What is great energy. Types of energy

Energy- the area of human economic activity, a set of large natural and artificial subsystems that serve to transform, distribute and use energy resources all kinds. Its purpose is to ensure the production of energy by converting primary, natural energy into secondary, for example, into electricity or thermal energy. In this case, energy production most often occurs in several stages:

Power industry

The electric power industry is a subsystem of the energy industry, covering the production of electricity at power plants and its delivery to consumers through the power transmission line. Its central elements are power plants, which are usually classified according to the type of primary energy used and the type of converters used for this. It should be noted that the predominance of one or another type of power plants in a particular state depends primarily on the availability of appropriate resources. The electric power industry is divided into traditional and unconventional.

Traditional electric power industry

A characteristic feature of the traditional electric power industry is its long and good mastery, it has passed a long test in a variety of operating conditions. The main share of electricity around the world is obtained precisely at traditional power plants, their unit electrical power very often exceeds 1000 MW. Traditional electric power industry is divided into several areas.

Thermal energy

In this industry, electricity is produced at thermal power plants ( TPP), which use the chemical energy of fossil fuels for this. They are divided into:

Thermal power engineering on a global scale prevails among traditional types, 46% of the world's electricity is generated on the basis of coal, 18% on the basis of gas, about 3% more - due to the combustion of biomass, oil is used for 0.2%. In total, thermal stations provide about 2/3 of the total output of all power plants in the world

The energy industry of such countries of the world as Poland and South Africa is almost entirely based on the use of coal, and the Netherlands is based on gas. The share of thermal power engineering is very high in China, Australia, and Mexico.

hydropower

In this industry, electricity is produced by hydroelectric power plants ( hydroelectric power station), using the energy of the water flow for this.

Hydropower is dominant in a number of countries - in Norway and Brazil, all electricity generation takes place on them. The list of countries in which the share of hydropower generation exceeds 70% includes several dozen.

Nuclear energy

The industry in which electricity is produced by nuclear power plants ( nuclear power station), using for this purpose the energy of a controlled nuclear chain reaction, most often uranium and plutonium.

In terms of the share of nuclear power plants in the generation of electricity, France excels, about 70%. It also prevails in Belgium, the Republic of Korea and some other countries. The world leaders in the production of electricity at nuclear power plants are the USA, France and Japan.

Non-traditional power industry

Most areas of non-traditional electric power industry are based on quite traditional principles, but the primary energy in them is either sources of local importance, for example, wind, geothermal, or sources that are under development, for example fuel cells or sources that can be used in the future, such as fusion power. The characteristic features of non-traditional energy are their environmental cleanliness, extremely high capital construction costs (for example, for a solar power plant with a capacity of 1000 MW, it is required to cover an area of about 4 km² with very expensive mirrors) and low unit power. Directions of non-traditional energy:

Fuel cell installations

You can also single out an important concept because of its mass character - small power, this term is not currently generally accepted, along with it the terms local energy, distributed energy, autonomous energy and others. Most often, this is the name of power plants with a capacity of up to 30 MW with units with a unit capacity of up to 10 MW. These include both the environmentally friendly types of energy listed above, and small fossil fuel power plants, such as diesel power plants (among small power plants, their vast majority, for example, in Russia - about 96%), gas piston power plants, low-power gas turbine plants running on diesel and gas fuel.

Electricity of the net

Electrical network- a set of substations, switchgears and transmission lines connecting them, designed for transmission and distribution electrical energy. The electrical network provides the possibility of issuing power from power plants, its transmission over a distance, the transformation of electrical parameters (voltage, current) at substations and its distribution over the territory up to direct electrical receivers.

Electrical networks of modern power systems are multistage, that is, electricity undergoes a large number of transformations on the way from sources of electricity to its consumers. Also, modern electrical networks are characterized by multimode, which is understood as a variety of loading of network elements in the daily and annual context, as well as an abundance of modes that occur when various network elements are put into scheduled repair and during their emergency shutdowns. These and others specific traits modern electrical networks make their structures and configurations very complex and diverse.

Heat supply

A life modern man associated with the widespread use of not only electrical, but also thermal energy. In order for a person to feel comfortable at home, at work, in any public place, all rooms must be heated and supplied with hot water for domestic purposes. Since this is directly related to human health, in developed countries, suitable temperature conditions in various types of premises are regulated by sanitary rules and standards. Such conditions can be realized in most countries of the world only with a constant supply to the heating object ( heat receiver) a certain amount of heat, which depends on the outdoor temperature, for which hot water is most often used with a final temperature for consumers of about 80-90 ° C. Also, for various technological processes of industrial enterprises, the so-called production steam with a pressure of 1-3 MPa. In the general case, the supply of any object with heat is provided by a system consisting of:

a heat source, such as a boiler room;
heating network, for example from pipelines of hot water or steam;
heat receiver, for example, water heating batteries.

District heating

A characteristic feature of district heating is the presence of an extensive heating network, from which numerous consumers (factories, buildings, residential premises, etc.) are fed. For district heating, two types of sources are used:

Combined heat and power plants ( CHP);
Boilers, which are divided into:
- Water heating;
- Steam.

Decentralized heat supply

The heat supply system is called decentralized if the heat source and the heat sink are practically combined, that is heating network either very small or absent. Such heat supply can be individual, when separate heating devices are used in each room, for example, electric ones, or local, for example, building heating using its own small boiler house. Typically, the heat output of such boiler houses does not exceed 1 Gcal / h (1.163 MW). The power of heat sources of individual heat supply is usually quite small and is determined by the needs of their owners. Types of decentralized heating:

Small boiler rooms;
Electrical, which is divided into:
- Direct;
- Accumulation;

Heating network

Heating network- this is a complex engineering and construction structure that serves to transport heat using a coolant, water or steam, from a source, CHP or boiler house, to heat consumers.

Energy fuel

Since most of the traditional power plants and sources of heat supply generate energy from non-renewable resources, the issues of extraction, processing and delivery of fuel are extremely important in the energy sector. Traditional energy uses two fundamentally different types of fuel.

organic fuel

gaseous

natural gas, artificial:

Blast furnace gas;
Oil distillation products;
Underground gasification gas;

Liquid

The natural fuel is oil, the products of its distillation are called artificial:

Solid

Natural fuels are:

Fossil fuel:
Vegetable fuel:
- wood waste;
- Fuel briquettes;

Artificial solid fuels are:

Nuclear fuel

The use of nuclear fuel instead of organic fuel is the main and fundamental difference between nuclear power plants and thermal power plants. Nuclear fuel is obtained from natural uranium, which is mined:

In mines (France, Niger, South Africa);
In open pits (Australia, Namibia);
Underground leaching method (Kazakhstan, USA, Canada, Russia).

Energy systems

Power system (power system)- in a general sense, the totality of energy resources of all types, as well as methods and means for their production, transformation, distribution and use, which ensure the supply of consumers with all types of energy. The energy system includes electric power, oil and gas supply systems, coal industry, nuclear power and others. Usually, all these systems are combined nationwide into a single energy system, and across several regions - into unified energy systems. The combination of separate energy supply systems into a single system is also called intersectoral fuel and energy complex, it is primarily due to the interchangeability various kinds energy and energy resources.

Often, the power system in a narrower sense is understood as a set of power plants, electrical and thermal networks that are interconnected and connected by common modes of continuous production processes conversion, transmission and distribution of electrical and thermal energy, which allows for the centralized management of such a system. In the modern world, consumers are supplied with electricity from power plants that may be located near consumers or may be located at considerable distances from them. In both cases, the transmission of electricity is carried out through power lines. However, in the case of remote consumers from the power plant, the transmission has to be carried out at an increased voltage, and step-up and step-down substations must be built between them. Through these substations, with the help of electric lines, the power plants are connected to each other for parallel operation for a common load, also through heating points using heat pipes, only at much shorter distances they connect CHP and boiler houses. The combination of all these elements is called power system, with such a combination, there are significant technical and economic advantages:

significant reduction in the cost of electricity and heat;
a significant increase in the reliability of electricity and heat supply to consumers;
increasing the efficiency of the operation of various types of power plants;
reduction of the required reserve capacity of power plants.

Such huge advantages in the use of energy systems led to the fact that by 1974 only less than 3% of the total amount of electricity in the world was generated by stand-alone power plants. Since then, the power of energy systems has continuously increased, and powerful integrated systems have been created from smaller ones.

Notes

2017 Key World Energy Statistics(indefinite)(PDF). http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/ 30. IEA (2017).
Under the general editorship of Corr. RAS

The concept of energy includes not only energy as a science, but also a combination of factors that affect the human condition. This word is often used in psychology. In everyday life, a person also encounters this concept, often not quite understanding what it means in a particular context. We will consider what energy is and what types of energy exist.

Energy as a type of human activity

Energy is understood as the area of economic activity. It includes obtaining energy resources, as well as processing various types of fuel. Also, energy includes the use of fuel and obtaining energy sources, the use of power plants, hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants for energy conversion.

These types of energy are traditional. Currently, non-traditional types of energy are also actively developing. These include wind energy, which uses wind turbines (they are also called windmills). Bioenergy, hydrogen energy, solar energy and fuel cell installations are also actively spread.

Energy is one of the important industries for every country.

Energy in esotericism

In esotericism and parapsychology, the word energy refers to the influence of a person on others and the surrounding space. Also, this word can mean the influence of a place or object on a person. It is believed that Grigory Rasputin, Aleister Crowley and other mystics possessed strong energy. The ability to influence others is often attributed to healers, in particular, many note the influence of masters of alternative medicine and martial arts. However, scientific confirmation of their influence is not yet available.

Certain places, for example, cemeteries, have their own energy. It is believed that it is the places of accumulation of the dead that have strong energy. And it can be both positive and negative. For example, a place like Stonehenge has a negative effect on many, causing headaches and even loss of consciousness. Moreover, according to the marks of many people, entire cities have their own energy.

Energy in psychology

In psychology, energy is understood as the totality of a person's qualities that he realizes in communication. Speakers, artists, performers, actors have great and strong energy. At the same time, a person who does not have any creative talents. Often, a person's energy is determined by his views on life, behavior in society.

Strong energy can be understood as the ability to manage people, tune them in the right way, including positive, the ability to control people in difficult situations. It is often said about such people that from their look "frost on the skin" or, on the contrary, "the spirit rises."

If you are interested in how you can raise your energy or test your psychic abilities, then we recommend that you refer to the following articles.

Probably everyone paid attention to the division of people according to the degree of success and attractiveness for wealth. Some can easily create a happy family, while others earn a lot of money without straining. What is most entertaining is that it is much more difficult to find a person who is successful in all areas at once, so that there is happiness in the family and money flows like water. But a lot of individuals complain about success in only one area. As a rule, it is much more difficult to achieve success in another area, and sometimes even impossible. This happens because each of us has the energy of one dominant color. The color of energy depends on what earthly resources we will attract. Each person has one main color in energy, which serves as a magnet for its inherent benefits. However, the same color cannot attract benefits that are not characteristic of it.

What is energy. What determines its color.

Energy is a shell of the energy around us, which we create ourselves. All our thoughts, goals, priorities, attitude towards ourselves and the world around us, principles and actions affect its color and saturation. If a person is self-confident, loves himself, has high self-esteem, knows his way, is energetic, successful and lucky, then his energy will be yellow. If he is energetic, sexy, likes to rule and dominate, knows how to work at full strength, then his energy is likely to be red.

There are 10 such colors in total. Of these, three colors are not successful and not pure: brown, black and gray. The rest are: red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, indigo and violet. To summarize: the color of our energy depends on the direction of our thinking and perception of the world. Thus, the benefits that are characteristic of our color are attracted to us. It works as follows: the direction of our thoughts is reflected in the unconscious, which launches a certain energy center, and that, in turn, begins to produce a certain energy color. The degree of attraction of related benefits depends on the saturation of the energy shell and its color. The saturation of energy, in turn, is determined by the degree of satisfaction with oneself, one's life, energy breakdowns and weeds. Having learned to think in a certain way, it is possible to change or saturate the energy.

What is energy. Primary colors.

Most often, each person is dominated by one color of energy, but sometimes another one is mixed with it, but in a weaker form. For example, a mixture of yellow energy with orange or green with an admixture of blue is often found. Now in more detail about the main colors of energy.

Red energy is characteristic of people who are strong-willed, powerful, selfish, loving and able to dominate, as well as take a leading position. They are often assertive, sexy, hardworking and aggressive. The energy of these people attracts power, sex with various partners, an active and busy life, and sometimes even extreme adventures. It is inherent in people with red energy to achieve their goals, not embarrassed in the methods of achieving it.

The orange color of energy suits selfish, loving and able to enjoy life, often lazy individuals. They like calmness, slowness in making decisions, wrap themselves in comfort and try not to overwork. The energy of such people attracts pleasure and enjoyment of life, peace, work for pleasure, comfort and coziness.

Yellow energy is characteristic of individuals who are selfish, self-confident, loving themselves, having high self-esteem, able to enjoy success and believe in good luck. The energy of these people attracts good luck, success, money, fame, and also good relationship other people. Yellow energy tends to be in the spotlight and at the peak of success.

Green energy is inherent in people who love all life around them. As a rule, such people are altruistic, fair and principled. The energy of such people attracts love, justice, goodness. Green energy can easily build strong and happy family relationships.

Blue energy is characteristic of individuals who are light, creative and sociable. Carriers of blue energy attract ease in business and life. They strive for creative self-realization.

Blue energy is inherent in people who rely on their intellect, think through their actions one step ahead, and have developed logical thinking. Blue energy attracts intellectual work and a well-planned life with a minimum of emotions. People with blue energy tend to professional growth. They accept only the logical world, while rejecting logically inexplicable information.

Violet energy is characteristic of spiritually developed individuals who prefer the spiritual world to the material world, who have a fair amount of wisdom, have a rich inner world and have a huge impact on the people around them. Sages are typical representatives of violet energy. Spiritual knowledge is attracted to violet energy and it is possible to influence the development of other people.

Now a few words about unsuccessful energy drinks, which include black, brown and gray. Unfortunately, more than sixty percent of the people of the earth are carriers of such energetics. But there is also a positive point - the percentage of bad energy drinks is decreasing. This happens due to the growth of the standard of living and the gradual spiritual improvement of people.

Black energy is characteristic of people who are malicious, envious, vengeful, dissatisfied with themselves and their lives, negative, with a strong blackness. Black energy brings evil to the world, wishing people the worst. This energy attracts everything that it desires for others.

People with brown energy include people who have a pessimistic outlook on life, with developed complexes, who do not love themselves, do not respect themselves, and have low self-esteem. Often such people are not bad, and sometimes even fair and noble, but a developed blackness interferes with a pure perception of the world, which brings negativity, develops complexes and brings bad luck. Brown energy attracts failure, disappointment, stress, stagnation in business and a difficult personal life.

Gray energy is characteristic of people with a broken energy shell, which deprives a person of vital energy and strength. The breakdown occurs due to the dissatisfaction of the individual with himself or the world around him, self-flagellation and other influences of blackness. Gray energy is trying to hide in its world from the surrounding adversities and people, which closes them first of all from success, luck and other benefits of the modern world. Gray energy is so devoid of energy that it makes it invisible to the universe.

What is energy. How to develop it.

Any energy can be developed and made more attractive for the benefits of the universe. Energy can not only be forged and sated, but even changed depending on the circumstances. It is possible to train energy both by working on your thinking and perception of the world, and by influencing energy centers. There is a wonderful and unique methodology for the development of energy. You can learn it by visiting the training “four jerks to success”. You can study the details of the training "four jerks to success" by clicking on.

Energy has a significant impact on the industry, especially in our time. For anyone manufacturing enterprise, as well as the entire urban infrastructure, a stable and uninterrupted operation is important. And this already depends on the efficient operation of energy producing companies. This is being carefully monitored by the power engineers. Moreover, this profession has even become prestigious, but a great responsibility is still entrusted to a specialist. But what is an energy drink? A good question that requires a thoughtful answer.

A little historical background

Without a doubt, the first power engineer can rightly be considered a person who was able to discover and understand the nature of electrical energy. It's about Thomas Edison. At the end of the 19th century, he created an entire power station, where there were many complex devices and structures that needed to be vigilantly monitored. A little later, Edison opens a company in which the production of electric generators, cables and light bulbs was established.

And since that moment in time, mankind has realized the full benefits of electricity. There is a need for technically competent specialists who will control the ongoing processes in production. Nowadays, electricity is a necessary attribute for the full-fledged activity and comfortable existence of people around the world.

It is scary even to imagine what will happen if all the companies that produce vital electricity suddenly stop their work due to an accident. That is why such a profession as a power engineer at home (residential) or any enterprise has become one of the most sought-after professions.

Important specialty

The main feature of this profession is a high degree of risk, because a person has to deal with high-voltage devices and networks on duty. And here there is a possibility of getting a serious electric shock. There are two categories of this profession:

ordinary specialist;
Energy Engineer.

With a simple specialist, everything is clear - this is a person with a secondary education in this field, who has been working in his profile for no more than 5 years and has not yet received a promotion.

As for the energy engineer, everything is not so simple here. For this title you need higher education and must have at least 3 years of experience. In addition, he has many more responsibilities, which makes this position more prestigious. That is what we will consider.

Responsibilities of the power engineer

The generation of heat or electricity through thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants is the most important area today, for which the Ministry of Energy of many countries of the world should be thanked. Through the efforts of many large research centers, developments are underway in the field of obtaining a new type of energy. Some methods are still only in theory, and far from industrial scale.

In addition, at present, thermal and electrical types of energy are the easiest to create, as well as to transmit over long distances through networks and distribute them among consumers.

And since the functioning of various systems and infrastructure in particular depends on heat and electricity, uninterrupted operation of the corresponding equipment is necessary. This is precisely what main duty people in this profession.

At enterprises for the generation of electrical and thermal energy, a specialist is responsible for the organization and control technological process and for its distribution. In addition, he is directly involved in the installation of equipment and production commissioning. Slightly similar duties and utilities energy.

Power plants for industrial use can pose a serious danger, and therefore it is also the responsibility of power engineers to ensure safety when working with such equipment.

Solving important problems

Most power plants in Russia were built more than half a century ago, and therefore such facilities need urgent technical re-equipment. And here the most difficult task arises before the power engineers: how can new generating capacities be obtained at minimal cost, which will give the maximum efficiency?!

In the production itself, such specialists also have a suitable job. Maintenance of all thermal and electrical distribution networks of enterprises, including such parameters as voltage, pressure and temperature, is all their prerogative.

Here is a small list of tasks that the power engineer must also perform:

Maintaining control over the condition of the entrusted equipment.
Drawing up a schedule of electricity consumption and loads.
Checking the status of energy protection systems and automation.
Ensuring security in enterprises.
Preparation of documentation for the conclusion of agreements with third-party organizations in the field of services and other necessary work.
Conduct control repair work equipment.
Implementation of the experience of foreign and more developed companies in the activities of the enterprise.
Fulfillment of instructions from higher management, which is the chief power engineer.

The country is actively re-equipping energy facilities, which requires the use of the most modern and efficient equipment. Power engineers need to take into account all available technologies so that every gram of fuel does not burn in vain.

What a specialist should know

By the way, in the city of Bratsk, Energetik is a residential area that was built for the workers of the hydroelectric power station. However, such a sonorous name can be found in other places in Russia. But back to our topic.

In order for a person to become a leading specialist in this area, he must receive a higher education in one of the profiles in the field of energy, of which there are many. He also needs to familiarize himself with all the regulatory and technical documentation that relates to the operated power plant. The price of a mistake here is very high!

In addition, the specialist must study in detail specifications entrusted equipment and understand the whole essence of the technological process taking place in it. Otherwise, it is impossible to correctly operate the equipment at stations, boiler houses and other similar enterprises.

Nowadays, we are actively developing information Technology. Therefore, the specialist must have the skills of owning computer equipment. And it's not just specialized software to view or create shop drawings. It is also complex automated systems management.

But what is a power engineer, what is the key to its success? However, this applies to any other profession. This is the improvement of one's own knowledge and increasing the level of skills.

Demand in the labor market

Some professions are no longer relevant, due to the rapid pace of technological progress and science. Only this in no way will affect this specialty. Unless in a few decades humanity will be able to tame other ways of obtaining energy. But even in this case, such people will always be needed.

Everything industrial enterprises need electricity and heating. Therefore, you can not do without the appropriate services. If someone still has doubts, then here are clear confirmations of high demand:

Any kind of energy must first be obtained, where this happens in thermal, nuclear and hydraulic power plants - new specialists are needed.
The whole country is literally entangled with extensive energy networks, which need timely care - work for power engineers.
It is also necessary to install equipment that provides precious energy - specialists are also needed.

The list can be very long, and it will take a long time to fully reveal what an energy drink is. Nevertheless, the fact is obvious: without such people, progress would not have reached the perfection it is today.

Possible disadvantages

In our world, everything has its advantages and disadvantages. So far, it has not yet been possible to create anything truly unique, which can be called in one word - ideal. The same applies to professions - each has its pros and cons. As for power engineers, the most obvious shortcoming is a big responsibility.

In addition, the process of obtaining and consuming energy is continuous. In this connection, any mistake inevitably leads to serious damage. Nothing is perfect in this world, there are people who are not very attentive and are scattered. In the energy sector, they do not stay long.

This is the area of human life that will not tolerate negligent treatment and indifference. Perhaps, for some, the listed disadvantages will seem insignificant. But the one who joined this profession, and he likes it, is already forever. He can rightfully be proud of his work!

The state of affairs in the domestic energy sector

According to the Department of Energy, the territory Russian Federation energy is an important sector for the development of domestic industry. The country's economy is directly connected with electricity. No production is complete without such a valuable source. However, the Russian energy industry faces certain problems. But are they allowed? And what are the prospects in this sphere of human activity?

Problem situation

At the present time, energy Russia is in the top ten countries in the world in terms of electricity produced and the presence of large reserves of energy resources. In recent years, domestic specialists have not yet been able to provide worthwhile developments. The fact is that the current leadership is due to the efforts of projects that were successfully implemented back in the days of the USSR. The first thing that appeared was GOELRO, then nuclear power plants. At the same time, Siberian natural resources were being developed.

The main problem of the Russian energy sector is the equipment. Its average age at thermal power plants is more than 30 years, while 60% of the turbines and even more have already exhausted their resources. HPPs have been operating for more than 35 years, and only 70% of all equipment is designed for a longer service life, while the rest has already worked out its own.

As a result, the efficiency of such objects is significantly reduced. As the researchers note, if nothing is done, then the Russian energy sector will face a complete collapse.

Alternative option

The future prospects are not yet encouraging for domestic power engineers: according to an estimate, domestic demand for electricity will increase by 4% every year. However, since operating capacities it is very difficult to solve the problem of such growth.

However, there is a way out, and it lies in the active development of alternative energy. What is meant by this? These are installations for the generation of energy (mainly electrical) through the following sources:

sunlight;
wind.

Recently, many countries around the world have been engaged in the study and development of alternative methods in the field of energy. Ordinary sources are not cheap, and resources will run out sooner or later. Moreover, the operation of such facilities as thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants affects the ecological situation of the entire planet. In March 2011, there was a major accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, which was caused by a strong earthquake with the formation of a tsunami.

There was a similar incident in Chernobyl nuclear power plant, but only after the incident in Japan did many states begin to abandon nuclear energy.

Energy of sun

What is typical for this direction is unlimited reserves, because sunlight is an inexhaustible and renewable source that will always be there as long as the sun lives. And its resource will last for several billion years.

All its energy arises in the very center - the core. This is where hydrogen atoms are converted into helium molecules. This process takes place at colossal values of pressure and temperature:

250 billion atmospheres (25.33 trillion kPa).
15.7 million °C.

It is thanks to the sun that life is present on earth in a variety of forms. Therefore, the development of energy in this direction will allow humanity to reach a new level. After all, this will allow you to abandon the use of fuel, some of its types are very toxic. In addition, the landscape that has already become familiar will change: there will no longer be tall pipes of thermal power plants and nuclear power plant sarcophagi.

But what is much more pleasant - the dependence on the purchase of raw materials will disappear. After all, the sun shines all year round, and it is everywhere.

wind force

Here we are talking about the conversion of the kinetic energy of the air mass, which is abundant in the atmosphere, into its other form: electrical, thermal and other, which will be appropriate for use in human activities. You can master the power of the wind using such means as:

Wind generator for electricity generation.
Mills - obtaining mechanical energy.
Sail - for use in vehicles.

This type of alternative energy, no doubt, can become a successful industry around the world. Like the sun, the wind is also an inexhaustible, but, most importantly, also a renewable source. At the end of 2010, the total capacity of all wind turbines was 196.6 gigawatts. And the amount of electricity produced is 430 terawatt-hours. This is 2.5% of the total electricity produced by mankind.

Some countries have already begun to apply this technology in practice for the production of electricity:

Denmark - 28%.
Portugal - 19%.
Ireland - 14%.
Spain - 16%.
Germany - 8%.

Along with this, geothermal energy is being developed. Its essence lies in the production of electricity through the energy that is contained in the bowels of the earth.

Conclusion

Despite bright prospects, will alternative energy be able to completely replace traditional methods? Many optimists are inclined to the general opinion: yes, this is how it should happen. And if not immediately, but it is quite possible. Pessimists take a different view.

Who will be right, time will tell, and we can only hope for a better future that we can leave to our children. But while we will continue to be interested in the question of what an energy drink is, then all is not lost!

Energy is the basis of world civilization. Man is a man only because of his exceptional, unlike all living beings, ability to use and control the energy of nature.

The first type of energy mastered by man was the energy of fire. The fire allowed to heat the dwelling and cook food. By learning how to make and maintain fire on their own and by improving the technology for the production of tools, people were able to improve the hygiene of their bodies by heating water, improve home heating, and also use the energy of fire to make tools for hunting and attacking other groups of people, that is, in the "military" purposes.

One of the main sources of energy in the modern world is the energy of combustion of petroleum products and natural gas. This energy is widely used in industry and technology, it is based on the use of engines internal combustion vehicles. Almost all modern views transport are operated by the energy of combustion of liquid hydrocarbons - gasoline or diesel fuel.

The next breakthrough in the development of energy occurred after the discovery of the phenomenon of electricity. Having mastered electrical energy, mankind has made a huge step forward. At present, the electric power industry is the foundation for the existence of many sectors of the economy, providing lighting, operation of communications (including wireless), television, radio, electronic devices, that is, everything without which it is impossible to imagine modern civilization.

Nuclear power is of great importance for modern life, since the cost of one kilowatt of electricity generated by a nuclear reactor is several times less than when generating a kilowatt of electricity from hydrocarbon raw materials or coal. Atomic energy is also used in space programs and medicine. However, there is a serious danger of using nuclear energy for military or terrorist purposes, therefore, careful control is required over nuclear power facilities, as well as careful handling of reactor elements during its operation.

The civilizational problem of mankind is that the natural reserves of oil, gas, as well as coal, which is also widely used in industry and chemical production, will sooner or later run out. Therefore, the issue of finding alternative energy sources is acute, and a lot of projects are being carried out in this direction. scientific research. Unfortunately, oil and gas companies are not interested in curtailing oil and gas production, since the whole business is based on this. world economy modernity. Nevertheless, someday a solution will be found, otherwise an energy and environmental collapse will be inevitable, which will turn into serious troubles for all of humanity.

We can say that energy for humanity is heavenly fire, a gift from Prometheus, which can warm, bring light, protect from darkness and lead to the stars, or it can incinerate the whole world. The use of various types of energy requires a clear mind, conscience and iron will of people.

Before starting to consider the issues of the electric power industry, it is necessary to understand what is energy in general, what problems does it solve, what role does it play in human life?

Energy is a field of human activity, which includes the receipt (extraction), processing (conversion), transportation (transmission), storage (except for electrical energy), distribution and use (consumption) of energy resources and energy carriers of all kinds. The energy sector has developed, deep, internal and external connections. Its development is inseparable from all aspects of human activity. Such complex structures with a variety of external and internal communications considered as large systems.

The definition of a large energy system (BSE) contains the conditions for dividing a large system into subsystems - the hierarchy of its structure, the development of links between subsystems, the unity of tasks and the presence of independent goals for each subsystem, the subordination of private goals to the general one. Such subsystems include fuel energy, nuclear energy, hydropower, thermal power, electric power and other subsystems. The power industry occupies a special place in this series, and not only because it is the subject of our study, but mainly because electricity is a special type of energy with specific properties that should be discussed in more detail.

1.2. Electricity is a special kind of energy

The specific properties of electricity include:

- the possibility of obtaining it from other (practically from any) types of energy (from mechanical, thermal, chemical, solar and others);

- the possibility of converting it into other types of energy (into mechanical, thermal, chemical, light, into other types of energy);

- the possibility of converting it into electrical energy of any required parameters (for example, in voltage from microvolts to hundreds and even thousands of kilovolts - "The highest voltage three-phase alternating current line 1610 km long was laid in Russia and Kazakhstan and transmits current with a voltage of 1200 (1150) kV ");

– the possibility of transmission over significant (thousands of kilometers) distances;

– a high degree automation of production, transformation, transmission, distribution and consumption;

– the impossibility (yet) of storing in large quantities for a long time: the process of production and consumption of electrical energy is a one-time act;

- relative environmental cleanliness.

Such properties of electricity have led to its widespread use in industry, transport, at home, in almost any field of human activity - this is the most common type of energy consumed.

1.3. Consumption of electrical energy. Consumer load charts

A large number of various consumers are involved in the process of consuming electrical energy. Energy consumption by each of them during the day and year is uneven. It can be long and short-term, periodic, regular or random, depending on working days, weekends and holidays. public holidays, from the work of enterprises in one, two or three shifts, from the duration of the daylight hours, air temperature, etc.

The following main groups of consumers of electrical energy can be distinguished: - industrial enterprises; - building; – electrified transport; - Agriculture; - household consumers and the service sector of cities and workers' settlements; - own needs of power plants, etc. Electricity receivers can be asynchronous electric motors, electric furnaces, electrothermal, electrolysis and welding installations, lighting and household appliances, air conditioning and refrigeration installations, radio and television installations, medical and other special-purpose installations. In addition, there is a technological consumption of electricity associated with its transmission and distribution in electrical networks.

Rice. 1.1. Daily load schedules

The power consumption mode can be represented by load curves. A special place among them is occupied by daily load schedules, which are a continuous graphical representation of the mode of electricity consumption by the consumer during the day (Fig. 1.1, a). It is often more convenient to use step-approximated load curves (Fig. 1.1, b). They have received the most use.

Each electrical installation has its characteristic load curve. As an example, in fig. 1.2 shows daily schedules: municipal consumers of the city with a predominantly lighting load (Fig. 1.2, a); light industry enterprises with work in two shifts (Fig. 1.2, b); an oil refinery with three shifts (Fig. 1.2, c).

Graphs electrical loads enterprises of various industries, cities, workers' settlements make it possible to predict the expected maximum loads, the mode and size of electricity consumption, and reasonably design the development of the system.

Due to the continuity of the process of production and consumption of electricity, it is important to know how much electricity needs to be generated at each specific point in time, to determine the dispatch schedule for the generation of electricity by each power plant. For the convenience of drawing up dispatcher schedules for electricity generation, daily electricity consumption schedules are divided into three parts (Fig. 1.1, a). the lower part, where R<R night min is called the base. There is a continuous consumption of electricity during the day. middle part, where R night min<R< R days min is called semi-peak. Here there is an increase in the load in the morning and a decrease in the evening. top, where P > P days min is called the peak. Here, in the daytime, the load is constantly changing and reaches its maximum value.

1.4. Production of electrical energy. Participation of power plants in electricity generation

At present, in our country, as well as throughout the world, most of the electricity is produced at powerful power plants, where some other type of energy is converted into electrical energy. Depending on the type of energy that is converted into electricity, there are three main types of power plants: thermal (TPP), hydraulic (HPP) and nuclear power plants (NPP).

On thermal power plants The primary source of energy is organic fuel: coal, gas, fuel oil, oil shale. Among thermal power plants, condensing power plants (CPPs) should be distinguished first of all. These are, as a rule, powerful power plants located near the extraction of low-calorie fuel. They carry a significant share in covering the load of the power system. The efficiency of the IES is 30…40%. The low efficiency is due to the fact that most of the energy is lost along with the hot exhaust steam. Special thermal power plants, the so-called combined heat and power plants (CHP), allow a significant part of the energy of the exhaust steam to be used for heating and technological processes in industrial enterprises, as well as for domestic needs (heating, hot water supply). As a result, the CHP efficiency reaches 60…70%. Currently, in our country, CHP plants provide about 40% of all electricity produced. The features of the technological process at these power plants, where steam turbine units (STP) are used, suggest a stable operation mode without sudden and deep changes in load, work in the base part of the load schedule.

In recent years, gas turbine units (GTU) have found application and increasing distribution at thermal power plants, in which gaseous or liquid fuel, when burned, creates hot exhaust gases that spin the turbine. The advantage of thermal power plants with gas turbines is that they do not require feed water and, as a result, a whole range of related devices. In addition, gas turbines are very mobile. They take several minutes to start and stop (several hours for PTUs), they allow deep regulation of the generated power and therefore can be used in the semi-peak part of the load curve. The disadvantage of gas turbines is the absence of a closed coolant cycle, in which a significant amount of thermal energy is emitted with exhaust gases. At the same time, the GTU efficiency is 25…30%. However, the installation of a waste heat boiler on the exhaust gas turbine can increase the efficiency up to 70 ... 80%.

On hydroelectric power plants the energy of moving water in the hydroturbine is converted into mechanical energy, and then in the generator - into electrical energy. The power of the station depends on the difference in water levels created by the dam (head) and on the mass of water passing through the turbines per second (water flow). Hydroelectric power plants provide more than 15% of all electricity generated in our country. A positive feature of hydroelectric power plants is their very high mobility (higher than gas turbines). This is explained by the fact that the hydroturbine operates at ambient temperature and does not require time to warm up. Therefore, HPPs can be used in any part of the load schedule, including the peak.

A special place among HPPs is occupied by pumped storage power plants (PSPPs). The purpose of the pumped storage power plant is to equalize the daily load schedule of consumers and increase the efficiency of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants. During the hours of minimum load, the PSP units operate in a pumping mode, pumping water from the lower reservoir to the upper one and thereby increasing the load of TPPs and NPPs; during peak hours, they operate in turbine mode, discharging water from the upper reservoir and unloading TPPs and NPPs from short-term peak loads. The efficiency of the system as a whole increases.

On nuclear power plants the technology of electric energy production is almost the same as at IES. The difference is that nuclear power plants use nuclear fuel as the primary source of energy. This imposes additional security requirements. After the Chernobyl disaster, these power plants should be built no closer than 30 km from settlements. The operating mode should be the same as at CPP - stable, without deep regulation of the generated power.

The load of all consumers must be distributed among all power plants, the total installed capacity of which slightly exceeds the largest maximum load. Coverage of the base part of the daily schedule is assigned: a) to nuclear power plants, the power regulation of which is difficult; b) at thermal power plants, the maximum efficiency of which occurs when the electric power corresponds to the heat consumption (the passage of steam in the low pressure stage of the turbines to the condensers should be minimal); c) at HPPs in the amount corresponding to the minimum water flow required by sanitary requirements and navigation conditions. During floods, the participation of HPPs in covering the base part of the system schedule can be increased so that, after filling the reservoirs to the calculated levels, excess water is not needlessly discharged through spillway dams. Coverage of the peak part of the schedule is assigned to hydroelectric power stations, pumped storage power plants and gas turbine units, the units of which allow frequent switching on and off, and a rapid change in load. The rest of the graph, partially aligned with the load of the pumped storage power plant when they are operating in the pumping mode, can be covered by the CES, the operation of which is most economical with a uniform load (Fig. 1.3).

In addition to those considered, there are a significant number of other types of power plants: solar, wind, geothermal, wave, tidal, and others. They can use renewable and alternative energy sources. All over the modern world, these power plants are given considerable attention. They can solve some of the problems facing mankind: energy (reserves of organic fuel are limited), environmental (reduction of emissions of harmful substances in the production of electricity). However, these are very costly technologies for generating electricity because alternative energy sources are usually low-potential sources. This circumstance makes their use difficult. In our country, alternative energy accounts for less than 0.1% of electricity generation.

On fig. 1.4 shows the participation of various types of power plants in the production of electricity.


Rice. 1.4.

1.5. electric power system

The development of the electric power industry began in the second half of the 19th century with the construction of small power plants nearby and for specific consumers. It was mainly lighting load: the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, the Kremlin in Moscow, etc. The power supply was carried out mainly on direct current. However, the invention in 1876 by Yablochkov P.N. transformer determined the further development of energy on alternating current. The possibility of changing the voltage parameters by transformers made it possible, on the one hand, to coordinate the parameters of generators and combine them for parallel operation, and on the other hand, to increase the voltage and transmit energy over long distances. With the advent of a three-phase asynchronous electric motor in 1889, developed by MO Dolivo-Dobovolsky, the development of electrical engineering and the electric power industry received a powerful impetus.

The widespread use of simple and reliable asynchronous electric motors in industrial enterprises has led to a significant increase in the electrical power of consumers, and after them, the power of power plants. AT 1914 the highest power of turbogenerators was 10 MW, the largest hydroelectric power plant had a capacity 1.35 MW, the largest thermal power plant had a capacity 58 MW, the total capacity of all power plants in Russia - 1.14 GW. All power plants operated in isolation, cases of parallel operation were exceptional. The highest voltage mastered before the First World War was 70 kV.

December 22, 1920 at the 8th Congress of Soviets, the GOELRO plan was adopted, designed for 10-15 years and providing for the construction of 30 new regional thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants with a total capacity of 1.75 GW and network building 35 and 110 kV to transfer power to load nodes and connect power plants for parallel operation. AT 1921 created first power systems: MOGES in Moscow and Electrotok in Leningrad. An energy system is understood as a set of power plants, power lines, substations and heating networks connected by a common mode and continuity of production processes, transformation, transmission, distribution of electrical and thermal energy.

With the parallel operation of several power plants, it was necessary to ensure an economical distribution of the load between the stations, regulate the voltage in the network, and prevent disturbances in stable operation. The obvious solution to these problems was centralization: the subordination of the work of all stations of the system to one responsible engineer. Thus the idea of dispatch control was born. In the USSR, for the first time, the functions of a dispatcher began to be performed since 1923 by the engineer on duty at the 1st Moscow station, and in 1925 a dispatch center was organized in the Mosenergo system. In 1930, the first control centers were created in the Urals: in the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and Perm regions.

The next stage in the development of energy systems was the creation of powerful transmission lines that combine individual systems into larger integrated energy systems (IPS).

By 1955, three unrelated ECOs were operating in the USSR:

- ECO Center(Moscow, Gorky, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl energy systems);

- IPS South(Donbass, Dnieper, Rostov, Volgograd energy systems);

- IPS Urals(Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Perm energy systems).

In 1956, two long-distance power transmission circuits were put into operation. 400 kV Kuibyshev - Moscow, connecting the IPS of the Center and the Kuibyshev energy system. With this unification for parallel operation of the power systems of various zones of the country (the Center and the Middle Volga), the formation of the Unified Energy System (UES) of the European part of the USSR was laid. In 1957, the ODU of the Center was renamed into the ODU of the UES of the European part of the USSR.

In July 1958, the first section was put into operation ( Kuibyshev - Bugulma) single-circuit long-distance power transmission 400 kV Kuibyshev - Ural. The energy systems of the Cis-Urals (Tatar and Bashkir) were connected to the parallel work with the IPS of the Center. In September 1958, the second section was put into operation ( Bugulma - Chrysostom) power transmission 400 kV Kuibyshev - Ural. The energy systems of the Urals were connected to the parallel operation with the IPS of the Center. In 1959, the last section was put into operation ( Zlatoust - Shagol - South) power transmission 400 kV Kuibyshev - Ural. The parallel operation of the energy systems of the Center, the Middle Volga, the Cis-Urals and the Urals became the normal mode of the UES of the European part of the USSR. By 1965, as a result of the unification of the energy systems of the Center, the South, the Volga region, the Urals, the North-West and the three Transcaucasian republics, the creation of the Unified Energy System of the European Part of the USSR was completed, the total installed capacity of which exceeded 50 million kW.

The beginning of the formation of the UES of the USSR should be attributed to 1970. At this time, as part of the UES, the UES of the Center (22.1 GW), the Urals (20.1 GW), the Middle Volga (10.0 GW), the North-West (12.9 GW), the South (30.0 GW) ), North Caucasus (3.5 GW) and Transcaucasia (6.3 GW), including 63 energy systems (including 3 energy regions). Three IPSs - Kazakhstan (4.5 GW), Siberia (22.5 GW) and Central Asia (7.0 GW) - operate separately. IPS East (4.0 GW) is in the process of formation. The gradual formation of the Unified Energy System of the Soviet Union by joining the unified energy systems was basically completed by 1978, when the IPS of Siberia joined the UES, which by that time had already been connected to the IPS of the East.

In 1979, parallel work began between the UES of the USSR and the ECO of the CMEA member countries. With the inclusion in the UES of the USSR of the unified energy system of Siberia, which has electrical connections with the energy system of the MPR, and the organization of parallel operation of the UES of the USSR and the ECO of the CMEA member countries, a unique interstate association of energy systems of socialist countries with an installed capacity of more than 300 GW was created, covering a vast territory from Ulaanbaatar to Berlin.

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 into a number of independent states led to catastrophic consequences. The planned socialist economy collapsed. The industry has practically stopped. Many businesses have closed. The threat of complete collapse hung over the energy sector. However, at the cost of incredible efforts, it was possible to preserve the UES of Russia, restructure it, and adapt it to new economic relations.

The modern Unified Energy System of Russia (Fig. 1.5) consists of 69 regional energy systems, which, in turn, form 7 unified energy systems: East, Siberia, Urals, Middle Volga, South, Center and North-West. All power systems are connected by intersystem high-voltage transmission lines with a voltage of 220 ... 500 kV and higher and operate in synchronous mode (in parallel). The electric power complex of the UES of Russia includes more than 600 power plants with a capacity of over 5 MW. At the end of 2011, the total installed capacity of power plants of the UES of Russia amounted to 218,235.8 MW. Every year, all stations generate about one trillion kWh of electricity. The network economy of the UES of Russia has more than 10,200 power lines of the voltage class 110…1150 kV.

In parallel with the UES of Russia, the energy systems of Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Ukraine and Estonia operate. Through the energy system of Kazakhstan, in parallel with the UES of Russia, the energy systems of Central Asia - Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan operate. Through the installation of the Vyborg Converter Complex, together with the UES of Russia, the energy system of Finland, which is part of the energy interconnection of energy systems of Scandinavia, NORDEL, operates. The electric networks of Russia also provide electricity to selected areas of Norway and China.

Rice. 1.5. Unified Energy System of the Russian Federation

The integration of individual energy systems in the country's UES provides a number of technical and economic benefits:

The reliability of power supply to consumers is increased due to more flexible maneuvering of the reserves of individual power plants and systems, the total power reserve is reduced;

The possibility of increasing the unit capacity of power plants and installing more powerful units on them is provided;

The total maximum load of the combined system is reduced, since the combined maximum is always less than the sum of the maxima of the individual systems;

The installed capacity of the unified energy system is reduced due to the difference in time of load peaks in energy systems located at a considerable distance in the direction from east to west ("latitudinal effect");

The ability to set economically more profitable modes for any power plants is facilitated;

Efficiency of use of various energy resources increases.

1.6. Electricity of the net

The unified energy system, as shown above, has a clear hierarchical structure: it is divided into unified energy systems, which in turn are divided into regional energy systems. Each power system is an electrical network.

Electrical networks are an intermediate link in the source-consumer system; they ensure the transmission of electricity from sources to consumers and its distribution. Electrical networks are conditionally divided into distribution (consumer), district (supply) and backbone.

Electric receivers or integrated consumers of electricity (factory, enterprise, combine, agricultural enterprise, etc.) are directly connected to distribution electric networks. The voltage of these networks is 6…20 kV.

District electrical networks are intended for the transport and distribution of electricity in the territory of some industrial, agricultural, oil and gas production and (or) the like. district. These networks, depending on the local characteristics of a particular power system, have a rated voltage of 35 ... 110 kV.

System-forming electric networks with main power transmission lines at voltages of 220 ... 750 (1150) kV provide powerful connections between large nodes of the power system, and in the unified power system - connections between power systems and power associations.

By relying on the construction of large power plants, we are forced to build extended networks for energy transmission. Their cost, maintenance, as well as transmission losses lead to an increase in the tariff by 4-5 times, compared with the cost of the generated energy.

Vladimir Mikhailov, Member of the Expert Council on the Delimitation of Powers under the President of Russia

There are people who say that low energy is good.

There are others who argue that small energy is "heresy" and the only correct option is big energy. Like, there is an effect of scale, as a result of which "large electricity" is cheaper.

Take a look around. Both in the West and in the East, small power plants are being actively built, both in addition to large plants and instead of them.

Small power plants today are slightly inferior to the "big brother" in terms of efficiency, but they win solidly in flexibility of work, as well as in the speed of construction and commissioning.

Actually, in this publication I will show that today the "big" power industry is hardly able to single-handedly cope with the task of reliable and inexpensive power supply to consumers in Russia. Including, for specific reasons, not directly related to energy.

69 000 rub. per kW - the cost of the Sochi CHPP ...

As you know, the larger the construction, the cheaper its unit cost. For example, the cost of creating small power plants with heat recovery is about $1,000 per kilowatt of installed electrical capacity. The cost of large stations should be in the range of 600-900 USD/kW.

And now, how is the situation in Russia.

The unit cost of the Sochi CHPP (2004) was about $2,460 per kilowatt.

Installed electrical capacity: 79 MW, thermal capacity: 25 Gcal/hour.

Investment volume: 5.47 billion rubles.

The construction was carried out within the framework of the federal target program "South of Russia"

Investment program of RAO "UES of Russia" (date of publication - autumn 2006): plans to spend 2.1 trillion (2,100,000,000,000) rubles for the construction of power plants and networks. This is the most expensive program in Russia. It exceeds all investment expenditures of the federal budget together with the investment fund for the next year (807 billion rubles). It is larger than the Stabilization Fund (2.05 trillion rubles).

For the construction of one kilowatt of power, on average, about 1,100 dollars.

Former Deputy Minister of Energy, ex-Chairman of the Board of Directors of RAO "UES" Viktor Kudryavy; "The investment program of RAO UES is overstated by 600-650 billion rubles."

For the new dispatching system "UES" paid the German Siemens about 80 million euros, although, according to the expert of the Center for the Study of Regional Problems Igor Tekhnarev, similar products have already been developed by domestic specialists and cost from 1 to 5 million euros. RAO "UES" gave almost $7 million more to Microsoft for the legalization of the holding's corporate software. As one of Ko's interlocutors joked, even the presidential administration cannot afford such a thing.

Conclusion: the cost of building power plants is artificially inflated by RAO UES by two to four times. It is clear that the money goes into the "right pocket". Well, they are taken from the budget (read, our taxes) or are included in the cost of tariffs and connection fees.

Boris Gryzlov: "The management of RAO UES of Russia pays more attention to paying bonuses to its employees than to developing the industry"

The statement that the Administration of RAO "UES of Russia" is concerned with the well-being of not the company, but the Administration itself is obvious to many:

Chairman of the State Duma Boris Gryzlov (October 11, 2006): "Unfortunately, we must state that the measures taken by RAO UES of Russia so far have not led to the elimination of the danger of serious accidents and the danger of a significant increase in tariffs for the population. There are statements about upcoming winter power outages in a number of regions.It is easy to imagine what consequences such blackouts can lead to, for example, during frosts - we are talking about the health and even the lives of our citizens.
Mikhail Delyagin, head of the Institute for Globalization Problems: "The power industry reform diverts all the efforts of RAO UES and many related business structures to the redistribution of assets," cutting " financial flows and diverting them into your own pocket. All other issues remained on the periphery of the attention of the management of RAO "UES" "- not because it is bad, but because this is how the reform was conceived and arranged."

And the Administration does not hesitate to talk about the catastrophic state of the energy industry, in which RAO "UES of Russia", of course, is not to blame:

Yury Udaltsov, member of the board of RAO "UES of Russia": "In 2004, RAO "UES of Russia" satisfied only 32% of all applications for connection. In 2005, this figure dropped to 21%. It is assumed that the number connected to the power supply will continue fall: in 2006 to 16%, and in 2007 to 10%.
Anatoly Borisovich Chubais: "The physical capabilities of the country's energy system are coming to an end, as was warned several years ago."

Conclusion: in a situation where

the country's electricity industry is collapsing
those who have to build, "saw" financial flows

to say that there is no alternative to "large" energy, to put it mildly, is unreasonable.

Power failure at the Chagino substation affected Moscow and four regions

Unfortunately, there is no need to talk about the reliability of power supply today. Depreciation of power industry equipment in the region of 70-80%.

Many people remember the accident at the Chagino substation, after which rolling blackouts swept through the European part of Russia. Let me remind you of some of the consequences of this event:

As a result of numerous accidents at substations, electricity was cut off in most parts of the capital of Russia. In the south of Moscow - in the area of Kapotnya, Maryino, Biryulyovo, Chertanovo, electricity went out at about 11:00. There was also no electricity on Leninsky Prospekt, Ryazanskoye Highway, Entuziastov Highway and in the Ordynka area. Orekhovo-Borisovo, Lyubertsy, Novye Cheryomushki, Zhulebino, Brateevo, Perovo, Lyublino were left without electricity ...
Electricity was cut off in 25 cities of the Moscow region, in Podolsk, in the Tula region, the Kaluga region. Residential buildings and industrial facilities were left without electricity. Accidents have occurred at some particularly dangerous industries.
Air-conditioning systems did not work, electricity was cut off in hospitals and morgues. The city transport got up. Traffic lights on the streets turned off - traffic jams formed on the roads. In a number of districts of Moscow, residents were left without water. Electricity was not supplied to the pumping stations, respectively, the water supply stopped. Stalls and shops have been closed in the city, as refrigerators are "melting" even in supermarkets.
Direct losses of the Petelinsky poultry farm 14,430,000 rubles. (422,000 euros) - 278.5 thousand birds died.
The URSA plant almost lost its main equipment - a glass melting furnace. However, there were still production and financial losses: the plant did not produce 263 tons of fiberglass. The downtime of production amounted to 53 hours, the losses from which exceeded 150 thousand euros.

The Moscow accident on May 25, 2005 is the most famous, but it is one of hundreds of small and large accidents that occur in Russia every year.

On the site "Power supply of Russian regions" in the section "Reliability of traditional power supply" you can see a selection of materials from the press about accidents, energy shortages in your region.

The compilation is not a complete collection of facts, but some idea of the situation with the reliability of electricity supply can be obtained.

Incidentally, one of the loudest statements was made by Anatoly Chubais, Chairman of the Management Board of RAO "UES of Russia", about a list of 16 regions of Russia that may experience restrictions in electricity consumption in the winter of 2006-2007.

These are the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Dagestan, Karelian, Komi, Kuban, Leningrad (including St. Petersburg), Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Saratov, Tyva, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk and Chelyabinsk energy systems.

Last year, only the Moscow, Leningrad and Tyumen energy systems were at risk ...

Conclusion: accidents and statements by Chubais A.B. tell us about the low reliability of traditional power supply. Unfortunately, we are waiting for new accidents ...

A little about low energy

Small power generation has its advantages

First of all, a huge advantage of quick commissioning of facilities (lower capital costs, shorter terms for the production of equipment and the construction of a "box", smaller volumes of fuel, much lower costs for power lines)

This will make it possible to "muffle" a very significant energy shortage before the commissioning of large energy facilities.

Secondly, competition always has a beneficial effect on the quality and cost of services

I hope that the success of the small-scale power industry will push for a more active increase in the efficiency of the "big" power industry

Thirdly, small power plants require less space and do not lead to high concentrations of harmful emissions

This fact can and should be used in the process of providing electricity and heat to our future winter Pearl, the capital of the 2014 Olympic Games - the city of Sochi

Due to the fact that small gas energy is a fairly young industry, there are also problems, the existence of which must be recognized and addressed:

First of all, the lack of a legislative framework in relation to small power plants (for autonomous heat generating sources, there is at least something, but there is)

Secondly, the actual impossibility to sell surplus electricity to the Grid

Thirdly, significant difficulties in obtaining fuel (in the vast majority of cases, natural gas)

Conclusion: small-scale energy in Russia has significant potential, which will take time to fully develop

Results

I am sure that power engineers of different "weight" categories should coexist in our country. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses.

And only in cooperation is it possible to obtain effective Energy.

A source of information -

The energy of people consists of two streams. From below, one pillar comes from the earth, and another from above from space. For each person, these threads of energy are individual. They cannot be separated from him.

What is an aura

There is a special apparatus that can photograph the human energy field. Often the latter is called "aura". formed by two streams, twisting around the body. Each of them must go completely freely, passing through seven special centers, "Washing" all the organs and systems of a person, the energy "flows" from the toes and hands. A very important point for health and mental state is unhindered. If in some place there is a stop or inhibition of the flow of energy, then the organs or tissues begin to hurt. If its intake from outer space is covered, then the person experiences depression. Any violation immediately affects our condition. Unfortunately, these crashes happen all the time. They can be caused not only by external influences, but also by any of our negative thoughts. It is also true that only a long-term stoppage of energy flows provokes serious violations. That is, if you hate someone, then you harm not only him, but also yourself.

Negative energy of a person

When a person has failures or misfortunes, the fulfillment of plans is regularly disrupted, then they say that his aura is polluted. This is possible if he has seriously sinned or artificially introduced “black damage” into the field. Human energy is very receptive. The fact is that we constantly communicate with each other.

another at the field level. People may not know each other, not even suspect of their existence, but our auras are constantly interacting. This process involves the exchange of some of our individual energy. Without knowing it, we can pour negative energy into another person. It happens when we feel envy, anger, pity or other emotion towards one or more people. Any thought directed at a person is accompanied by a transfer of energy to him. It happens that negative energy is introduced into the field intentionally (spoilage).

Human Energy Cleansing

In fact, taking care of the cleanliness of the aura in the modern world is just as normal.

procedure like hygiene or healthy lifestyle. The energy of people, due to constant exchange, is subject to some "clogging". That is, we constantly "grab" other people's negative programs. You need to get rid of them regularly. This is done in different ways. Believers purify themselves by prayer and keeping the commandments of the Lord. Esotericists have their own methods. You can also use the services of magicians who specialize in cleaning the field. The best way to preserve the natural purity of the aura is to protect it from negativity. And the best protection is love and a positive attitude. It is known that people who are at the peak of euphoria are very difficult to infect with negativity. He just bounces off them. It’s just that when you fall in love, the energy is so strong that someone else’s “minus” is simply not able to break through it.

So, a person is, in fact, an energy field. The higher and purer his aura, the brighter and calmer his life flows.

Energy is the basis of world civilization. Man is a man only because of his exceptional, unlike all living beings, ability to use and control the energy of nature.

One of the main sources of energy in the modern world is the energy of combustion of petroleum products and natural gas. This energy is widely used in industry and technology, it is based on the use of internal combustion engines of vehicles. Almost all modern modes of transport are operated by the energy of the combustion of liquid hydrocarbons - gasoline or diesel fuel.

Nuclear energy is of great importance for modern life, since the cost of one kilowatt of electricity generated by a nuclear reactor is several times less than when generating a kilowatt of electricity from hydrocarbon raw materials or coal. Atomic energy is also used in space programs and medicine. However, there is a serious danger of using nuclear energy for military or terrorist purposes, therefore, careful control is required over nuclear power facilities, as well as careful handling of reactor elements during its operation.

The civilizational problem of mankind is that the natural reserves of oil, gas, as well as coal, which is also widely used in industry and chemical production, will sooner or later run out. Therefore, the issue of finding alternative energy sources is acute, and a lot of scientific research is being carried out in this direction. Unfortunately, oil and gas companies are not interested in curtailing oil and gas production, since the entire global economy of today is based on this. Nevertheless, someday a solution will be found, otherwise an energy and environmental collapse will be inevitable, which will turn into serious troubles for all of humanity.

Energy- the area of human economic activity, a set of large natural and artificial subsystems that serve to transform, distribute and use energy resources of all kinds. Its purpose is to ensure the production of energy by converting primary, natural energy into secondary, for example, into electrical or thermal energy. In this case, energy production most often occurs in several stages:

Power industry

Traditional electric power industry

Thermal energy

In this industry, electricity is produced at thermal power plants ( TPP), which use the chemical energy of fossil fuels for this. They are divided into:

hydropower

In this industry, electricity is produced by hydroelectric power plants ( hydroelectric power station), using the energy of the water flow for this.

Nuclear energy

Non-traditional power industry

Most areas of non-traditional electric power industry are based on quite traditional principles, but the primary energy in them is either sources of local importance, such as wind, geothermal, or sources that are under development, such as fuel cells or sources that can be used in the future, such as thermonuclear energy. The characteristic features of non-traditional energy are their environmental cleanliness, extremely high capital construction costs (for example, for a solar power plant with a capacity of 1000 MW, it is required to cover an area of about 4 km² with very expensive mirrors) and low unit power. Directions of non-traditional energy:

Fuel cell installations

Electricity of the net

Electrical network- a set of substations, switchgears and transmission lines connecting them, designed for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy. The electrical network provides the possibility of issuing power from power plants, its transmission over a distance, the transformation of electrical parameters (voltage, current) at substations and its distribution over the territory up to direct electrical receivers.

Electrical networks of modern power systems are multistage, that is, electricity undergoes a large number of transformations on the way from sources of electricity to its consumers. Also, modern electrical networks are characterized by multimode, which is understood as a variety of loading of network elements in the daily and annual context, as well as an abundance of modes that occur when various network elements are put into scheduled repair and during their emergency shutdowns. These and other characteristic features of modern electrical networks make their structures and configurations very complex and diverse.

Heat supply

The life of a modern person is associated with the widespread use of not only electrical, but also thermal energy. In order for a person to feel comfortable at home, at work, in any public place, all rooms must be heated and supplied with hot water for domestic purposes. Since this is directly related to human health, in developed countries, suitable temperature conditions in various types of premises are regulated by sanitary rules and standards. Such conditions can be realized in most countries of the world only with a constant supply to the heating object ( heat receiver) a certain amount of heat, which depends on the outdoor temperature, for which hot water is most often used with a final temperature for consumers of about 80-90 ° C. Also, for various technological processes of industrial enterprises, the so-called production steam with a pressure of 1-3 MPa. In the general case, the supply of any object with heat is provided by a system consisting of:

a heat source, such as a boiler room;
heating network, for example from pipelines of hot water or steam;
heat receiver, for example, water heating batteries.

District heating

Combined heat and power plants ( CHP);
Boilers, which are divided into:
- Water heating;
- Steam.

Decentralized heat supply

The heat supply system is called decentralized if the heat source and the heat sink are practically combined, that is, the heat network is either very small or absent. Such heat supply can be individual, when separate heating devices are used in each room, for example, electric ones, or local, for example, building heating using its own small boiler house. Typically, the heat output of such boiler houses does not exceed 1 Gcal / h (1.163 MW). The power of heat sources of individual heat supply is usually quite small and is determined by the needs of their owners. Types of decentralized heating:

Small boiler rooms;
Electrical, which is divided into:
- Direct;
- Accumulation;

Heating network

Heating network- this is a complex engineering and construction structure that serves to transport heat using a coolant, water or steam, from a source, CHP or boiler house, to heat consumers.

Energy fuel

organic fuel

gaseous

natural gas, artificial:

Blast furnace gas;
Oil distillation products;
Underground gasification gas;

Liquid

The natural fuel is oil, the products of its distillation are called artificial:

Solid

Natural fuels are:

Fossil fuel:
Vegetable fuel:
- wood waste;
- Fuel briquettes;

Artificial solid fuels are:

Nuclear fuel

In mines (France, Niger, South Africa);
In open pits (Australia, Namibia);
Underground leaching method (Kazakhstan, USA, Canada, Russia).

Energy systems

Power system (power system)- in a general sense, the totality of energy resources of all types, as well as methods and means for their production, transformation, distribution and use, which ensure the supply of consumers with all types of energy. The energy system includes systems of electric power, oil and gas supply, coal industry, nuclear energy and others. Usually, all these systems are combined nationwide into a single energy system, and across several regions - into unified energy systems. The combination of separate energy supply systems into a single system is also called intersectoral fuel and energy complex, it is due primarily to the interchangeability of various types of energy and energy resources.

Often, the power system in a narrower sense is understood as a set of power plants, electrical and thermal networks that are interconnected and connected by common modes of continuous production processes for the conversion, transmission and distribution of electrical and thermal energy, which allows centralized control of such a system. In the modern world, consumers are supplied with electricity from power plants that may be located near consumers or may be located at considerable distances from them. In both cases, the transmission of electricity is carried out through power lines. However, in the case of remote consumers from the power plant, the transmission has to be carried out at an increased voltage, and step-up and step-down substations must be built between them. Through these substations, with the help of electric lines, the power plants are connected to each other for parallel operation for a common load, also through heating points using heat pipes, only at much shorter distances they connect CHP and boiler houses. The combination of all these elements is called power system, with such a combination, there are significant technical and economic advantages:

significant reduction in the cost of electricity and heat;
a significant increase in the reliability of electricity and heat supply to consumers;
increasing the efficiency of the operation of various types of power plants;
reduction of the required reserve capacity of power plants.

Notes

2017 Key World Energy Statistics(indefinite)(PDF). http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/ 30. IEA (2017).
Under the general editorship of Corr. RAS

Probably everyone paid attention to the division of people according to the degree of success and attractiveness for material wealth. Some can easily create a happy family, while others earn a lot of money without straining. What is most entertaining is that it is much more difficult to find a person who is successful in all areas at once, so that there is happiness in the family and money flows like water. But a lot of individuals complain about success in only one area. As a rule, it is much more difficult to achieve success in another area, and sometimes even impossible. This happens because each of us has the energy of one dominant color. The color of energy depends on what earthly resources we will attract. Each person has one main color in energy, which serves as a magnet for its inherent benefits. However, the same color cannot attract benefits that are not characteristic of it.

What is energy. What determines its color.

What is energy. Primary colors.

Yellow energy is characteristic of individuals who are selfish, self-confident, loving themselves, having high self-esteem, able to enjoy success and believe in good luck. The energy of these people attracts luck, success, money, fame, as well as the good attitude of other people. Yellow energy tends to be in the spotlight and at the peak of success.

Blue energy is characteristic of individuals who are light, creative and sociable. Carriers of blue energy attract ease in business and life. They strive for creative self-realization.

Blue energy is inherent in people who rely on their intellect, think through their actions one step ahead, and have developed logical thinking. Blue energy attracts intellectual work and a well-planned life with a minimum of emotions. People with blue energy are prone to professional growth. They accept only the logical world, while rejecting logically inexplicable information.

What is energy. How to develop it.

Power industry

Traditional electric power industry

Thermal energy

In this industry, electricity is produced at thermal power plants ( TPP), which use the chemical energy of fossil fuels for this. They are divided into:

hydropower

In this industry, electricity is produced by hydroelectric power plants ( hydroelectric power station), using the energy of the water flow for this.

Nuclear energy

The industry in which electricity is produced by nuclear power plants ( nuclear power station), using for this the energy of a controlled nuclear chain reaction, most often uranium and plutonium.

Non-traditional power industry

Most areas of non-traditional electric power industry are based on quite traditional principles, but the primary energy in them is either sources of local importance, such as wind, geothermal, or sources that are under development, such as fuel cells or sources that can be used in the future, such as thermonuclear energy. The characteristic features of non-traditional energy are their environmental friendliness, extremely high capital construction costs (for example, for a solar power plant with a capacity of 1000 MW, it is required to cover an area of about 4 km² with very expensive mirrors) and low unit power. Directions of non-traditional energy:

Fuel cell installations

You can also single out an important concept because of its mass character - small power, this term is not currently generally accepted, along with it the terms local energy, distributed energy, autonomous energy and etc . Most often, this is the name of power plants with a capacity of up to 30 MW with units with a unit capacity of up to 10 MW. These include both the environmentally friendly types of energy listed above, and small fossil fuel power plants, such as diesel power plants (there are an overwhelming majority among small power plants, for example, in Russia - about 96%), gas piston power plants, low-power gas turbine plants running on diesel and gas fuel.

Electricity of the net

Electrical network- a set of substations, distribution devices and transmission lines connecting them, designed for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy. The electrical network provides the possibility of issuing power from power plants, its transmission over a distance, the transformation of electrical parameters (voltage, current) at substations and its distribution over the territory up to direct electrical receivers.

Electrical networks of modern power systems are multistage, that is, electricity undergoes a large number of transformations on the way from sources of electricity to its consumers. Also, modern electrical networks are characterized by multimode, which is understood as a variety of loading of network elements in the daily and annual context, as well as an abundance of modes that occur when various network elements are put into scheduled repair and during their emergency shutdowns. These and other characteristic features of modern power networks make their structures and configurations very complex and diverse.

Heat supply

a heat source, such as a boiler room;
heating network, for example from pipelines of hot water or steam;
heat receiver, for example, water heating batteries.

District heating

Combined heat and power plants ( CHP);
Boiler rooms, which are divided into:
- Water heating;
- Steam.

Decentralized heat supply

Small boiler rooms;
Electrical, which is divided into:
- Direct;
- Accumulation;

Heating network

Heating network- this is a complex engineering and construction structure that serves to transport heat using a coolant, water or steam, from a source, CHP or boiler house, to heat consumers.

Energy fuel

organic fuel

gaseous

natural gas, artificial:

Blast furnace gas;
Oil distillation products;
Underground gasification gas;

Liquid

The natural fuel is oil, the products of its distillation are called artificial:

Solid

Natural fuels are:

Fossil fuel :
Vegetable fuel:
- wood waste;
- Fuel briquettes;

Artificial solid fuels are:

Nuclear fuel

In mines (France, Niger, South Africa);
In open pits (Australia, Namibia);
Underground leaching method (Kazakhstan, USA, Canada, Russia).

Energy systems

Power system (power system)- in a general sense, the totality of energy resources of all types, as well as methods and means for their production, transformation, distribution and use, which ensure the supply of consumers with all types of energy. The energy system includes systems of electric power, oil and gas supply, coal industry, nuclear energy and others. Usually, all these systems are combined nationwide into a single energy system, and across several regions - into unified energy systems. The combination of separate energy supply systems into a single system is also called intersectoral fuel and energy complex, it is due primarily to the interchangeability of various types of energy and energy resources.

Often, the power system in a narrower sense is understood as a set of power plants, electrical and thermal networks that are interconnected and connected by common modes of continuous production processes for the conversion, transmission and distribution of electrical and thermal energy, which allows centralized control of such a system. In the modern world, consumers are supplied with electricity from power plants that may be located near consumers or may be located at considerable distances from them. In both cases, the transmission of electricity is carried out through power lines. However, in the case of remote consumers from the power plant, the transmission has to be carried out at an increased voltage, and step-up and step-down substations must be built between them. Through these substations, with the help of electric lines, the power plants are connected to each other for parallel operation for a common load, also through heating points using heat pipes, only at much shorter distances they connect CHP and boiler houses. The combination of all these elements is called power system, with such a combination, there are significant technical and economic advantages:

significant reduction in the cost of electricity and heat;
a significant increase in the reliability of electricity and heat supply to consumers;
increasing the efficiency of the operation of various types of power plants;
reduction of the required reserve capacity of power plants.

THE BELL

Power industry

Traditional electric power industry

Thermal energy

hydropower

Nuclear energy

Non-traditional power industry

Electricity of the net

Heat supply

District heating

Decentralized heat supply

Heating network

Energy fuel

organic fuel

gaseous

Liquid

Solid

Nuclear fuel

Energy systems

see also

Notes

Energy as a type of human activity

Energy in esotericism

Energy in psychology

A little historical background

Important specialty

Responsibilities of the power engineer

Solving important problems

What a specialist should know

Demand in the labor market

Possible disadvantages

The state of affairs in the domestic energy sector

Problem situation

Alternative option

Energy of sun

wind force

Conclusion

69 000 rub. per kW - the cost of the Sochi CHPP ...

Boris Gryzlov: "The management of RAO UES of Russia pays more attention to paying bonuses to its employees than to developing the industry"

Power failure at the Chagino substation affected Moscow and four regions

A little about low energy

Results

Power industry

Traditional electric power industry

Thermal energy

hydropower

Nuclear energy

Non-traditional power industry

Electricity of the net

Heat supply

District heating

Decentralized heat supply

Heating network

Energy fuel

organic fuel

gaseous

Liquid

Solid

Nuclear fuel

Energy systems

see also

Notes

Power industry

Traditional electric power industry

Thermal energy

hydropower

Nuclear energy

Non-traditional power industry

Electricity of the net

Heat supply

District heating

Decentralized heat supply

Heating network

Energy fuel

organic fuel

gaseous

Liquid

Solid

Nuclear fuel

Energy systems

reminder letter, typical turnover - business speech for civil servants library of Russian textbooks