework Prepare a report on one of the following topics Robots and artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence in games Artificial intelligence in films and books Predicted consequences of the use of artificial intelligence What are the directions of using artificial intelligence The history of the development of artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence in Russia
The key factor determining the development of AI technologies today is the rate of growth in the computing power of computers, since the principles of the human psyche still remain unclear (at a level of detail accessible for modeling). Therefore, the topics of AI conferences look quite standard and have hardly changed in composition for quite a long time. But the growth in the performance of modern computers, combined with the improvement in the quality of algorithms, periodically makes it possible to apply various scientific methods in practice. It happened with intellectual toys, it happens with domestic robots. Temporarily forgotten methods of simple enumeration of options (as in chess programs) will be intensively developed again, using an extremely simplified description of objects. But with the help of this approach (the main resource for its successful application is performance), it will be possible to solve, as expected, many of the most different tasks(for example, from the field of cryptography). Quite simple, but resource-intensive algorithms of adaptive behavior will help autonomous devices to operate confidently in a complex world. At the same time, the goal is to develop systems that do not look like a person, but act like a person. Scientists are trying to look into the more distant future. Is it possible to create stand-alone devices that, if necessary, independently collect similar copies of themselves (multiply)? Is science able to create appropriate algorithms? Will we be able to control such machines? There are no answers to these questions yet. The active introduction of formal logic into applied systems for the representation and processing of knowledge will continue. At the same time, such logic is not able to fully reflect real life, and integration will occur various systems logical inference in single shells. At the same time, it may be possible to move from the concept of a detailed representation of information about objects and techniques for manipulating this information to more abstract formal descriptions and the use of universal inference mechanisms, and the objects themselves will be characterized by a small array of data based on probability distributions of characteristics. The field of AI, which has become a mature science, is developing gradually - slowly but steadily moving forward. Therefore, the results are fairly well predictable, although sudden breakthroughs associated with strategic initiatives are not ruled out along the way. For example, in the 1980s, the US National Computing Initiative brought many areas of AI out of the lab and had a significant impact on the development of high-performance computing theory and its application in many applied projects. Such initiatives will most likely appear at the intersection of different mathematical disciplines - probability theory, neural networks, fuzzy logic.
