Forest resources and their importance.
Russia accounts for 22% of the world's forest resources - 770 million hectares - 45% of the entire territory of the country. Timber reserves - 82 billion m 3, which exceeds the total reserves of the United States and Canada by 3.5 times. Forests are distributed unevenly throughout the country. In the western zone (European north), 30% of the area covered by forest is concentrated. In the eastern zone (Northern Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, Far East) - 70% of the territory is covered with forest - these are territories with the exception of tundra and forest tundra. Mature wood is 50%. In general, the eastern macroregion contains 75% of timber reserves. (see tab. 34 Dronov, p. 151).
The density of forest resources is inversely proportional to the density of population (see Figure 49 Dronov, p152). In some areas, forest cover (the share of the area occupied by forest vegetation in relation to the entire area) is 2/3 of the territory - these are the Irkutsk region, the Komi Republic, Primorsky Krai, the Arkhangelsk region. But there are areas completely treeless - the Astrakhan region.
In the eastern regions, coniferous species predominate (cedar, fir, larch, less spruce and pine). In the European part - spruce, pine, which are of the greatest value for construction, as well as deciduous forests (more than in the east).
Areas of the European part of the country are intensively exploited. In the future, the exploitation of the eastern part will increase more and more.
Wood is used in many sectors of the economy: in construction (in the form of a fastening forest, for finishing), in the mining industry (in the form of mining racks), in furniture production, in chemical industry, upon receipt of pulp, paper, cardboard, goes to the production of containers. The forest is a recreation center, a hunting base, a source of berries, mushrooms, medicinal herbs.
Timber industry. - one of the oldest industries producing structural materials and consisting of the following interrelated industries, which differ from each other in production technology, the purpose of the products, but use the same raw materials:
logging, felling, trailing (delivery to the consumer)
mechanical processing - includes sawmilling, production of plywood, lumber, furniture, matches, parquet, etc.
wood chemistry includes the production of cellulose, paper, and other products.
the pulp and paper industry occupies an intermediate position, where chemical technologies are combined with mechanical processing, and includes the production of cellulose, rosin, wood alcohol, fodder yeast.
logging . From a seasonal industry, it has become an industry industrial production with permanent, qualified personnel and high-quality equipment. This industry belongs to the mining industry. The bulk of logging falls on the forest surplus regions of the European north, the northern Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East, except for the tundra and forest tundra. But the forests of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the north-east of Russia are far from the consumer - there is no wood harvested there. In Krasnoyarsk - an exception - the zones along the rivers and south.
The main forest-forming species is larch, the processing of which is always difficult. The greatest load falls on the European north, south of Siberia and the Far East.
The first place in timber harvesting is occupied by the European North (Republic of Komi and Karelia, Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions) - more than 20%. There is an extensive network of rivers, logging roads (Kotlos - Vorkuta, Vologda - Arkhangelsk, Petrozavodsk - Murmansk), timber export port - Arkhangelsk. The important role of this area was predetermined by the main consumers - the Center, the Volga region.
The second place is occupied by the East Siberian region (south of the Irkutsk region, Krasnoyarsk Territory). Part of the forest is rafted along the Yenisei to the port of Igarka, and most of it is rafted along the Trans-Siberian Railway to the European part.
The third place is occupied by the Urals (Sverdlovsk and Perm regions) - 18%.
These 3 regions harvest 60% of Russia's timber. Recently, there has been a shift to the east in the location of logging, which increases the distance of transportation, which has increased from 750 to 1700 km and is the highest among the transport of bulk goods by rail in the world.
sawmilling - the main consumer of industrial wood at the stage of logging, from which wood makes up 25% (boughs, bark, needles) in sawmilling - sawdust, shavings, pinkies, slats (they increase to 40%).
Sawmilling centers are located not only in logging areas (Arkhangelsk, Lesosibirsk on the Yenisei), but also in the sparsely forested Volga region (Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan). A huge mass of roundwood is transported by rail.
Sawmilling serves as the basis for the subsequent processing of raw materials. In close connection with it, standard housing construction, the production of furniture, DRSP, plywood, and matches were widely developed. Enterprises for the mechanical processing of wood have historically been concentrated in the center of Russia (Center, Central Chernozem region, Volga region), which now produce most of the sawn timber using imported raw materials. The location of industries for the mechanical processing of wood should take into account such features of the forest industry as high unit costs raw materials for the manufacture of products (1 ton of wood pulp - 3 m 3), and waste at the stages of logging and sawmilling. With such specifics, it is necessary to bring production closer to the sources of raw materials.
In the areas of distribution of raw materials, enterprises for the mechanical processing of wood are located as follows:
at the places of intersection or approach of the railway to the rafting tracks (Omsk, Kotlas, Novosibirsk), where raw materials are delivered by river, and finished products are delivered by railway;
in the lower reaches or mouths of large raftable rivers with access to the sea (Arkhangelsk, Mezen, Naryan-Mar, Igarka);
on forest roads.
For furniture production beech, oak and other valuable wood species are used. Transportation of furniture is more expensive than transportation of wood, and its production requires a highly skilled workforce. As a rule, the production of furniture is located at the consumer.
Match production satisfies the needs of the population - there is one factory for each district. The raw material for the production of matches is aspen. Centers: Kaluga, Rybinsk, Kirov, Tomsk, Blagoveshchensk
Plywood production(from birch) and parquet(made of oak and beech) is located in areas rich in mixed forests.
Placement factors :
fuel and energy
The forest complex includes forestry, harvesting, mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood. These industries use the same raw materials, but differ from each other in terms of production technology and the purpose of the finished product. The leading place in terms of output is occupied by the pulp and paper and wood-chemical industries, in terms of the number of employees and the number of operating enterprises-- woodworking industry.
The importance of the forest industry in the country's economy is due not only to the huge reserves of timber and the territorial distribution of forest resources, but also to its wide use in various sectors of the economy - construction, industry, transport, agriculture and utilities.
Russia is the largest timber power in the world, where almost 1/4 of the world's timber reserves are concentrated. In 2007, the total forest area was 883 million hectares, and the forested area in Russia occupied 776.1 million hectares, or 45% of the country's territory, and the timber stock was estimated at 82.1 billion m3. Among the forest-forming species, conifers (pine, cedar, spruce, larch, fir) predominate, the proportion of softwood (birch, aspen, linden) and hardwood (oak, beech, ash, maple) is small.
There are three groups of forests in the forest fund of Russia:
- a) water and field protection, protected and recreational forests, in which only sanitary felling can be carried out to improve their condition;
- b) forests in which only selective felling is possible in the amount of annual growth;
- c) production forests where clear cuts can be carried out.
The forest complex is overcoming the crisis that affected it during the period of market transformations of the economy, when its industrial, scientific and technical potential was significantly undermined. In 2007, the industry's production volume was 59% of the 1990 level, the allowable cut was used only by 25%, and, taking into account intermediate cuttings, by only 14%. The volume of investments in the fixed capital of the timber industry complex at the expense of all sources of financing over the past decade has decreased by almost 7 times. The main source of investments - about 80% - remain the own funds of enterprises.
Transformations are also being completed in the forms of ownership. By the beginning of the XXI century. enterprises of private form of ownership accounted for 90% of the total number of enterprises operating in the branches of the forest complex, where almost half of the number of industrial and production personnel was employed, which ensured the release of 2/5 of industrial products. In 2007, the number of forest industry enterprises amounted to 18.5 thousand, employing 340 thousand people.
The timber industry complex in the structure of industrial production in Russia ranks seventh in terms of output, and fifth in terms of exports. At the same time, the forest complex plays the greatest role in the economy of the European North, in the densely forested regions of Eastern and Western Siberia, the Far East, this industry is inferior to the favorites - fuel industry and non-ferrous metallurgy.
The products of the forest complex traditionally occupy a prominent place in the export deliveries of Russia. Foreign exchange earnings from the export of timber and paper products in 2007 amounted to $12.3 billion. export potential Russia is estimated at $ 100 billion. Lumber, plywood, and pulp are exported, which are inferior in quality, environmental requirements, processing accuracy, presentation and packaging of timber and paper products of developed timber industry countries, so product prices Russian manufacturers 30-40% below the global average.
The logging industry carries out the harvesting, export and alloying of wood, as well as the primary processing and partial processing of timber. Its main product is industrial timber, which now accounts for more than 80% of the total exported timber.
The logging industry is the basic branch of the timber industry. In the late 1980s In terms of timber exports, Russia ranked second in the world after the United States, and in 2006 it was already sixth.
The location of logging sites is due to the availability of timber resources. Therefore, the leading area for the production of commercial wood is the European North, which gives 1/3 of the industry's products, where the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions, the Republics of Karelia and Komi stand out. The second place is occupied by Eastern Siberia (about 1/4), where the main suppliers of industrial timber are the Irkutsk region, concentrating almost 1/5 of the total Russian timber harvesting volume, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The third place is held by the Urals (Sverdlovsk region). In addition, timber harvesting is carried out in the Far East, Western Siberia and the North-West.
The woodworking industry is the main consumer of industrial wood and includes the production of sawn timber, sleepers, plywood, building parts and boards, standard wooden houses, furniture, matches, etc. The location of these industries is greatly influenced by such features as huge industrial waste, which in sawmilling reaches 40%, in furniture and match production - 50% of the consumed raw materials.
Sawmilling provides primary mechanical processing of 2/3 commercial timber and is oriented towards raw materials and the consumer. The main production is concentrated in the Western zone of the country on the territory of richly forested regions (European North, the Urals, the Volga-Vyatka region) and in the main consumer regions (Center, the Volga region, the North Caucasus).
The production of plywood is characterized by a high consumption rate of raw materials and orientation to birch stands. Therefore, the main production is concentrated in the territory of Central Russia, the Urals and the European North. Furniture production, being an "urban industry", focuses on the consumer.
The pulp and paper industry is a high-tech branch of the forest complex, which is engaged in the chemical and mechanical processing of wood. In this case, cellulose is initially obtained, and from it - paper and cardboard.
The location of the industry is due to high material and water intensity (for the production of 1 ton of paper, 5 m3 of wood and 350 m3 of water are needed), as well as energy intensity. Therefore, the determining factor in the location is the presence of forest resources and large water sources.
The European North remains the leading area for the production of paper, cardboard and pulp, where the main production is carried out on the territory of Karelia. Arkhangelsk region and the Komi Republic and there are Segezhsky, Kondopozhsky, Solombalsky, Syktyvkarsky pulp and paper mills and others.
The second place is occupied by the Volga-Vyatka region. In the Nizhny Novgorod region and the Republic of Mari El, large plants operate in Pravdinsk, Balakhna, Volzhsk. The third place is occupied by the Ural region, where the main production is concentrated in the Perm region (Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk, Perm) and Sverdlovsk region(Turinsk, Novaya Lyalya).
Significant volumes of paper and cardboard production in the North-West region (Svetogorsk, Syassk), and the share of Eastern Siberia and the Far East due to underutilization operating capacities decreases. The Amur and Astrakhan pulp and paper mills stopped producing pulp and cardboard, the Vyborg Pulp and Paper Mill was stopped.
Thus, the largest forest industry complexes have developed in the following economic regions of the country:
- The north is a richly forested region, providing for the export of timber, the production of lumber, plywood, cardboard and almost half of the paper in the country;
- The Urals is a multi-forested region that specializes in the export of timber and lumber, the production of plywood and paper in Russia;
- Siberia (Western and Eastern) is a richly forested region supplying Russian market lumber, cardboard and pulp;
- The Volga-Vyatka region is a richly forested region, which, using its own and imported raw materials, produces almost a fifth of the paper in Russia;
- The North-West is a richly forested region, where the woodworking and pulp and paper industries have received predominant development;
- The center is a sparsely forested area specializing in the production of various products of the woodworking industry from imported raw materials;
- The Far East is a richly forested region dominated by timber harvesting supplied to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.
Placement factors:
- 1. Commodity
- 2. Water
- 3. Fuel and energy
- 4. Consumer
The most problematic sector of the timber industry is the logging industry. Here we can talk not about the growth of production, but at best about the end of the decline. In 2004, the decline in timber harvesting was slowed down: the volume of production in this sector of the timber industry decreased by 1.7% against 5.2% in 2003 (Fig. 2.1.4). However, the trend was not reversed. Based on the results of 9 months of 2005, the decline in the logging industry reached 6%. The depletion of pulp production capacity reserves caused a slowdown in the development of the pulp and paper industry. Steady growth is observed only in the woodworking sector.
The logging industry is an industry for the harvesting, hauling, primary processing and partial processing of large timber and logging residues. It includes the following main productions:
logging, consisting of a complex of logging operations and timber hauling;
undercutting of the forest, which provides for the extraction of resin and the preparation of stump resin;
timber rafting, including primary (mainly along small rivers) and transit (mainly along large rivers and reservoirs), including work on the floating of wood, its initial rolling into the water and the formation of rafts;
logging operations associated with the transfer of forest products from one mode of transport to another.
In addition, the logging industry includes industries for the use of low-value wood and waste: sawmilling, sleeper sawing, production of wood chips, container boards and other products.
According to the nature of the impact on the object of labor, logging and cutting of forests are related to the extractive industry, and industries associated with the processing and processing of wood are related to the manufacturing industry. Unlike other extractive industries in the logging industry, forest resources are not only developed, but also renewed and restored.
The location of logging across the territory of Russia is determined by the presence of timber and labor resources, the location of existing enterprises and consumers of wood, the historical course of the economic development of the territory, the conditions for transport development, etc. However, the raw material factor plays the main role. This industry is characterized by a discrepancy between the stocks of forest resources and the main areas of the logging industry. Thus, 75% of the total timber stock falls on Siberia and the Far East, but the share of these regions in timber harvesting does not exceed 40%, although in recent years the richest resources of the Asian part of Russia have been developed at a high rate. For the 1990s the share of the European part of the country in the total volume of timber exports decreased from 64.4 to 61%, while the share of the eastern zone increased from 35.6 to 39%. In 2006, wood removals in Russia amounted to 94.8 million m3 of commercial timber, compared with 174 million m3 in 2005.
In the production of commercial timber, the first place is occupied by the Northern economic region, in which the Arkhangelsk region stands out, giving 8.3% of the entire production of the industry, and the Komi Republic - 3.9%. This is facilitated by the proximity of a large timber export port - Arkhangelsk, a relatively developed network of rafting tracks, railways and forestry roads, as well as the presence of large timber consumers in neighboring areas, primarily in the Central and Volga regions.
The second place belongs to the East Siberian region, on the territory of which the Irkutsk region (11.3%) and the Krasnoyarsk region (7.2%) stand out. Moreover, in terms of timber export, Eastern Siberia is approaching the indicators of the Northern Economic Region, and in terms of the area of felled forests, it has practically exceeded the indicator of the Northern Region.
The 3rd place is occupied by the Ural economic region, which surpasses such timber-rich regions as Western Siberia and the Far East in the production of commercial wood. Here the main role is played by the Sverdlovsk region, which provides 6.2% of the country's total timber, and the Perm region (4.7%). The Urals is the only one of the most developed economic regions of Russia, which has relatively large forest resources and carries out large-scale harvesting.
In the West Siberian economic region, the Tyumen region stands out, giving 5.2% of Russia's wood production. In the future, it is necessary to increase the importance of the logging base in Siberia and the Far East. timber coniferous larch
The most important task of the logging industry is to increase the share of haulage of harvested wood (at present, this share is about 95%), which can be facilitated by the expansion of the network of year-round logging roads. The problem of utilization of wood waste generated in the process of logging is still not fully resolved. In addition, in Russia, forest exploitation is focused on coniferous species. The share of coniferous wood in the total volume of felling is 67%, and wood resources in softwood forests are clearly underused. The areas of the European part of Russia account for only 17% of mature coniferous forests, but almost half of their total volume is cut down. At the same time, every fourth cubic meter of coniferous wood is harvested in the European North, whose share in coniferous forest reserves is only 11%.
The main consumer of commercial wood is the woodworking industry. It includes a number of sub-sectors:
sawmill production associated with the production of lumber, sleepers;
production of standard wooden houses and kits for standard houses with walls made from local building materials;
production of building parts from wood and wood-based boards (window and door blocks, parquet, fibreboard - fiberboard, chipboard - chipboard, joinery, wooden structures);
production of wooden container, collapsible buildings and premises;
production of plywood (all types of plywood, bent-glued parts and veneer);
production of matches;
furniture manufacturing;
other woodworking industries (wood flour, dishes, skis, greenhouse frames, etc.).
Sawmilling is the most important process of primary mechanical processing of industrial wood, it also includes sorting, drying wood, tying it into packages, i.e. preparation of lumber for shipment to consumers. The transportation of lumber itself, especially the export from the territories large farms, requires special types transport and developed means of communication. Thus, sawmilling depends on the location of logging areas in relation to consumers, the availability and nature of transport routes.
The industry specializing in the mechanical processing of wood turned out to be historically concentrated in the European part of Russia. Its location is affected, in particular, by the high and constant demand for sawn timber in industrialized areas: Central, Volga, Ural. At the same time, at present, the Central and Volga economic regions use mainly imported raw materials.
The economic regions where sawn timber exports exceed imports include:
Northern - Arkhangelsk region and the Komi Republic;
Volga-Vyatka - Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions;
Ural - Sverdlovsk region, the Republic of Udmurtia and Perm region;
West Siberian - Tomsk and Tyumen regions;
East Siberian - Irkutsk region and Krasnoyarsk Territory;
Far East - Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories.
Sawn timber is mainly imported from the North-Western, Central Black Earth, Volga, North Caucasian economic regions and the Kaliningrad region.
In recent years, a trend has been established for a decrease in the share of the European part of Russia and an increase in the share of eastern regions. Over the past two decades, the share of the European part has decreased from 69 to 61.8%. General production lumber in Russia is declining: in 2006 it was 20.0 million m3 against 41 million m3 in 2005.
The woodworking industry, which carries out qualified wood processing, is the most labor-intensive industry in the forest complex. It is distinguished by a qualitative variety of raw materials and many types of manufactured products. This affects the location of the industry.
Thus, the production of plywood, where the consumption rates of raw materials are high, is currently oriented not only to birch forests, but also to areas of mixed forests with large birch reserves. The main regions of the plywood industry are the Ural, Northern and North-Western, as well as the Central and Volga regions. The share of the European-Ural zone in the total volume of plywood production in the country reaches 85%. The total production of plywood in Russia in 2006 amounted to 1.48 million m3 against 1.42 million m3 in 2005.
Prospects for the development of plywood production have regions of Western Siberia, especially the Tomsk and Tyumen regions, where there are large reserves of birch raw materials. However, the reserves of birch raw materials are still limited, therefore further growth industry is associated with the use of coniferous raw materials, which will make it possible to build plywood enterprises in most of the densely forested regions of Russia.
Match production is mainly focused on the raw material factor, i.e. for stocks of aspen. Among major centers Kaluga, Rybinsk, Tomsk, Blagoveshchensk and others stand out.
The main factor determining the location of the furniture industry is consumer factor. This industry has received the greatest development in the European part of Russia, especially in the Central, Volga and Ural economic regions. The furniture industry is predominantly an "urban" branch of the woodworking industry, requiring a high degree of design skill and consuming in large quantities various products of the chemical industry, such as varnishes, paints, artificial fibers, etc.
The production of chipboard and fibreboard is mainly intended for the construction and furniture industries. Due to the use of a large amount of waste, this industry is located mainly in the areas of logging and sawmilling. These include the Northern, Northwestern, Ural, Volga-Vyatka and East Siberian economic regions. In addition, the production of wood-based panels is focused on areas of developed furniture industry.
EAF production in Russia is declining: in 2006 it amounted to 2.335 million m3 against 3.941 million m3 in 2005. At the same time, 70% of the boards are produced by sparsely forested areas, primarily the regions of Central Russia, as well as the Volga and North-West regions. Fiberboard production in 2005 amounted to 234 million standard m2, and in 2006 - 278 million standard m2. Approximately half of this production fell on sparsely forested areas.
In the future, the share of the European part of the country in the production of wood-based panels will decrease, while the share of Siberia and the Far East will increase. This is due to the increase in the demand of the Asian part for these products, as well as the tasks of more efficient distribution of production.
The pulp and paper industry is the most complex branch of the forest complex, associated with the mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood. It includes the production of pulp, paper, cardboard and products from them. This industry is different:
high material consumption: to obtain 1 ton of pulp, an average of 5-6 m3 of wood is needed;
high water capacity: 1 ton of pulp consumes an average of 350 m3 of water;
significant energy intensity: 1 ton of products requires an average of 2000 kWh of energy.
Consequently, the pulp and paper industry focuses on forest resources near large water sources. They are mainly located in the European part of the country.
The first place in the production of paper, cardboard and pulp belongs to the Northern economic region, in which Karelia stands out (Kondopoga and Segezha pulp and paper mills). Solombala pulp and paper mill is located in the Arkhangelsk region. Large pulp and paper mills are located in Novodvinsk, Kotlas, Syktyvkar.
The second place is occupied by the Ural economic region. Production is almost entirely concentrated in the Perm region: in Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk, Perm, etc. In the Sverdlovsk region, pulp and paper mills are located in Turinsk and Novaya Lyala.
On the 3rd place is the Volga-Vyatka region. Most large enterprises operate in the Nizhny Novgorod Region (Pravdinsky and Balakhninsky PPM), in the Republic of Mari El (Mari Pulp and Paper Mill in Volzhsk).
The pulp and paper industry is also developed in the North-Western economic region, mainly in the Leningrad region (the cities of Syassk and Svetogorsk), in Eastern Siberia (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, Selenginsky, Baikal pulp and paper mills). In the Far East, production is concentrated in the cities of Korsakov, Kholmsk, Uglegorsk, Amursk and others.
Paper production has historically originated in the Central Economic Region close to consumers and raw materials. It is currently the most developed
in the Northern economic region, especially in the Republic of Karelia, which provides 22.6% of all paper production in Russia, and the Republic of Komi, whose share is 12%;
in the Urals economic region, mainly in the Perm region, which accounts for 15.1% of Russian paper production;
in the Volga-Vyatka economic region, primarily in the Nizhny Novgorod region, which produces 8.6% of all paper in the country.
The highest indicators for the production of cardboard are characterized by:
the northern economic region, mainly the Arkhangelsk region, which provides 21.4% of all cardboard in Russia;
the North-Western economic region, primarily the Leningrad region - 7.8% of the total production;
the East Siberian economic region, in which the Irkutsk region stands out, giving 7.3%, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory - 4.8%;
the Far East economic region, especially the Khabarovsk Territory, which produces 4.6% of the country's total cardboard;
The Central Economic Region, including the Moscow Region, which gives 2.8%.
In the structure of the forest complex, 12% by value falls on cellulose, 8% - on paper, cardboard and products made from them. In 2006, Russia produced 4.96 million tons of pulp (in 2005 - 4.4 million tons), 3.33 million tons of paper (against 2.77 million tons in 2005) and 1.99 million tons of paperboard (1.30 million tons in 2005). There is a tendency to increase the export of pulp and paper industry products.
The wood chemical industry includes:
hydrolysis production: production of ethyl alcohol, glycerin, turpentine, tar, rosin, etc., for which wood is used as a raw material, and mainly waste from sawmilling and woodworking (sawdust, shavings, chips);
production of artificial fibers, plastics, cellophane, esters, varnishes, linoleum, etc., based on the use of products of the pulp and paper industry, in particular cellulose.
A modern feature of the industry has become the functioning of large timber industry complexes (LPK), which are a territorial combination of logging and various forest industries. There are Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Yenisei, Asinovsky forestry enterprises - in Siberia; Amur LPK - in the Far East; Arkhangelsk and Syktyvkar TPC - in the Northern Economic Region
Today, the pulp and paper industry attracts the most attention in the timber industry. It is in this segment that the main financial flows of large corporations are generated. After all, almost every leading integrated forest holding has one or more pulp and paper mills. Pulp and paper export revenues form the lion's share of the consolidated revenues of such structures.
The capacities of Russian pulp and paper mills are almost fully loaded today. It is simply impossible to increase production on them due to wear and tear. In the absence of annual investments of 800-900 million dollars (in 2005, investments in fixed assets of pulp and paper enterprises amounted to only 442 million dollars), the degree of depreciation of the capacities of domestic pulp and paper mills may reach a critical level of 100% by 2008.
Introduction.
Russia is the largest timber industry country in the world, which has developed a powerful wood chemical complex, including harvesting, mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood. Russia is rich in forests: they occupy more than 45% of its territory. Our country has 1/5 of all the world's forests and 1/4 of the world's timber reserves. The annual forest growth in Russia is more than 800 million cubic meters. m, and the established allowable cutting area, that is, the amount of forest that can be cut down without harming the environment, is 538.4 million cubic meters. m.
Russia holds the first place in terms of forested area, which is more than 750 million hectares and exceeds the forested area of such large forested countries of the world as Canada, the USA, Sweden, Norway and Finland combined. More than half of the world's reserves of the most valuable coniferous species are concentrated in the forests of Russia. The total industrial stocks of wood reach 30 billion m3, which is more than three times the stocks of the USA and Canada. About 1500 species of trees and shrubs grow in the forests of Russia, valuable conifers dominate, making up 9/10 of all reserves. The share of the forest complex in the country's industrial production is 4.3%. The timber industry complex belongs to export-oriented industries. The share of timber products in Russia's exports is 3.9%. At the same time, more than half of the volume of production of the timber industry complex is sold on the foreign market: 75% of roundwood exports, 40% of sawn timber, 30% of pulp.
The topic of this term paper is to study the features of the territorial organization of the timber industry complex in Russia. Particular attention is paid to the study of the structure of the timber industry complex and factors affecting its location.
The relevance of this topic of the course work lies in the fact that the forest industry occupies an important place in the Russian economy, the forest industry is of particular importance right now on the way to entering the global economy.- 1. The main industries in the timber industry complex and placement.
2. Sawmill industry - production of lumber.
3. Woodworking industry - production of plywood, building parts, standard houses, furniture, etc.
4. Pulp and paper industry - production of pulp, paper, cardboard, etc.
5. Wood chemistry - production of rosin, phenol, turpentine, ethyl and methyl alcohol.
logging industry.
The logging industry is an industry for the harvesting, hauling, primary processing and partial processing of large timber and logging residues.
The main logging regions in Russia are Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Central, Volga, Western and Eastern Siberia. The share of Siberian and Far East regions does not exceed 40% of the total volume of timber exports, although it is concentrated here? forest reserves of Russia. Logging is carried out along rivers and railways, including those built specifically for timber removal. The largest sawmills are located in Arkhangelsk, Kotlas, Perm, Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Yeniseisk, Lesosibirsk, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Chita. Procurement enterprises operating on the basis of large forestry enterprises (Arkhangelsk Pulp and Paper Mill, Solikamskbumprom, Lesosibirsk LDK) operate most successfully.
About 80% of forests suitable for logging are located to the east of the Urals, but only 1/3 of the timber is harvested there. The reason for this is the remoteness of forests from industrial centers and consumers, as well as the lack of transport routes. Such forests are called reserved. In Siberia and the Far East, reserve forests are located within the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kamchatka and Magadan regions, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and Tuva. In the European part of the country and in the Urals, where only 20% of Russian forests are located, 2/3 of all timber is harvested. Therefore, here the number of forests is catastrophically reduced. In some periods, the process of logging was especially fast. This was due to both industrial logging and land clearing for agricultural land.
As of June 2 of this year, forest planting has been carried out on an area of 130 thousand hectares. The plan of the year for this indicator was fulfilled by 70.4%. The area on which artificial reforestation was carried out by tenants and other forest users is 60.5 thousand hectares.
In most of the territorial bodies of the North-Western, Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern regions, planting of forest plantations is underway, more than 40% of the planned forestry activities have yet to be completed.
Executive authorities in the field of forest relations of the Altai Territory (110.5%), Chelyabinsk (111.8%), Voronezh (102.1%) regions, the Udmurt Republic (106.1%), the Republic of Mordovia (102.8%) , the Jewish Autonomous Region (110.9%) completed the silvicultural activities planned for 2010 at a faster pace.
Executive authorities in the field of forest relations in Ivanovo (64.7%), Smolensk (67.5%), Yaroslavl (57.7%), Kaluga (75.6%), Saratov (59.1%) regions, Krasnodar region (65.7), the Republic of Kalmykia (70.8%), did not ensure the implementation of silvicultural work in the optimal agrotechnical terms, and postponed part of the silvicultural work to autumn.
According to the Federal Forestry Agency for 2010, the volume of planting forest crops is 184.5 thousand hectares. At the same time, we are concerned about the quality of the activities carried out and the efficiency of the use of budgetary funds.
sawmill industry.
Sawmilling is the most important process of primary mechanical processing of industrial wood, it also includes sorting, drying wood, tying it into packages, i.e. preparation of lumber for shipment to consumers.
Sawmilling is located in the main logging areas, since it is unprofitable to transport roundwood over long distances. Many sawmilling centers are located at the junctions of highways, at the mouths of large raftable rivers with access to the sea, at the intersection of railways.
About 70% of sawn timber production is concentrated in the North-Western, Siberian and Ural federal districts. The main sawmilling centers are Arkhangelsk, Naryan-Mar, Kotlas, Mezen, Perm, Omsk, Barnaul, Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk.
The largest sawmills in Siberia are the Lesosibirsk and Novoeniseysk timber processing plants.
Pine, spruce, larch give the largest amount of wood in Russia. About? stocks of ripe, i.e. suitable for felling, forests are larch forests. Larch grows quickly. Its wood is impregnated with resin and has a beautiful pattern on the cut. The resin makes it particularly durable and prevents it from rotting even under water. Therefore, underwater structures can be made from larch - piles of bridges, dams, etc. Despite its valuable qualities and large reserves, larch is used in industry little. This is due to the fact that it grows mainly in remote, sparsely populated areas, where rivers are practically the only way to transport timber. But larch wood is heavy, sinks in water, and it is almost impossible to deliver it to processing sites along rivers. In addition, such a valuable quality of wood as strength makes it difficult to process and requires the use of special tools.
The demand for pine wood is very high. Like larch, it is impregnated with resin, which provides pine buildings with centuries-old life.
The wood of this tree is widely used in construction, shipbuilding, for the manufacture of mounting posts used in mines, as well as sleepers and furniture. In industry, not only pine wood, but also resin, the so-called resin, has found application. Artificial wool is produced from pine needles.
Cedar wood has a characteristic pink-yellow color, a beautiful texture (structure) and a pleasant smell. It is strong and soft, which makes it easy to process and polish. In addition, moths do not start in cedar cabinets, and milk does not sour for a long time in dishes. In addition, excellent musical instruments are obtained from cedar wood, because. it amplifies the sound very well. Spruce wood, from which pianos, grand pianos, and stringed instruments are made, has similar properties. In addition, spruce is the best raw material for paper production. Artificial silk is also made from this tree, tannins necessary for leather dressing are obtained from the bark. Until the middle of the XX century. spruce was used to make boats, and even small steamers.
But the wood of a tree very similar to spruce - Siberian fir is completely different: it rots very quickly. Therefore, it is not used either in construction or in the furniture industry; fir is mainly used only for paper production. However, for the perfume industry, a very valuable raw material is fir needles, which contain unique aromatic substances. Durable glue is obtained from the resin of balsam fir, imported to Russia.
Valued in industry and deciduous trees. Dense, resilient and durable birch wood is used for the manufacture of furniture, plywood, skis, etc. Soft and light aspen wood is indispensable in the production of matches, various containers (barrels, boxes, baskets, etc.). Aspen planks - ploughshares - used to cover church domes. White with a pinkish tinge, linden wood is easily processed, painted and has a remarkable property - it does not crack or warp when dried. That is why dishes and other household items, drawing boards, plywood are made from it.
The strong and hard wood of beech and oak is widely used. She goes to the production of excellent furniture, parquet, barrels. The greatest value is "bog oak". This is the name of oak wood, aged for a long time in water, after which it acquires a specific dark brown color. It is used for the production of furniture and interior decoration. Cork oak is bred on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, from which cork is obtained.
However, forest reserves suitable for industrial processing are not unlimited. Near? of the forest territory are ravines and swamps, and 1/8 are burnt areas and glades. Industrial logging is not permitted in all forests. More than 15% of Russia's forests are especially valuable. They serve to protect rivers and lakes (water protection), extract nuts (walnut commercial), make up a significant part of Russian nature reserves (reserved forests). These forests are under special protection. Therefore, no more than 55% of forests are used in industry. They are called operational.
There is a growing demand for sawn hardwood on the world market, which is still insufficiently produced in Russia.Woodworking industry.
The woodworking industry is the main consumer of industrial timber. It distinguishes a number of sub-sectors: the furniture industry, match, plywood production, as well as the production of chipboard (chipboard) and fibreboard (DFP)
The placement of woodworking is influenced by both raw materials and consumer factors. The raw material factor is manifested not only in the orientation towards richly forested regions where logging is carried out, but also in the orientation towards the wood of certain species. For example, the production of plywood is focused on birch raw materials, matches - on aspen raw materials, etc.
Coniferous and deciduous wood is used as a raw material for the production of chipboard.
Half of the plywood production in the country is concentrated in the North-Western and Ural federal districts. The main plywood production centers are Bratskcomplexholding JSC, Tyumen Plywood Plant, Biysk Plywood and Match Plant, Beregovoi Timber Processing Plant.
Plywood factories are also located in St. Petersburg, Cherepovets, Kostroma, Murmansk, Perm, Tavda, Tobolsk, Bratsk, on the Amur, a large plywood factory is located in Primorsky Krai. The production of fibreboard and chipboard is carried out in the Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Central regions, in the Urals and Eastern Siberia. Wood fiber boards (DVP) are produced by Bratsk, Lesosibirsk, Novoeniseysk. The role of the raw material factor in the distribution of forest industries is enhanced by the integrated use of wood, on the basis of which a combination of production arises. In the heavily forested regions of Russia, large timber industry complexes have arisen and are developing - Syktyvkar, Tavdinsky, Bratsky, Ust-Ilimsky, Asinsky, Yenisei, Amursky. They are a combination of logging and many wood industries, interconnected by a deep comprehensive use of raw materials. Furniture production is concentrated mainly in the Central, Northwestern, Ural, North Caucasian and Volga regions of Russia. New furniture production centers have been set up in Siberia and the Far East.
Standard housing construction is located both in logging areas and in consumption areas: in the Urals, the European North and North-West, in the Volga-Vyatka, Central regions and in Eastern Siberia. The largest house-building plants have been created in the Novgorod region (Garfinsky), in the Leningrad region (Dubrovsky), in Karelia (Petrozavodsky), in the Kirov region (Vyatsko-Polyansky), in the North (Kotlassky), in the Urals (Ekaterinburg and Perm). Standard housing construction has also been developed in the timber industry complexes of Siberia.Pulp and paper industry.
The most important branch of chemical wood processing is the pulp and paper industry. It includes the production of pulp, paper, cardboard and products from them. From sulfite pulp with the addition of wood pulp, various grades of paper can be produced. More than 200 basic types of paper and more than 40 types of cardboard are produced in Russia. In addition to various types of writing paper, printing grades of paper, paper for banknotes, paper is also produced for industrial and technical purposes, for example, capacitor, cable, insulating, photo-semiconductor, paper for transmitting images at a distance and fixing electrical impulses, anti-corrosion, etc. Of some types of paper are used to make yarn for the manufacture of twine, twine, coarse fabrics, burlap, etc. Paper for wrapping and pipe bitumen is also produced. Technical grades of paper and cardboard are widely used for the production of corrugated cardboard, book bindings, in the automotive and electrical industries, radio engineering, as an electrical, thermal, soundproof and waterproof material, for filtering diesel fuel and purifying air from harmful impurities, for insulating power cables as gaskets between machine parts, in the construction industry for the production of dry plaster, roofing materials (roofing, roofing material), etc. When highly porous paper is treated with a concentrated solution of zinc chloride, fiber is obtained, from which suitcases, containers for liquids, helmets for miners, etc. are made.
As a feedstock for pulp and paper production, waste from sawmilling and mechanical processing of wood, as well as lower quality wood of small-leaved species, is widely used.
Pulp production requires large amounts of heat, electricity and water. Therefore, when placing pulp and paper enterprises, not only the raw material factor, but also the water factor, and the proximity of the energy supply source are taken into account. The main centers of the pulp and paper industry are located in the Northern region of Russia: Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar, Kotlas, Kondopoga, Segezha, in the Urals - Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk, Krasnovishersk, in the Volga-Vyatka region - Balakhna, Volzhsk, Pravdinsk. Only in these three regions of Russia almost 2/3 of all paper is produced. In the last 20 years, under the influence of the raw material factor, the pulp and paper industry has developed in Siberia (Krasnoshchek, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Asino) and the Far East (Amursk). The pulp and paper industry is developed on Sakhalin (Uglegorsk, Dolinsk, Makarov). The production of artificial fibers and threads is inextricably linked with the pulp and paper industry. Artificial fibers (viscose, acetate, etc.) are produced from natural raw materials, for example, from wood, as well as cellulose.
The most promising are the heavily forested regions of Siberia and the Far East. More than half of Russian pulp is produced in the eastern regions.
For the integrated use of wood, it is more profitable to create not separate industries, but combining them with timber processing complexes, since at the logging stage the amount of waste is 20% of raw materials, at the sawmilling stage - 40%, and then at all subsequent stages of production. Such complexes have been built in Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar, Bratsk, and Ust-Ilimsk.
Wood chemical production.
In terms of scale of production and economic importance, the second place among the wood chemical industries after the pulp and paper industry belongs to the hydrolysis industry. This production is focused on raw materials (waste from logging, sawmilling, woodworking). In the hydrolytic production of non-food plant raw materials, ethyl alcohol, protein yeast, glucose, furfural, carbon dioxide, lignin, sulfite-alcohol stillage concentrates, thermal insulation and building lignoplates and other chemical products are produced. As raw materials, hydrolysis plants use sawdust and other sawmill and woodworking waste, chopped wood chips.
The main product of hydrolysis production - ethyl alcohol - is used in the food industry, in agriculture, in the production of building materials, and in medicine. The main centers of hydrolysis production: Arkhangelsk, St. Petersburg, Saratov, Volgograd, Solikamsk, Sokol, Tavda, Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Biryusa, Kansk, in the Khabarovsk Territory, the village of Khorsky. Hydrolysis production is developed in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan.
2. Factors affecting the location of the forest industry
The economic and geographical position is the most important condition for its development and a factor influencing the location of the timber industry. EGP is defined in relation to natural objects that affect production (these are rivers, seas, forests), and to man-made elements of the artificial environment - railways and canals. It is important to understand that the EGP is not only the position within the region, but also the economic significance of its location among other regions.
The timber industry is well developed in the Central and Northwestern regions. But here, too, the decisive factor is not the availability of raw materials, but the ability to interact in the production process with other industries, as well as to use the infrastructure and transport network of old, historically developed industrial regions. The same factor, namely: interaction with other industries, allows the forest industry to develop where there is not enough raw material available.
The next factor is the historically established material and technical base in the regions, accumulated in the process of economic development. This is a developed area with fixed assets of residential and public buildings, developed agricultural land, roads, benefits that make it possible production activities and life of the population. “Thus, these are the main branches of production plus the industrial and social infrastructure. Since all fixed assets are “set in motion by people”, the labor and professional skills of personnel can also be included among the constituent elements of the material and technical base.”
The advantage of an “early start” is also significant, which can have, depending on the circumstances, both a positive and a negative result. Thus, it is always more difficult to re-equip industry than to build something anew, because additional funds are required for reconstruction and social needs. Further, there is the inertia of human consciousness, the inability, often unwillingness to respond to the achievements of scientific and technological progress. As an example, we can cite the level of development of the forest industry in the same Central District, where the qualifications of personnel, infrastructure, and transport communications provide maximum opportunities for the successful introduction of new technologies. However, it is in this area that the introduction of new, more intensive production methods is the slowest.
It is also important to note the role of scientific and technological progress in the location of production. The constant changes introduced by scientific and technological progress in production have an impact on the change in the location of production. New productions of new types of instruments of production and consumer goods, new materials with new design properties. We need new types of raw materials, new technologies. Factors of production such as “labor intensity, energy intensity, water intensity, environmental friendliness of enterprises, transportability of products” are constantly changing.- 3. Socio-economic and environmental problems of the industry development.
A promising direction in the development of the forest industry is the creation of forestry complexes in forest surplus areas - territorial combinations of logging and many industries for the mechanical and chemical processing of wood, allowing the most complete use of wood raw materials.
Increasing the productivity of forests is the most important task of the branches of the forest complex. Its solution requires the improvement of methods for the reproduction of forest resources. The care and protection of the forest is especially necessary.
At rational use forest ecosystems, they maintain an ecological balance - the populations of trees, game animals, medicinal herbs, and mushrooms are naturally renewed. As a result, the biospheric role of forests is preserved. However, the principles of rational use of forests are not always observed.
Let's get acquainted with the main violations:
Exceeding the calculated cutting area. An allowable cutting area is a plan for harvesting timber within a yearly increment, in which the forest will not be significantly damaged and it will be able to recover. In Russia, in areas close to transport hubs, the allowable cuts of valuable species (spruce, pine, fir, cedar, larch) often exceed. This leads to the fact that instead of these species, the clearings are overgrown with birch and other low-value species. In order to prevent this process, called the change of species, it is necessary to specially leave large trees during felling. From their seeds, a forest with a predominance of the desired species will be able to recover. Where it is no longer possible to ensure the restoration of the forest in a natural way, planting of valuable species is carried out.
It is known that cutting down trees, even in a vast area, can be done quickly. But it will take 80-100 years for a forest to reappear at the site of the felling. In our days, when man is actively involved in the number of destroyers of the forest, the annual increase does not cover the destruction of the forest for the same period.
Russia has the richest forest resources. Therefore, the Russian timber industry is fully provided with its own resources, but so far cannot effectively use them due to outdated technologies for logging and processing. In terms of timber harvesting, Russia ranks 4th in the world, in the production of sawn timber - 6th, and in the production of paper - 13th.
The main direction of development of the forestry sectors is the outpacing growth in the production of progressive types of products, the reduction in the export of roundwood and sawn timber, and the increase in the production and export of advanced wood processing products. The most important task is the fuller use of forest resources without prejudice to environment, creation of complex enterprises for forest growing, harvesting and processing of wood. mixed companies, holdings, attracting foreign investment, improving the management system.
Measures are needed to equip the branches of the timber industry with the latest technology and to build logging roads. At present, the main problems of the timber industry are primarily related to the need for reconstruction and complete technical re-equipment of the industry's enterprises. According to statistics, the average age of equipment in the industry is 25 years. At the same time, only 10% of fixed production assets can be considered modern. The problem is exacerbated, on the one hand, by the lack of modern logging and pulp and paper machine building in Russia, capable of producing equipment that meets international standards, on the other hand, by the fact that significant import duties on forest machines and equipment, combined with high prices for them, do not allow Russian timber industry enterprises to compete with developed countries. Labor productivity in the timber industry in Russia is almost 10 times lower than in Finland.
In the current conditions, another important problem of the timber industry complex arises - the lack of investment. Over the past 10 years, funding for the industry has decreased by almost 15 times. The forest industry is unattractive for investment due to the large number of non-commercial risks associated with the political instability of Russia, the imperfection of the country's "forest" legislation and the lack of a clear state policy regarding the timber industry. The problem is aggravated by unstable indicators of financial and economic activity of forest industry enterprises, about half of which are unprofitable and are on the verge of ruin.
The lack of new modern equipment has an extremely negative impact on the competitiveness of Russian timber products. With the highest quality raw material base in the world (the forests of the Urals and Siberia are especially valuable), due to the low quality of processing, prices for domestic products are 30–40% lower than the world average. In addition, over the years of market transformations in Russia, the scientific and technical potential of the industry has been almost completely lost, which also reduces the competitiveness of Russian products in the world market. And this primarily affects the receipt of export revenues in the country's budget. According to experts, the Russian treasury loses more than $1 billion a year.
Fires are also a significant problem. According to the official report of the Federal Forestry Agency, the area covered by forest fires from the beginning of 2010 to August 6 amounted to 866,743 hectares. The real area covered by fires on the lands of the forest fund and in forests on lands of other categories is, according to preliminary estimates, at least three million hectares.
Official data show that until now the area covered by fires in the country as a whole remains relatively small - for example, last year, according to official data, 1,819,756 hectares were covered by fire during the same time, i.e. more than twice as many. This is due to the fact that the main contribution to the total area covered by fire in our country is made by large fires in the forest-tundra and in the mountains of northern Siberia and the Far East, where fire can spread unhindered for many tens of kilometers. In 2010, due to a snowy winter and late spring, fires in the north of Siberia and the Far East started much later than usual and did not have time to make their decisive contribution to the total area covered by fire. However, since official data are many times different from the real state of affairs, they can only be used to monitor the situation conditionally (they to some extent allow one to judge trends, but do not allow assessing the actual damage caused to forests).
In the central regions of European Russia, in the Volga region and in the Urals, fires usually do not reach such an area due to the fact that in these regions there are fewer forests and extinguishing is carried out much more intensively. But in 2010, these regions were the main burden of forest fires. According to the official report of the Federal Forestry Agency, the area covered by forest fires on the lands of the forest fund of these three federal districts amounted to about 470 thousand hectares (actual, according to preliminary estimates, more than a million). In the Central Federal District, the area covered by fires since the beginning of the year has increased by 32 times compared to the same period last year, in the Volga - 27 times, and in the Urals - 6 times.
etc.................The economic and geographical position is the most important condition for its development and a factor influencing the location of the timber industry. EGP is defined in relation to natural objects that affect production (these are rivers, seas, forests), and to man-made elements of the artificial environment - railways and channels. It is important to understand that the EGP is not only the position within the region, but also the economic significance of its location among other regions.
The timber industry is well developed in the Central and Northwestern regions. But here, too, the decisive factor is not the availability of raw materials, but the ability to interact in the production process with other industries, as well as to use the infrastructure and transport network of old, historically developed industrial regions. The same factor, namely: interaction with other industries, allows the timber industry to develop where there is not enough raw material available.
The next factor is the historically established material and technical base in the regions, accumulated in the process of economic development. This is a developed territory with fixed assets of residential and public buildings, developed agricultural land, roads, benefits that make production activities and the life of the population possible. “So it's the main industries plus the industrial and social infrastructure. Since all fixed assets are “set in motion by people”, the labor and professional skills of personnel can also be included among the constituent elements of the material and technical base.”
The advantage of an “early start” is also significant, which can have, depending on the circumstances, both a positive and a negative result. Thus, it is always more difficult to re-equip industry than to build something anew, because additional funds are required for reconstruction and social needs. Further, there is the inertia of human consciousness, the inability, often unwillingness to respond to the achievements of scientific and technological progress. As an example, we can cite the level of development of the forest industry in the same Central District, where the qualifications of personnel, infrastructure, and transport communications provide maximum opportunities for the successful introduction of new technologies. However, it is in this area that the introduction of new, more intensive production methods is the slowest.
It is also important to note the role of scientific and technological progress in the location of production. The constant changes introduced by scientific and technological progress in production have an impact on the change in the location of production. New productions of new types of instruments of production and consumer goods, new materials with new constructive properties are constantly springing up. We need new types of raw materials, new technologies. Such factors of production as "labor intensity, energy intensity, water intensity, environmental friendliness of enterprises, transportability of products" are constantly changing.
raw materials
