Until now, in the history of mankind there have been only two information revolutions that have brought radical qualitative changes to the process of dissemination of knowledge. The first of these was the emergence of writing, the second the invention of printing. Now we can observe the beginning of the third information revolution, primarily associated with the emergence of the global computer network Internet, which is considered one of the most serious achievements of modern technical thought. The essence of this breakthrough is that any person can instantly access the knowledge accumulated by humanity throughout its existence.
The Internet was formed in the last two decades of the 20th century. as a result of the unification of many local and territorial computer networks. The appearance of the first local networks refers to the 60s of the last century. Each such network included computing machines any organization located in one or more neighboring buildings and connected using cables through which information was exchanged. Several local networks, united into one, constituted a territorial network.
Immediately after the first artificial Earth satellite was launched in the USSR in 1957, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was created as a division of the US Department of Defense, responsible for developing new technologies for use in the military. The agency's task was to create a reliable system for transmitting information in case of military operations. In 1961, MIT student Leonard Kleinrock described a technology that could break files apart and transfer them from one computer to another. Two years later, John Licklider, head of the ARPA Computer Lab, proposed the first detailed concept of a computer network.
It was decided to link the ARPA computers into a network. The computer network was developed by the Stanford Research Center, the University of Utah and the University of California. The network was called ARPANET (English Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), in 1969 it united these scientific institutions.
In September 1969, the first ARPANET server was installed on a Honeywell DP-516 computer at the University of California. On October 29 of the same year, a communication session was made between two ARPANET nodes located at a distance of 640 km at the Stanford Research Institute and at the University of California. This date is considered the birthday of the Internet. The big advantage of the ARPANET system was that it could ensure the smooth operation of computers even in the event of a nuclear strike.
Initially, the network only connected scientists with remote computer centers, but soon it became possible to send email and share information. By 1971, the first program for sending e-mail over the network had been developed. Its creator was Ray Tomlinson, a programmer at the computer firm Bolt Beranek and Newman. ARPANET began to actively grow and develop, but it was mainly used by scientists associated with the military departments. In 1973, the first foreign organizations from Great Britain and Norway were connected to the network via a transatlantic telephone cable, and the network became international. And a year later, the first commercial version of ARPANET, the Telenet network, was launched.
University of California.
Schematic map of the ARPANET computer network. 1973
In the early years, the web was used primarily for email correspondence, then mailing lists, message boards, and newsgroups emerged. However, at that time only networks built on the same technical standards could interact with each other. In 1982-1983 various communication protocols that appeared by the end of the 1970s were standardized, after which the ARPANET network switched to the TCPIP protocol, which is still used to interconnect networks.
Back in the late 1970s, following the example of ARPANET, several other national computer networks were created connecting various societies, groups and organizations (for example, CSNET, which brings together researchers in the field of computer science and programming). In 1983, ARPANET split into two networks, ARPANET and MULNET. MULNET was reserved for the military, ARPANET was used mainly for scientific purposes. A system for the exchange of information between them was envisaged. It was the APRANET network that was later called the Internet. Gradually, all national computer networks in the US were connected to the Internet.
In 1984, the ARPANET had a serious competitor. The US National Science Foundation (NSF) established an extensive intercollegiate network, NSFNet, which included smaller networks, including the well-known Usenet and Bitnet, and had much more bandwidth than the ARPANET.
More than 10,000 computers connected to NSFNet in just one year, with five high-speed supercomputers located in research centers carrying out routing.
In 1989, the European Council for Nuclear Research adopted the concept of the World Wide Web, a system that provides access to interconnected documents located on various computers connected to the Internet. It was proposed by the British scientist Timothy Berners-Lee, and the “three pillars” of the web are also indebted to him: the HTTP hypertext transfer protocol, the HTML hypertext markup language, and URI resource identifiers. Now the World Wide Web has become public.
First Internet connection via telephone line(the so-called dialup English dialup access) with the help of a special modem device was carried out in 1990. At the same time, ARPANET, which had completely lost its position, ceased to exist. Two years later, the first web browser appeared - the famous web browser for the Microsoft Windows operating system NCSA Mosaic, developed by Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina. The introduction of the user interface has become a kind of watershed between the Internet for professionals and the Internet for everyone.
The NeXT computer used by T. Berners-Lee as the first web server.
T. Berners-Lee.
Since 1995, organization's network providers providing access to Internet services have taken over routing. To develop and implement uniform technological standards, the World Wide Web Consortium was formed, headed by Berners-Lee. By the mid-1990s, the Web had become the main provider of information on the Internet, well ahead of the FTP file transfer protocol in terms of traffic. And although initially the Internet was understood as a technological support for communication between computers, and the World Wide Web was a system for distributing information, soon these two concepts were confused.
Over the last decade of the last century, the vast majority of local and territorial computer networks have joined the Internet, although some, such as Fidonet, have remained separate. Due to the lack of unified leadership and censorship, as well as the openness of technical standards, such a combination looked extremely attractive, in addition, the networks were independent of business and specific companies. By the beginning of the XXI century. More than 10 million computers have already been connected to the global network. Internet technologies, in particular the TCP IP protocol, also began to be used to create networks of "intranets" of isolated corporate networks with or without access to the Internet.
If in the first years of the XXI century. Since the main type of mass Internet access was an inconvenient modem connection that occupies a telephone line, it is now considered obsolete. The modem was first replaced by a dedicated telephone line with ADSL technology(Eng. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line "asymmetric digital subscriber line"), then connection via cable television networks, fiber optic lines, via radio channels and communication satellites. Network connectivity is becoming more and more popular. cellular communication, and not only through stationary and portable computers, but also mobile phones.
The Internet is an object with a positive feedback, i.e. the more information and physical resources become available, the more people and companies aspire to access these resources. The Internet successfully copes with the information and educational function, and every year it occupies an increasingly important position in the field of communication. With its help, you can contact an interlocutor located anywhere on Earth and even outside it (in 2010, the ISS crew received direct access to the Internet), as well as see and hear him. Moreover, the Internet allows you to communicate in real time with an unlimited number of people at the same time.
As they say, there is no evil without good, but good without evil is a miracle. The main drawback of the Internet, which at the same time is its advantage, is the complete lack of control over the information posted on the network by users. A serious danger is also Internet addiction, which affects a large number of people who are completely out of touch with reality. And yet there is no doubt that in the future the Internet will permeate the vast majority of aspects of human existence.
International space station ISS.
internet wizard
According to sociologists and computer network experts, by 2012, approximately 1.9 billion people (30% of the total population of our planet) were connected to the Internet, and in the future, the volume of IP traffic will double every two years.
The Internet "reaches out" to the most remote corners of the planet. So, at the beginning of the XXI century. The Internet began to be used by representatives of the Eskimo tribes living far from civilization. When the term “Internet” needed to be translated into one of their Inuit languages, the experts chose the word ikiaqqivik, which translates to “travel through layers.” Previously, this word was used to describe the actions of a shaman who, falling into a trance, "passed" through time and space and communicated with the spirits of dead or far-living people.
Good afternoon friends. Now most of the houses in our country have computers. We are so used to them that they become an integral part of the house. Many people without the Internet do not see the meaning of their existence.
People are already accustomed to, if something is unknown, you need to look on the Internet. How to make a veranda - Look it up on the internet. What will the weather be like soon? Also, the internet will tell you easily.
When did the Internet appear, and in what year? Most users find it difficult to answer about this, despite the fact that it has become so firmly established in our lives. But, let's then, let's try to deal with this issue?
So, what is the Internet, or global network? I would call it a community of computers connected to each other through special cables or using wave connections. Computers can range from small in size, like Pocket PCs, to huge in size, with a whole lot of knowledge, processing quite a lot of information.
The history of the Internet is quite interesting. But what is she? When did the world wide web appear? The story of the appearance of the global network begins with the first computer. I already wrote an article - ? But, about the first appearance of the Internet, I have not yet mentioned.
When did the Internet appear
The prerequisites for the emergence of the worldwide network originate in the 50s of the last century. We can say that the Internet began to emerge with the beginning of the Cold War. In the 1950s, the USSR, in opposition to the United States, began to create its own intercontinental missiles.
These missiles could deliver a nuclear charge to the territory of America. This made the Americans very worried. They began to think about lightning-fast data transmission devices if a war broke out.
At that time, the ARPA agency was responsible for creating new technologies for the US Army. It also gave the idea to the US government to use networked computers for this. The nodes of this network were located in special rooms that would not fail if one or more of them were destroyed. Of course, all this was controlled by the Pentagon.
4 companies were commissioned to create such a network: - The University of Utah, the University of Los Angeles, the California and Stanford Research Center.
The American Department of Defense followed these studies and also dealt with their finances. The basis for the emergence of the Internet was the technology that was created by US engineer Leonard Clayton in 1961.
Its essence is that information flows were divided into packets (sequence) through a special network, and their chain can be transmitted through the network. At the same time, there are alternate routes between the 2 nodes. If one refuses, the information will go to another.
To speed up the work of your installed Windows, I recommend: - Computer accelerator.
What year did the Internet appear
Tests have begun. One of the first passed on October 29, 1969. Two PCs located 640 km apart were connected to each other. Moreover, the first computer was at Stanford University, and the second, at California. Communication cables were rented from the telephone company.
creators of the ARPANET
The connection speed was 56 Kbps. The essence of the experiment: - one of the employees of Charlie Kline from Los Angeles sent the word LOGIN. The other, Bill Duvall of Stanford, was supposed to see it on his screen and relay it over the phone.
At nine in the evening they made their first attempt, but Charlie Kline managed to send only 3 LOG signs. Half past eleven, the experiment was repeated once more. And he succeeded! Bill Duval saw the word LOGIN perfectly.
To the question - when the Internet appeared, you can answer 10/29/69! It's like his birthday! This network was called ARPANET. By the end of 1969, all these universities were combined into one network.
Hence, in connection with the development of the packet switching network, a fast and high-quality digital communication was created, based not on telephone lines. ARPANET was not only the ancestor of codes and files for the military, but also became something of a springboard for other networks.
But the history of the global network continued, and in 1971 a certain Ray Tomlinson created e-mail and wrote a program thanks to which people could write letters to each other on the Internet. Tomlinson also created the @ (dog) icon. This sign is still part of any email address.
Interesting fact! The @ sign is called differently in different countries - the Greeks call it a little duck, the Germans - a hanging monkey, the Danes - an appendage of an Elephant, and so on.
The first international connection took place in 1972. Computers from Norway and Great Britain were connected. In the same year, a satellite connection was launched with a university in Hawaii. The number of hosts in 1977 became 100.
Internet protocol TCP/IP
The next major event happened in 1983. In this year, ARPANET changed the transmission of information from NCP to TCP / IP. This protocol for transmitting and receiving information is still used today.
TCP - deals with the transformation of messages into a stream of information on the side that transmits data. Then he also collects packets back into messages, only on the side that receives.
IP - deals with the management of packet addresses. IP sends them in the right directions between different nodes of the global network and allows the association of various networks.
When the IP (Internet Protocol) protocol appeared, the name internet acquired the worldwide status of a huge association of many computers for internet communication.
Since the mid-eighties, the NSFNET network began its creation, which united a huge number of PCs located in different universities in America. Along with this, other networks began to be created, such as CSNET, BITNET and so on. Around the mid-nineties, the ARPANET network was eliminated, while the servers of this network were connected to other networks.
When did the Internet appear in Russia
In the Russian Federation, the Kurchatov Institute (Institute of Atomic Energy) was the first of the institutes to be connected to the global network in the early eighties. Also, in the nineties, a UNIX network was created - RELCOM. This network was connected DEMOS and IAE.
DEMOS was created at the end of the winter of 1989 with the aim of developing software and creating new local networks of computers. This network has been connected to the European UNIX EUnet since August of the same year.
This is the first commercial company Soviet Union, which established data exchange with Western networks.
When did the abbreviation WWW appear?
WWW stands for World Wide Web, which means World Wide Web. This is a very important stage in the creation of the Internet. It was created in 1991. Its basis is the use of hypertext.
Hypertext is a text containing a link to another fragment of this text (Web - page) of the same document or to another document. When a person clicks on such a link, the browser or other program takes the user to the piece of text to which it directs him.
Who Invented the World Wide Web
It was invented by Briton Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cayo. In history, it was Tim who made the first server. He also created the first browser. Tim used hypertext links to better navigate the web.
Who created the first website
I think you have already guessed that the first site was created by the same Tim Berners-Lee. He created it in the ninetieth year. The site had the address http://info.cern.ch/ .
What did the first browser look like?
The creation of the WWW service and browsers that can display Web pages on a PC has led to a real boom in the global network. The GUI browser appeared in 1993. It was the first browser of its kind and was called NCSA Mosaic.
All these discoveries and inventions, especially the WWW, created the conditions for connecting the mass user to the Internet. Nowadays, everyone can travel through the expanses of the world wide web. The number of people using the Internet is increasing exponentially.
When the Internet appeared, in what year, you now know. I wish you success!
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Or choose a laptop on your own by reference. Friends, why I chose this particular laptop, because, as I said, it has as much as 2 TB of memory. I've looked at many others, and most of the total hard drive memory is in the region of 128 GB. This is very small, check the description carefully. Or just choose the player that I suggested to you. Good luck!
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In the 4th edition of the "Russian Spelling Dictionary" of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2012), in accordance with the practice of writing and the decision of the Spelling Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences, two spelling options are proposed - with uppercase and lowercase letters.
declination
The word "internet" is declined according to the rules of Russian grammar as a masculine noun, no different from such words as "boarding school" and "interface", and has the second type of declension. Therefore, you should write: “in the I/Internet”, “the structure of the I/Internet”.
Story
The first research program in the direction of fast messaging was led by Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider, who published the work "Galactic Network" in 1962. Thanks to Licklider, the first detailed concept of a computer network appeared. It was reinforced by the work of Leonard Kleinrock in the field of packet switching theory for data transmission (1961-1964). In 1962, Paul Baran (Peysach Baran, Paul Baran) of the RAND Corporation prepared a report on "On Distributed Communication Networks". He proposed to use a decentralized system of interconnected computers (all computers in the network are equal), which, even if its part is destroyed, will be operational. This solved two important tasks - ensuring the operability of the system and the indestructibility of data that are stored on computers separated from each other. It was proposed to transmit messages in digital rather than analog form. The message itself was proposed to be divided into small portions - “packets”, and to transmit all packets simultaneously over a distributed network. From the discrete packets received at the destination, the message was reassembled. In 1967, Larry Roberts (Lawrence G.Roberts) suggested linking ARPA computers together. Work begins on the creation of the first Internet network ARPANet. At the same time, in England, Donald Watts Davies developed the concept of the Network and added an essential detail to it - computer nodes should not only transmit data, but also become translators for various computer systems and languages. It was Davis who coined the term "package" to refer to fragments of files sent separately. Between UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara and Utah State University a special communication cable is laid. A group of specialists from Frank Hart (Frank Hart) from BBN began to solve the technical problems of organizing the network ARPANET.
The development of such a network was entrusted to the University of California at Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Center, the University of Utah and the University of California at Santa Barbara. The computer network was named ARPANET(English) Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), and in 1969, the network united the four scientific institutions mentioned in the framework of the project. All work was funded by the US Department of Defense. Then the ARPANET network began to actively grow and develop, it began to be used by scientists from different fields of science.
The first time it was possible to send only two characters "LO" (originally it was supposed to send "LOG") after which the network ceased to function. LOG should have been the word LOGIN (login command). The system was returned to working condition by 22:30, and the next attempt was successful. This date can be considered the birthday of the Internet.
Tim Berners-Lee's co-author on the formulation of the goals and objectives of the World Wide Web project at CERN, the Belgian researcher Robert Caio, later explained his understanding of the origins of this project:
The history of all great inventions, as is long and well known, is based on a large number of those that preceded them. In the case of the World Wide Web (WWW), in this context, apparently, at least two ways of development and accumulation of knowledge and technologies that are most important for the success of the project should be noted: 1) the history of the development of systems such as hypertext ...; 2) The Internet protocol, which, in fact, made the worldwide network of computers an observable reality.
Within five years, the Internet reached an audience of over 50 million users. Other means of communication took much longer to achieve such popularity:
Appearance predictions
When the project is completed, the businessman in New York will be able to dictate directions and they will immediately appear in his office in London or anywhere else. He will be able to call any subscriber on the planet from his workplace without changing the existing equipment. A cheap device, no larger than a watch, will allow its owner to listen to music, songs, speeches of politicians, scientists, sermons of priests delivered over long distances on water and land. In the same way, any image, symbol, drawing, text can be transferred from one place to another. Millions of such devices can be controlled by a single station. However, most important of all this will be wireless transmission energy...
original text(English)
As soon as completed, it will be possible for a business man in New York to dictate instructions, and have them instantly appear in type at his office in London or elsewhere. He will be able to call up, from his desk, and talk to any telephone subscriber on the globe, without any change whatever in the existing equipment. An inexpensive instrument, not bigger than a watch, will enable its bearer to hear anywhere, on sea or land, music or song, the speech of a political leader, the address of an eminent man of science, or the sermon of an eloquent clergyman , delivered in some other place, however distant. In the same manner any picture, character, drawing, or print can be transferred from one to another place. Millions of such instruments can be operated from but one plant of this kind. More important than all of this, however, will be the transmission of power, without wires…
In the future, perhaps later than 50 years, I envision the creation world information system (VIS), which will make available to everyone at any moment the content of any book, ever and anywhere published, the content of any article, the receipt of any information. VIS should include individual miniature interrogating receiver-transmitters, dispatching points that control the flow of information, communication channels, including thousands of artificial communication satellites, cable and laser lines. Even partial implementation of the WIS will have a profound impact on the life of every person, on his leisure, on his intellectual and artistic development. Unlike television, which is the main source of information for many contemporaries, WIS will provide everyone with maximum freedom in choosing information and require individual activity. prospects
Just as commercial ISPs are connected through traffic exchange points, research networks are combined into their own subnets, such as:
- National Lambda Rail
- GLORIAD
The most common protocols on the Internet (in alphabetical order, grouped in approximate correspondence to the OSI model):
OSI layer Protocols roughly corresponding to the OSI layer Applied BGP , DNS , FTP , HTTP , HTTPS , IMAP , LDAP , POP3 , SNMP , SMTP , SSH , Telnet , XMPP (Jabber) Session /Views SSL, TLS Transport TCP, UDP network EIGRP , ICMP , IGMP , IS-IS , OSPF , RIP ducted Arcnet , ATM , Ethernet , Frame relay , HDLC , PPP , L2TP , SLIP , Token ring There are a number of protocols that are not yet standardized, but are already very popular on the Internet:
- (eDonkey2000 network)
These protocols are mostly needed for exchanging files and text messages, some of them are used to build entire file-sharing networks.
Structure (services and services)
Currently, there are a fairly large number of services on the Internet that provide work with the entire spectrum of resources. The most famous among them are:
- DNS service, or a domain name system that provides the ability to use mnemonic names instead of numerical addresses for addressing network nodes;
- Email(E-mail), providing the possibility of exchanging messages of one person with one or more subscribers;
- IRC service, designed to support text communication in real time (chat);
- teleconferences, or newsgroups (Usenet), providing the possibility of collective messaging;
- FTP service- a system of file archives that provides storage and transfer of files of various types;
- telnet service, designed to manage remote computers in terminal mode;
- World Wide Web(WWW, W3, "World Wide Web") - a hypertext (hypermedia) system designed to integrate various network resources into a single information space;
The services listed above are standard. This means that the principles of building client and server software, as well as interaction protocols are formulated as international standards. Therefore, software developers in the practical implementation are required to comply with the general technical requirements.
Along with standard services, there are also non-standard ones, which are the original development of a particular company. An example is various systems such as Instant Messenger (peculiar Internet pagers - ICQ, AOL, etc.), Internet telephony systems, radio and video broadcasts, etc. An important feature such systems is the lack of international standards, which can lead to technical conflicts with other similar services.
For standard services, the interface for interacting with transport layer protocols is also standardized. In particular, standard numbers of TCP and UDP ports are reserved for each software server, which remain unchanged regardless of the features of a particular proprietary implementation of both service components and transport protocols. Port numbers for client software are not so tightly regulated. This is due to the following factors:
- firstly, several copies of the client program can operate on the user node, and each of them must be uniquely identified by the transport protocol, that is, each copy must have its own unique port number;
- secondly, server port regulation is important for the client in order to know where to send the request, and the server will be able to respond to the client by learning the address from the incoming request.
Now the most popular Internet services are:
Browsers
There are quite a few browsers out there. Some of the most popular are Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and Opera.
Languages
The freedom of access of Internet users to information resources is not limited by state borders and/or national domains, but language borders remain. The predominant language of the Internet is English. Russian language takes 2nd place.
Language is one of the frequently used signs of the division of the Internet, along with the division into states, regions and first-level domains. The name of the language areas of the Internet is given by the name of the language used. The Russian-speaking sphere of the Internet was called "Russian Internet", abbreviated Runet.
Runet
Runet(capitalized, read [ Runet]) is the Russian-language part of the World Wide Web. A narrower definition says that the Runet is a part of the World Wide Web, belonging to the national domains .su, .ru and .rf. -1994 became the key years in the emergence of the Russian-language Internet. On August 28, 1990, a professional scientific network that grew up in the bowels of the IPK of the Minavtoprom and brought together physicists and programmers connected to the Internet, laying the foundation for modern Russian networks. On September 19, 1990, the first-level domain .su was registered in the database of the International information center InterNIC. As a result, the Soviet Union became accessible via the Internet. On April 7, 1994, the Russian domain.ru was registered in InterNIC.
Legal aspects
On June 3, 2011, a UN resolution was adopted recognizing Internet access as a basic human right. Thus, disconnecting certain regions from the Internet is a violation of human rights.
Main areas of use
Electronic business
According to research results, most of the Internet resources are somehow connected with commercial activities. The Internet is used for advertising and direct sale of goods and services, for market research, electronic payments and bank account management.
According to a report by Oxford Economics, the total e-commerce goods and services, as well as the market for digital products and services, together is estimated at a global scale of 20.4 trillion US dollars, which is approximately 13.8% of global sales.
Mass media
By genre, online publications do not differ from offline ones - there are news sites, literary, popular science, children's, women's, etc. However, if offline publications are released periodically (once a day, week, month), then online publications are updated as new material becomes available. There is also internet radio and internet television.
Thanks to the development of online media, the number of people who prefer to read the paper press is decreasing every year. Thus, public opinion polls in 2009 showed that only 19% of US residents aged 18 to 35 look through the paper press. The average age of readers of paper newspapers in the United States is 55 years. The total circulation of newspapers published in the US from 1989 to 2009 decreased from 62 million to 49 million copies a day.
Literature, music, cinema
Due to the ease of copying and posting literature, music and films on the Internet, the problem of copyright protection has become particularly relevant.
Connection
The development of the Internet, used as a means of communication, leads to an increasing spread of such a form of employment as remote work.
Communication
The Internet is a way of mass communication of people united by various interests. For this, Internet forums, blogs and social networks are used. Social networks have become a kind of Internet haven, where everyone can find a technical and social basis for creating their virtual "I". At the same time, each user got the opportunity not only to communicate and create, but also to share the fruits of their creativity with a multi-million audience of a particular social network.
crowdsourcing
The Internet turned out to be a good tool for solving socially significant problems with the help of many volunteers coordinating their activities.
Censorship
In many countries, there are serious restrictions on the functioning of the network, that is, at the state level, access to individual sites (media, analytical, pornographic) or to the entire network is prohibited. One example is the Golden Shield project implemented in China - a system for filtering traffic on the Internet channel between providers and international information transmission networks.
Since the Internet has informational resources, which are inconvenient for some governments, the latter are trying to declare the Internet as a means of mass information, with all the ensuing restrictions. But in fact, the Internet is only a carrier, an information environment, just like telephone network or just paper. There is also a state monopoly on the very connection to the Internet in the world.
Since the Internet first developed spontaneously, it was only at the stage of its transformation into a global network that states began to show interest in its functioning. So far, the possibilities of censorship are limited, since not a single state in the world has yet decided to completely disconnect internal networks from external ones. According to Tim Berners-Lee, "We couldn't have done anything like this if it had been under government control from the start."
At the same time, many information resources officially censor (moderate) the information they publish, depending on their policies and their own internal rules. This does not contradict the democratic principles of freedom of speech.
For two years in a row (2013, 2014), Russia was the leader in terms of the number of young users accessing inappropriate content, which means sites containing information about weapons, pornographic resources, and online casinos. Of all the children in the world who have turned to sources of negative content, 16% live in Russia. India ranks second in this indicator, and China ranks third.
You can protect yourself from unwanted content by installing filters on the user's computer.
To begin with, it is worth defining what the Internet is. Internet is a system of integrated computer networks. It is based on the routing of various data packets, as well as on the use of IP protocols. Another definition of the word "Internet" says that it is a global information system.
Most often when people talk about the Internet(or they call it the Global Network or the World Wide Web), they don't think about complex interacting systems. For them the Internet- just information that they can get at any time of the day.
So how did it come about the Internet? What is its history?
In 1957, an artificial satellite of the Earth of the USSR was launched. After this event, the United States thought about the need to create a high-quality system for broadcasting information. As a result, the agency ARPA made a proposal to create an innovative computer network ARPANET. 1. 09. 1969 at the University of California, Los Angeles, the world's first server of this computer network was installed.
Later, already in 1971, a popular program was designed that allowed sending emails from one mailbox on the network to another. Within 2 years, with the connection of Norway and Great Britain to the US network, ARPANET became international system. Of course, in 1970 the network was used exclusively for the exchange of e-mails, but after 10 years the possibilities were expanded and data transfer protocols began to develop.
January 1, 1983 is considered a significant day. From that moment ARPANET became the well-known "Internet". Further, a year after this event, domain name systems were developed.
As the popularity of the network grew, many realized that this project would be very profitable. Therefore, ARPANET had a competitor in 1984 - the NSFNet network. The US National Science Foundation created this network, which had a higher throughput. Moreover, it included the smaller networks known at that time (Bitnet, Usenet). The popularity of the competitive network began to grow at a tremendous speed. More and more people started joining.
In 1990, NSFNet completely won ARPANET and rightfully took over the title of "Internet". In addition, this year the world's first telephone connection to the Internet took place. By this time, people could already communicate with each other in real time, and Tim Bernes-Lee (he created the HTML language, HTTP protocol, URL identifiers) had already designed the concept of the World Wide Web.
By 1991 the concept world wide web was fully developed and put into operation. Since then, her popularity has steadily grown. In 1995, the high-tech computers of the US National Science Foundation stopped routing Internet traffic and transferred this role to network providers.
The global interconnection of networks took place in 1990. Many agreed to this association due to the fact that there was no one leader, and also all networks remained virtually independent. By 1997, a huge number of domain names and computers were registered on the Internet. The Internet has become a full-fledged leader among the various means that allowed the exchange of information.
The popularity of the Internet is not in doubt. Moreover, there is even World Internet Day which takes place annually on September 30th. This holiday was established by Pope John Paul II in 1998.
There are many opinions about who exactly invented the Internet. Even several people are called the "parents" of the World Wide Web. The well-known media figure Gordon Krovitz considered it necessary to present his version of the birth.
"Who Invented the Internet?" asked former Wall Street Journal publisher Gordon Crovitz. And he answered it from the pages of the same publication. One of the most common versions says that the Internet was created by order of the US government for military purposes, but this legend has little to do with the truth, Krovitz wrote.
The creation of the Internet by the US government is just one of the urban legends. "The myth goes that the Pentagon created the Internet because it was necessary to keep in touch even in the event of a nuclear strike," writes Krovitz.
According to official version, in the 50s of the last century, in the conditions of the Cold War, the US Department of Defense thought about the need to create a reliable, trouble-free information transmission system. As one option, the US Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, now DARPA) proposed the development of a computer network. The project was entrusted to four organizations: the Universities of California, Santa Barbara, Utah and the Stanford Research Center. It was they who created the ARPAnet network. The work began in 1957, and only 12 years later - in 1969 - the network connected the computers of the listed universities.
However, the very idea of the Internet appeared earlier, reminds Krovitz. During World War II, US President Theodore Roosevelt's science adviser, Vannevar Bush, was part of the Manhattan Project [the code name for the US nuclear weapons program]. Later, in 1946, he wrote the article "How We Can Think", in which he proposed the prototype of a device that could "expand human memory" - Memex. This device was presented as a kind of "repository" for all human knowledge, amenable to formal description, and capable of quickly finding and issuing necessary information. Many tech-savvy people see the Memex description as a prediction of the advent of the Internet.
Of course, at that time it was perceived by many as the fruit of a wild imagination. But already at the end of the sixties, engineers tried to combine several communication networks into one "global" network, that is, in fact, to create a prototype " world wide web". As Gordon Krovitz writes, the federal government's involvement in this project was modest - through the ARPA agency. But the goal of the project was not to maintain communication during a nuclear attack, and in fact, ARPAnet was not pro-Internet, if the Internet is understood as the connection of two or more computer networks, Robert Taylor, who led the 60 years as a project at ARPA.
“But if the Internet was not invented by the government, then by whom?” Gordon Krovitz continues to ask. Vinton Cerf created the TCP / IP protocol, the basis of the Internet, Tim Berners-Lee became the "father of the World Wide Web", embodying the idea of hyperlinks.
But the main merit belongs to the company where Robert Taylor moved after working at ARPA - Xerox. It was in the Xerox PARC laboratory, located in Silicon Valley, that Ethernet technology was developed in 1970, designed to transfer data between different computer networks. As is known today, in the same laboratory was developed Personal Computer Xerox Alto and graphical user interface.
Michael Hiltzik's book Dealers of Lightning, which tells the story of Xerox PARC, also provides information about the creation of Ethernet. At some point, the leading researchers of the laboratory realized that the government was too busy with other things to care about connecting various computer networks to a single network. Therefore, they had to deal with this issue on their own. At the same time, Xerox PARC employees blamed ARPA, which, receiving government funding, worked, in their opinion, too slowly.
Later, in one of his letters, Robert Taylor wrote: "I believe that the Internet was created at Xerox PARC, around 1975, when we connected Ethernet and ARPAnet through PUP (PARC Universal Protocol)."
So, the Internet was created at Xerox PARC. "But why didn't Xerox become the world's largest company then?" - the author of the article asks another question. The answer is simple and obvious: the company's management was too focused on the core business to notice innovative developments and calculate their potential.
The Xerox executives, who were at the company's headquarters in Rochester, New York, were too focused on selling copiers. From their point of view, Ethernet could only be used so that people in the same office could link several computers for sharing copier.
Many people know the story of how in 1979 the founder of Apple, Steve Jobs, came to Xerox PARC for ideas - he concluded an agreement with the Xerox management, under which he could get access to any innovative developments of the laboratory. "They just didn't know what they were," Jobs later said, who made Apple a great company, thanks in part to developments carried over from Xerox.
However, the sale of copiers brought Xerox profit for decades. The name of the company has even become synonymous with the copier. But Xerox missed the moment, and in the era of the digital revolution, company managers can only console themselves with the thought that only a few succeed in successfully moving from one technological era to another.
In 1995, the development of the Internet completely came under control commercial companies. The part of the network that was controlled by the supercomputers of the US National Science Foundation was left with only its own narrow niche. From this year commercial internet began to grow at an explosive pace, although before that it had been “languishing” under government control for almost 30 years. In less than 10 years, companies have achieved a real technological revolution, which, according to Gordon Krovitz, once again proves the greater role of business than government.
To build a successful technology business, you need to have both the disruptive technology and the specific skills to bring it to market. The contrast between Apple and Xerox shows that few business leaders can succeed when faced with such a daunting task. It is to them, and not to the government, that the main merit belongs.
