All documents presented in the catalog are not their official publication and are intended for informational purposes only. Electronic copies of these documents can be distributed without any restrictions. You can post information from this site on any other site.

Foreword

Goals and principles of standardization in Russian Federation established by Federal Law No. 184-FZ "On Technical Regulation" of December 27, 2002, and the rules for the application of national standards of the Russian Federation - GOST R 1.0-2004 "Standardization in the Russian Federation. Basic Provisions»

About the standard

1 DEVELOPED by the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, the Federal State unitary enterprise"Central Order of the Red Banner of Labor Research Automobile and Automotive Institute" (FGUP "NAMI")

2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 56 "Road Transport"

3 APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Order federal agency on technical regulation and metrology dated September 10, 2007 No. 238-st

4 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

Information about changes to this standard is published in the annually published information index "National Standards", and the text of changes and amendments - in the monthly published information indexes " National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, a corresponding notice will be published in the monthly published information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notification and texts are also placed in information system general use - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet

GOST R 52747-2007

NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Introduction date - 2009-01-01

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to anti-skid studs (hereinafter referred to as studs) for studding pneumatic winter tires for automobiles. Vehicle(ATS) categories M, N, O according to GOST R 52051.

2 Normative references

This standard uses normative references to the following standards:

GOST R 52051-2003 Motor vehicles and trailers. Classification and definitions

GOST 2.201-80 Unified system for design documentation. Designation of products and design documents

GOST 2.314-68 Unified system for design documentation. Indication on the drawings of marking and branding of products

GOST 9.301-86 Unified system of protection against corrosion and aging of materials and products. Metallic and non-metallic inorganic coatings. General requirements

GOST 9.302-88 Unified system of protection against corrosion and aging of materials and products. Metallic and non-metallic inorganic coatings. Control methods.

GOST 9.303-84 Unified system of protection against corrosion and aging of materials and products. Metallic and non-metallic inorganic coatings. General selection requirements

GOST 166-89 (ISO 3599-76) Calipers. Specifications

GOST 3882-74 (ISO 513-75) Sintered hard alloys. Stamps

GOST 4754-97 Pneumatic tires for cars, trailers to them, light trucks and buses of especially small capacity. Specifications

GOST 5513-97 Pneumatic tires for trucks, trailers, buses and trolleybuses. Specifications

GOST 13837-79 General purpose dynamometers. Specifications

GOST 15150-69 Machinery, instruments and other technical products. Versions for different climatic regions. Categories, conditions of operation, storage and transportation in terms of the impact of climatic factors of the external sphere

GOST 18321-73 Statistical quality control. Methods for random selection of samples of piece products

GOST 18833-73 Lever-toothed measuring heads. Specifications

GOST 20017-74 (ISO 3738-1-82) Sintered hard alloys. Rockwell hardness method

GOST 23667-85 Non-destructive testing. Ultrasonic flaw detectors. Methods for measuring the main parameters

GOST 29329-92 Scales for static weighing. General technical requirements.

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annually published information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding monthly published information signs published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (modified), then when using this standard, you should be guided by the replacing (modified) standard. If the referenced standard is canceled without replacement, the provision in which the reference to it is given applies to the extent that this reference is not affected.

3 Terms and definitions

In this standard, the following terms are used with their respective definitions:

3.1 winter tire: Tire, rubber and tread pattern specially designed to provide increased grip on icy or snow-covered road surfaces.

3.2 anti-skid spike (spike): A solid, profiled bar consisting of a body and a wear element that is installed in the lug of the tread of a winter tire to increase the grip of the tire on icy or snow-covered road surfaces.

3.3 spike body: The part of the stud that holds the wear element in the tread ledge.

3.4 spike flange: The protrusion of the stud body, which serves to grip the stud with the tread rubber.

3.5 stud wear element: Detail of a stud that interacts directly with the road surface.

3.6 spike length: Distance between the base of the stud and the edge of the wear element of the stud.

3.7 stud scheme: Graphic representation of the locations of studs or holes for them in the tread protrusions of a winter tire.

4 Classification, designation and dimensions

4.1 Spikes are divided into:

a) by appointment:

For car tires

For light truck tires,

For truck tires;

b) by the number of flanges:

One-, two-, three- or more flanges according to the drawing;

c) according to the body material:

metal;

Non-metallic.

Figure 1 - Types of spikes by the number of flanges

4.2 The designation of studs used in design documents must comply with GOST 2.201 or the product designation system established in the automotive industry.

4.3 The symbol for spikes used in correspondence and operational work may have the following structure:

Conventional designation of the stud body material:

C - steel; P - plastic; A - aluminum, K - ceramics.

An example of a symbol for a stud with a diameter of the largest flange of 8 mm, a stud length of 11 mm, the number of flanges 2 and the material of the stud body - steel:

8-11-2C according to GOST R 52747-2007

4.4 The dimensions of the spikes and their purpose must correspond to the drawing and the table.

D- diameter of the largest flange; L- spike length

Figure 2 - Spike dimensions

Table 1 - Dimensions of spikes and their purpose

Largest flange diameterD, mm	Pin assignment 1)	Spike length L, mm
		8-12
	lg	12-15
		10-16
	lg	11-16
		12-20
		10-16
	lg	12-16
		12-24
10,0	lg	10-16
		12-24
11,0		15-30
12,0
13,0
15,0		18-30
16,0
1) For car tires (l), for light truck tires (lg) and for truck tires (g).

5 Technical requirements

5.1 Tires are designed for studding winter pneumatic tires in accordance with GOST 4754 and GOST 5513, subject to studding and operated mainly on icy and snow-covered roads of various categories in all climatic zones at temperatures environment from minus 45 °С to plus 10 °С.

5.2 Studs are manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard for technical documentation(TD), approved in in due course.

5.3 Wear-resistant elements of the stud are made from VK-8 alloy according to GOST 3882 or from a material similar to it in hardness and wear resistance.

5.4 The body of the stud must have a reliable anti-corrosion protection that is resistant to abrasion.

5.5 Sharp edges, cracks, deformations, chips, burrs and mechanical damage are not allowed on the stud body. It is allowed to have a trace from the connector of the press tool (mold), which does not lead the spike beyond the maximum allowable dimensions. Peeling and peeling of the spike coating is not allowed.

5.6 The height of the protrusion of the wear-resistant element of the stud:

- (1.2 ± 0.3) mm - for passenger and light truck tires;

- (2.5 ± 0.3) mm - for truck tires.

5.7 The fastening of the wear-resistant element in the body of the stud must ensure its reliable retention during the entire period of operation.

The holding force of the wear-resistant element in the stud body must be at least:

1000 N (100 kgf) when used in preparing the stud for testing by drilling a hole in the body of the stud;

500 N (50 kgf) when used in preparation of the stud for testing by cutting the body of the stud.

5.8 The stud retention force in the tread rubber must be at least:

150 N (15 kgf) - for passenger tires;

200 N (20 kgf) - for light truck tires;

400 N (40 kgf) - for truck tires.

5.9 The mass of the spike should be, g, not more than:

2.4 - for passenger tires;

5.0 - for light truck tires;

8.0 - for truck tires.

5.10 Marking

5.10.1 Studs must be marked with the following data:

International vehicle component manufacturer identification code (WPMI code) or company name, or trademark registered in the prescribed manner;

Drawing designation of spikes;

Number and date of the conformity document;

Service Acceptance Mark technical control manufacturer (STK).

5.11 Studs are packed according to the manufacturer's design documentation.

6 Acceptance rules

6.1 Spikes for compliance with the requirements of this standard are subjected to verification by STK; periodic and type tests.

6.2 STK accepts spikes in batches. A batch is considered to be spikes of the same designation in quantity: for cars from 14,000 to 140,000 pieces, for trucks from 5,000 to 50,000 pieces, accompanied by one quality document containing:

Designation, name and number of products in the batch;

Batch number;

Date of manufacture (month, year);

6.2.1 When checking, STK subjects to selective control: dimensions, appearance (presence of chips, chipping, cracks and deformations), the presence of a protective coating, the holding force of the wear-resistant element, the holding force of the stud in the tread rubber, the body material, the material of the wear-resistant element.

6.2.2 Upon receipt of unsatisfactory test results during selective control for at least one of the indicators, the STK conducts repeated tests on it on a double sample.

The retest results apply to the entire lot.

6.3 Studs that have passed STK control are subjected to periodic tests.

6.3.1 Periodic tests are carried out by the manufacturer at least once a quarter in terms of appearance, dimensions, holding force of the wear-resistant element, protective coating, body material and material of the wear-resistant element.

6.3.2 The selection of studs for testing should be carried out by the “scattering” method in accordance with GOST 18321 from the batch accepted by STK.

6.3.3 Verification appearance stud bodies are carried out on studs that make up at least 0.1% of the batch, but not less than 200 pcs.

6.3.4 Checking the dimensions of the studs is carried out on studs that make up at least 0.01% of the lot, but not less than 20 pcs.

6.3.5 Among the studs subjected to external inspection and dimensional verification, there should not be more than 3% of studs that do not meet the requirements of the manufacturer's design documentation.

6.3.6 To check the retention force of the wear-resistant element in the body of the stud, 10 studs are selected from the batch, which have been checked for appearance and for compliance with the dimensions of the design documentation.

6.3.7 In case of unsatisfactory test results in terms of appearance, verification of dimensions and quality of pressing the wear-resistant element into the body of the stud, a re-test should be carried out on a double number of samples from the same batch.

When re-checking, in case of a discrepancy between the appearance and dimensions of the stud for more than 3% of the studs and the quality of pressing the wear-resistant element into the body of the stud for more than 10% of the studs, the batch is rejected.

6.3.8 A batch is considered valid if at least 90% of the studs that have passed the tests meet the established requirements.

6.3.9 In case of unsatisfactory results of repeated periodic tests for any indicator, this indicator is checked upon acceptance of the STK until positive results are obtained on three batches of studs in a row.

6.3.10 If the spikes did not pass the tests, the shipment of the spikes is suspended until the causes of defects are identified and eliminated.

6.4 Type tests are carried out when changing the design, materials and technological processes, if they can affect the performance properties of the studs. Tests are carried out on at least 100 spikes.

7 Test methods

7.1 Checking the appearance of the stud coating is carried out by visual inspection in comparison with the control sample and the requirements of the design documentation.

7.2 The dimensions of the spikes are determined with a caliper according to GOST 166, a depth gauge according to GOST 18833 and special gauges or templates that provide the necessary accuracy. as the arithmetic mean of 20 spikes. The spikes are stored in the manufacturer's packaging.

9 Instructions for use

9.1 The operation of studs must comply with the rules for the operation of studded tires approved in the prescribed manner by the tire manufacturer.

10 Manufacturer's warranty

10.1 The manufacturer guarantees the reliable operation of the spikes for 12 months. from the moment the studs are installed in the tire or the studded tire is sold within the warranty period of the tyre.

10.2 Warranty period of storage of spikes - 12 months. since their sale.

Annex A

(mandatory)

Determination of the retention force of the wear-resistant element in the body of the stud

A.1 Essence of the method

The method is based on extrusion of a wear-resistant element from the stud body.

A.2 Equipment and fixtures

Press of any type, providing a maximum force of at least 5000 N (500 kgf) and a non-metallic stand.

A.3 Test procedure

The spikes selected for testing are cut in accordance with the figure.

Figure A.1 - Section line

In the cut plane A-A, a hole appears for the tenon element according to the figure. It is allowed to prepare the studs by drilling a hole in the stud body. The selected samples are prepared according to the figure. B.1.

Figure B. 1 - Stud body without wear element

B.2 The prepared stud body is pressed into the protrusion of the tire tread mounted on a suspended wheel. The tire is inflated to nominal pressure.

The tire is held for at least 12 hours at an ambient temperature of at least 15 °C.

A hook is screwed into the stud body, which provides a rigid connection between the stud body and the dynamometer along GOST 13837 , having a maximum force of up to 1000 N (100 kgf).

Loads are hung sequentially through 0.1 N (1 kgf). After each stage of loading, a relaxation time of 10 s is given.

At the moment the stud comes out of the tire tread ledge, the load is fixed on the dynamometer, which determines the stud holding force.

The scheme of the test setup is shown in the figure.

1 - protrusion of the tire tread; 2 - spike body; 3 - hook; 4 - dynamometer; 5 - weights, 6 - stand

Figure B.2 - Diagram of a test setup for determining the holding force of a stud in a tire tread ledge

Keywords: anti-skid spikes, automobile vehicles, winter tires, pneumatic tires, studding

GOST 4.494-94 System of indicators of product quality. Tires for off-road quarry vehicles, tractors, construction, road, handling, mining and agricultural machines. Nomenclature of indicators.

This standard establishes a range of quality indicators for tires for off-road mining vehicles, tractors, construction, road, material handling, mining and agricultural machines.

GOST 4750-89 Pneumatic tires for bicycles. Specifications.

Pneumatic tires (tires, tubes and rim tapes) black and colored for road, sports and touring, children's bicycles and light mopeds, designed for use on roads of various categories in areas with a temperate climate at temperatures from minus 10 to plus 45 degrees C.

GOST 4754-80 Pneumatic tires for cars. Specifications.

This standard applies to tires (tires and tubes) for cars, light trucks, minibuses and trailers for these vehicles, intended for operation in all climatic zones at temperatures from minus 45 to plus 55 degrees. With and for export. The technical level indicators established by this standard are provided for the highest and first quality categories.
1. Types, basic parameters and dimensions
2. Technical requirements
3. Completeness
4. Acceptance rules
5. Test methods
6. Marking, packaging, transportation, operation and storage
7. Manufacturer's warranties.

GOST 4754-97 Pneumatic tires for cars, trailers for them, light trucks and buses of extra small capacity. Specifications.

This standard applies to pneumatic tires for vehicles of categories M1, O1, O2 and pneumatic tires with a load index<=121 для транспортных средств различных категорий во всех климатеческих зонах при температуре окружающей среды от минус 45 до плюс 55 град. Цельсия (шины с зимним рисунком протектора – до 10 град. С) и для экспорта.

GOST 5513-86 Pneumatic tires for trucks, trailers, buses and trolleybuses. Specifications.

This standard applies to pneumatic tires (tyres, tube and rim tape) for trucks, trailers, buses and trolleybuses intended for operation on roads of various categories at ambient temperatures up to minus 45 degrees. C. This standard does not apply to tires with adjustable pressure, as well as tires specially designed for use in mines, mines and other special operating conditions.

GOST 5513-97 Pneumatic tires for trucks, trailers, buses and trolleybuses. Specifications.

This standard applies to pneumatic tires for trucks, trailers for them, buses and trolleybuses intended for operation on roads of various categories at an ambient temperature of up to minus 45 degrees. C (tires with a winter pattern - up to plus 10 degrees C). This standard does not apply to tires with adjustable pressure, as well as tires specially designed for use in mines, mines and other special operating conditions.

GOST 5652-89 Pneumatic tires for motorcycles, sidecars, scooters and mopeds. Specifications.

This standard applies to pneumatic tires(tires, tubes, rim tapes) for road bikes, sidecars, motor scooters and mopeds intended for operation on roads of various categories in areas with a temperate climate at an ambient temperature of minus 45 degrees. up to plus 45 deg.S.

GOST 5883-89 Tires are massive rubber. Specifications.

This standard applies to massive tires for floor trackless electrified vehicles, trucks, mobile equipment and other vehicles and systems manufactured for the needs of the national economy and export.

GOST 7463-89 Pneumatic tires for tractors and agricultural machines. Specifications.

This standard applies to pneumatic tires (tires, tubes, rim tapes) for tractors, self-propelled chassis, tractor trailers and agricultural machines intended for work in agricultural production.

GOST 8430-85 Pneumatic tires for construction, road, handling and mining machines. Specifications.

This standard applies to pneumatic diagonal tires (tires, tubes, rim tapes) for construction, road, hoisting and transport and mine (mine) machines and trailers (semi-trailers)-heavy trucks intended for operation at ambient temperatures from minus 50 to plus 45 deg.S.

GOST 12715-95 Terrain tires and rims. Part 2. Loads and internal pressures.

This International Standard specifies loads and inflation pressures for conventional and wide profile off-road tyres, as well as determinations of masses and load cycles.

GOST 13298-90 Tires with adjustable pressure. Specifications

This standard applies to pneumatic tires with adjustable pressure, designed for use on off-road vehicles mainly in off-road conditions, on soft soils, as well as on roads of all categories in all climatic zones at ambient temperatures from minus 60 to plus 55 degrees. FROM.

GOST 17394-79 Wide profile tires with adjustable pressure. Basic parameters and dimensions.

This standard applies to wide-section tires with adjustable pressure diagonal (chamber and tubeless) for new off-road vehicles and other machines operated mainly in off-road conditions and on soft soils, and establishes the main parameters, dimensions and performance of tires. The standard does not apply to tires specially designed for work in mines, mines, quarries, logging, and tires designed and in production before 07/01/80.

GOST 20993-75 Pneumatic radial tires for cars. Basic parameters and dimensions.

This standard applies to radial tubeless (Tubeless) and chamber (Tube Tire) pneumatic tires for passenger cars and their trailers and establishes the main parameters and dimensions.

GOST 22374-77 Tires are pneumatic. Design. Terms and Definitions.

The standard establishes terms and definitions of basic concepts used in science, technology and industry in the field of pneumatic tire construction. The terms established by this standard are mandatory for use in all types of documentation (including unified documentation systems, all-Union classifiers of technical and economic information, thesauri and descriptor dictionaries), scientific, technical, educational and reference literature. The above definitions can, if necessary, be changed in the form of presentation, without violating the boundaries of concepts.

GOST 23834-89 Pneumatic tires for sports bikes. Specifications.

GOST 24567-81 Tires are pneumatic. Method for measuring the effective running circle in road tests.

This International Standard specifies a method for measuring the effective running circumference of pneumatic tires for all types of land vehicles.

GOST 24779-81 Tires are pneumatic. Packing, transportation, storage

This standard establishes rules and regulations governing the packaging, transportation and storage of pneumatic tires (tires, tubes and rim tapes) for various purposes. The standard does not apply to aircraft tires and tires for special purposes, as well as tires stored in state reserves.

GOST 24985-81 Tires with adjustable pressure. Basic parameters and dimensions.

GOST 25304-88 Tires pneumatic diagonal industrial. Basic parameters, dimensions, marking, packaging, transportation and storage.

GOST 25641.1-94 Tires (series with ply rating marking) and rims for agricultural tractors and machines. Tire designations and sizes.

GOST 25641.2-94 Tires (series with ply rating marking) and rims for agricultural tractors and machines. Normal tire loads.

GOST 25692-83 Tires are pneumatic. Method for determining the static imbalance of a tire.

GOST 26000-83 Tires are pneumatic. Method for determining the main dimensions.

GOST 26585-85 Large pneumatic tires for off-road mining vehicles. Specifications.

This standard applies to pneumatic diagopal tube and tubeless tires for off-road mining vehicles with a load capacity of at least 27 tons, intended for operation at ambient temperatures from minus 55 to plus 45 degrees C.

GOST 27704-88 Tires are pneumatic. Rules for preparing tires for bench tests.

This standard applies to pneumatic tires and specifies the rules for preparing tires for bench testing. This International Standard does not apply to oversized and specialty pneumatic tires and does not prescribe quality control rules included in technological process tire manufacturing and acceptance testing.

GOST 28169-89 Tires are pneumatic. Methods for determining the wear resistance of tires during road tests.

This International Standard applies to pneumatic tires used on the axles of passenger cars, semi-trucks, trucks and buses and specifies a method for accelerating road tests to compare wear resistance under road conditions typical of areas of possible operation.

GOST 28630-90 Tires are massive. Terms and Definitions.

GOST 28727-90 Tires and rims for motorcycles (series with code designation). Part 1. Tires.

GOST 28728-90 Tires and rims for motorcycles (series with code designation). Part 2. Calculation of the load on the tire.

GOST 28837-90 Tires and rims for trucks and buses (metric series). Part 1. Pneumatic tires.

GOST 29217-91 Tires and rims for mopeds. Part 1. Pneumatic tires.

GOST 29218-91 Tires and rims for motorcycles (coded series). Diameter codes from 4 to 12. Part 1. Pneumatic tires.

GOST R ISO 3324/2-93 Aviation tires. Tire testing methods.

This International Standard specifies test methods for new and retread tires for civil aircraft. Tires are divided into two groups: low-speed - operated at ground speeds up to 192 km / h inclusive; high-speed - operated at ground speeds above 192 km / h.

GOST ED1 4750-79 Tires pneumatic for bicycles. Specifications. (replaced)

GOST ED1 4750-90 Tires pneumatic for bicycles. Specifications.

GOST 12715-83 Tires pneumatic diagonal for heavy vehicles, construction, road and hoisting-and-transport machines. Basic parameters and dimensions.

GOST ED1 5652-89 Pneumatic tires for motorcycles, sidecars, scooters and mopeds. Specifications.

GOST 30225-94 Tires (series with ply rating marking) and rims for agricultural tractors and machines. Skidder tires.

This standard establishes the designations, dimensions, applicability of rims, operating conditions of tires for skidders of a diagonal design with marking of the ply rate.

GOST 30191-96 Tires of driving wheels of agricultural tractors. Tires with performance markings (load index, speed symbol). Basic parameters and dimensions.

This standard establishes the marking, dimensions, nominal loads and recommended speeds for tires driving wheels of agricultural tractors with operational markings (load index and speed symbol), on the basis of which specific tire models are designed for newly developed and modernized equipment. This standard applies to radial tires in the speed categories 30 km/h (speed symbol A6) and 40 km/h (speed symbol A8).

GOST 30238.1-96 Tires and rims (metric series) for agricultural tractors and machines. Designation, dimensions and marking of tires.

This International Standard specifies the designation, sizing and marking of metric tire series for agricultural tractors and machines, on the basis of which specific tire models are designed. This standard applies to belted bias, bias and radial tires mounted on rims with a 5 degree conical flange.

GOST 30238.2-98 Tires and rims (metric series) for agricultural tractors and machines. Operating characteristics and rated loads.

This International Standard specifies operating conditions, tire load ratings and recommended inflation pressures. This standard applies to belted bias, bias and radial tires mounted on rims with a 5 degree conical flange.

GOST R 51893-2002 Tires are pneumatic. General technical safety requirements.

This standard applies to a group of homogeneous products - pneumatic tires for cars, light trucks and trucks, trailers for them, buses (including extra small capacity) and trolleybuses - and establishes indicators that characterize product safety and are subject to mandatory inclusion in all types of documentation. for which tires are made. The standard does not apply to tires with adjustable pressure, for tractors and agricultural machines, heavy vehicles, construction, road and lifting and transport machines, motorcycles and bicycles, as well as tires designed to work in mines, mines, quarries and other special operating conditions. .

TU 23.4.812-76 Fitting for pumping air into car tires.

TU 38-104.ED1.31-88

TU 38-104-ED1.51-81 Atmospheric pressure tires.

TU 38.004ED1.107-88

TU 38.104ED1-176-86 Pneumatic tires 1100X400-533 MOD.0-47A and 370-508 (14.00-20) mod.OI-25.

TU 38-304-08-30-92 Pneumatic tires 8.25R20 model KI-55A, 8.25R0 model KI-111 for trucks and trailers.

TU 38-304-08-34-92 Pneumatic tires 9.00-20 model VI-244A NS 14; 12.00-20 model VI-243A NS 18; 12.00-20; models M-93 NS 8; 8.25R20 model KI-111 NS 14; 4.00-10С model K-96 NS 4.

TU 38-304-13-07-93 Tires are massive bandless with a conical base.

TU 38-304-14-164-90 Pneumatic tires 13.6R38 model Ya-261 and 8.25-15 model I-83.

TU 38-304-14-188-90 Tires are arched tubeless.

TU 38-404-29-31-91 Pneumatic tires 18x 7-8 model F-65 7.00-12 model VF-211

TU 38-404-29-41-91 Tires massive highly elastic type "superelastic" 6.50-10 MVE model F-184; 7.00-12 MVE model F-183.

TU 38-404-29-55-92 Solid cast tires with through channels 5.00L-12, model F-232, 5.00L-12, model F-233.

TU 38-604-03-85-91 Tires pneumatic 175/70R13 model IN-251Bel.

TU 38-604-12-33-88 Tires pneumatic for sports bicycles.

TU 38-604-17-21-90 Tires pneumatic 12.00R20 (320R508) of the BCI-150A model.

TU 38.004107-87 Pneumatic tires for military vehicles.

TU 38-004255-86 Pneumatic tires for trucks, trailers, buses, trolleybuses and tires with adjustable pressure. Technical requirements for products intended for export to countries with severe climatic conditions.

TU 38.004353-85 Tires pneumatic 245/78-15 of the i-240 model.

TU 38 004357-86 Pneumatic tires for trucks and trailers, designed for export to countries with severe operating conditions and domestic deliveries.

TU 38.10412-85 Pneumatic tires for transport systems for special purposes.

TU 38-10418-80 Aircraft tires for ground works.

TU 38-10424-77 Tires are pneumatic 280-20. Model I-145.

TU 38.10430-86 Pneumatic tubeless tires 205/70R14 equipped with tubes.

TU 38.10431-86 Pneumatic radial tires with metal cord breaker 175/80R13.

TU 38.10442-87 Pneumatic tires 27.00-49 Models FT-115, 33.00-51 Models FT-116, 40.00-57 Models FT-117 are tubeless.

TU 38-ED1-10442-89 Pneumatic tires 27.00-49 Models FT-115, 33.00-51 Models FT-116 are tubeless.

TU 38-10451-81 Atmospheric pressure tires.

TU 38-10456-87 Pneumatic radial tires with metal cord breaker 165/80R14 model MI-180.

TU 38.10461-87 Pneumatic tires 9.00R20 (260R508) model I-N142B-1.

TU 38.10463-87 Pneumatic tires 8.25-20 (240-508) model IK-6AM-1 produced by Omskshina.

TU 38.10468-87 Pneumatic tires 10.00R20 (280R508). Model i-73A-1.

TU 38-10477-92 Tires pneumatic radial 10.00R20 I-281, U-4.

TU 38.10478-87 Pneumatic radial tires 12.00R20 (320R508) U-4, ID-304 ns 16.

TU 38-10482-88 Tires pneumatic radial 11.00R20 (300R508) i-306, KR-1.

TU 38.10491-87 Pneumatic tires 6.25-10 Models V-97A 6.00-13 Models V-98A.

TU 38.104100-87 Tires pneumatic 155/70Р13 of the EX-85 model.

TU 38-104107-83 Pneumatic tires 15.00-20 Ya-190 models.

TU 38-104108-87 Pneumatic tires 8.40-15 Model Ya-245-1.

TU 38.104114-88 Pneumatic tires 9.00-20(260-508) UD-1 mod.VI-224-1 manufactured by Omskshina.

TU 38-104121-88 Tires pneumatic 135/80P12.

" onclick="window.open(this.href," win2 return false > Print

A car tire is a rubber elastic shell that is mounted on a disc rim. It is she who is in direct contact with the surface of the roadway and is directly designed to reduce small fluctuations on the roads, as well as to compensate for flaws in the trajectory of the wheels. During operation, it is subjected to heavy loads of a diverse nature, therefore it naturally has its own service life, which is influenced by a number of factors.

Expiration date of tires according to GOST

Best before date– the period during which the company guarantees the possibility of using the product for its intended purpose and bears full responsibility for defects that arose through its fault.

When buying tires, you need to look so that no more than three years have passed from the moment of production. The date of manufacture and any other information is very easy to find out, it is listed on among the general information about dimensions, design, speed and load ratings.

Tire production date

Russian legislation establishes the service life of car tires under warranty according to GOST 4754-97 and GOST 5513- 5 years from the date of manufacture, but for tires, first of all, the main indicator is the quality of the product, and not the time of its use.

According to GOST, the average shelf life of tires must be calculated in this order:

• ZR. This is how high-speed options are designated, these products can be used at speeds over 240 kilometers per hour. The product must fully retain its properties for 6 years.
• H - used at a maximum speed of 210 kilometers per hour, serve up to 5 years.
• S- maximum speed- 180 kilometers per hour. Can be used up to 4-5 years.

Experts recommend replacing tires before they reach their expiration date. Some motorists believe that if rubber is rarely used, while its age is already 5-6 years old, but this is an erroneous opinion! Indeed, due to the fact that defects appear in tires during operation and storage, they are associated with its oxidation and cracking - at a critical moment, it can let you down.

Tire shelf life

Shelf life- a certain period during which the goods, subject to established rules storage and operation must retain all its properties. If the storage period has expired, this does not mean at all that the product is unsuitable for use, but it specifications may decrease.

Tires can age through physical and chemical processes, this hypothesis applies to tires that are not used or little used. To prevent the aging process itself, special substances are added to the rubber compound that help counteract harmful chemical compounds with oxygen and ozone. Doing so will ensure that, when stored properly, the tire will meet the definition of a new tyre.

It should be noted that the warranty the shelf life is not the service life. The storage period for five years is set, not because the tire will deteriorate after that, but because, according to the law, the manufacturer does not have the right to establish a shorter warranty period, which is protection for the end user.

In recent years, many American experts believe that the shelf life and operation car tires should be limited to 10 years. In turn, German experts believe that the expiration date of tires should be limited to 6 years, this also applies to new tires.

Rules and regulations for the storage of pneumatic tires in accordance with GOST 24779-81:

1. Packaging, transportation and specially equipped storage areas must prevent oxygen, light, heat, ozone, organic solvents, mineral oils, lubricants, fuels, acids and alkalis from attacking tires.
2. Busbars should not come into contact with copper or corrosive substances, nor should they be loaded, kinked, or supported with sharp, uneven surfaces.
3. If you store tires in a dark, dry and cool room, then their aging will be significantly slowed down, and vice versa, if the room is humid and there are temperature fluctuations, then the aging process is accelerated.
4. Tires that are intended for repair and retreading should be well washed and dried.
5. Tires should be stored at a temperature not higher than 35 °C and not lower than 25 °C. Avoid direct contact with a heat source, do not leave in direct sunlight at a humidity of less than 80%.
6. If tires are stored outdoors, they should be covered with an opaque waterproof cover and raised off the ground to ensure adequate ventilation to prevent the formation of a steam bath.
7. It is strictly forbidden to store tires on a wet, greasy/oily surface contaminated with gasoline or oil products.
8. So it is not advisable to keep them near heat sources or near open flames.
9. Do not store tires on reflective surfaces (such as snow, sand) or heat-absorbing surfaces (such as black asphalt).
10. It is not recommended to store tires near an electric motor or with other sources of ozone. The level should not exceed 0.08 ppm.
11. Do not store tires near chemicals, solvents, fuels, carbohydrate oils, paints, acids, disinfectants.
12. Do not use the rail as a work surface or tool rack. Do not put a burning cigarette on tires.

Well-known brands of imported tires, such as: Bridgestone, Michelin, Goodyear and Dunlop serve up to 10 years or more from the date of manufacture, this period is considered generally accepted throughout the world. But the general expiration date and storage in the warehouse, from the date of issue, tires Continental is not more than 5 years.

Although, as we have already figured out, the storage conditions of tires mean a lot, not only new ones, but also those that were removed from the car until the next season. For example, nokian tire expiration date ranges from 3-5 years, subject to verification at least 1 time per year, after 5 years of use.

Unfortunately, the legislation does not establish the permissible shelf life of tires in a warehouse, but experts believe that a tire that has lain there for about 5 years is still equal to a new one.

Tire life and operation

Lifespan of car tires- this is the period during which the manufacturer gives a guarantee for the tires and is fully responsible for any defects that will be detected during their operation. According to manufacturers, tires should last at least ten years, although in practice they have to be replaced approximately every 5-6 years, in some cases even less.

Factors that affect tire life

There are many different factors that affect tire wear, the main ones are listed below:

1. From the vehicle and its carrying capacity: what is the maximum load the car can carry and whether your tires can withstand it (shows). Please note that depending on this parameter, there are certain norms for the mileage of car tires on the roadway:
   • For passenger cars: carrying capacity up to 2 tons, mileage 45 thousand kilometers.
   • For trucks: carrying capacity from 2 to 4 tons, 60 thousand kilometers.
   • Trucks with a carrying capacity of over 4 tons - from 65 to 70 thousand kilometers.
2. Depending on tire size. Tires with a low profile most often tap on the disc on the stones, and therefore serve less. If the tires are wide, then the friction increases when cornering, especially in winter.
3. Driver's driving style. The tire wears out quickly if the motorist often uses a sharp brake or, on the contrary, accelerates quickly.
4. Road condition that you drive every day.
5. From distance, which you pass and frequency of use.
6. Tire quality plays very important role for example, rubber made in China is short-lived, while rubber from well-known brands will last much longer. It is known that the service life of Chinese rubber is about two seasons, and branded rubber can last about seven years. When choosing tires, you need to pay attention to the manufacturer, because fakes are often sold under well-known brands.
7. Various mechanical damage, such as cuts, bumps after impacts, deformation after emergency braking, accidents, etc.

Next, we will consider in more detail the instructions for certain actions that need to be performed in case of wear on car tires.

How to understand that the service life of car tires is over

When diagnosing tires, in addition to without fail you need to pay attention to, there are also other equally important factors indicating the end of the service life.

In order to determine when the life of car tires ends during a detailed inspection, you need to pay attention to the following points:

1. If you notice that tire tread worn down to the level of the jumpers between the tread, it means that the tire has reached the end of its useful life. The degree of wear can be determined by eye or with the help of tools. On the outside, the tire surface has numbers with different depths, so you can easily determine the degree of wear. In order to measure the tread height, you can use a ruler with a special depth gauge. For summer tires, this parameter should be equal to more than 1.6 mm, in turn, for winter tires - more than 4 mm. If these parameters are less, then it is necessary to replace the tires. When the wear is uneven, then measurements should be taken in the area where the wear is most visible. Otherwise, if the tread edge is worn on only one side, then it means that it was broken.
2. Small cracks on the side on tires indicate the aging of rubber and warn of replacement, while deep cuts require immediate replacement.
3. If there is swelling on the side of the tires - "hernia", then this means that the threads of the cord layer have broken, in this case the tires must also be changed immediately. Also, such “hernias” can appear on the inside of the wheel, so you need to be extremely careful and inspect in time.
4. If a tire wear on the outside it is much larger than in the central part, then this may mean that the tires did not have enough pressure, if everything is vice versa, they are more worn out in the center, and less along the outer edges, then there was an excess of pressure.

When any defects were noticed in the tires, it is recommended to carry out a replacement, and not a rescue restoration, in order to somehow extend the period of use.

To prolong the life of your tires, you need to periodically check them.

How to extend the life of tires

In order for your tires to be more durable, you need to follow certain rules of use:

1. If there are no obvious air leaks, you need to check the tire pressure every 2-3 weeks of operation. This is because uneven tire pressure results in uneven tread wear. If by 10%, then this can lead to a 10-15% reduction in tire life. If the pressure is increased, then the wear also increases, but 2 times less than in the reduced one.
   

Since there is always more wear on the front (driving) wheels, then every 10-15 times. thousand or at the time of changing seasonal tires, it is advisable to change it in places.



Changing front tires to rear



Scheme of permutation of 5 car wheels

Please note that although there are tires with directional and non-directional patterns, you still cannot change the direction of rotation of the wheel. And in the second option, the front wheels must be reboarded before being installed back.

It is necessary to check whether the tires are correctly installed in relation to the rims, which is usually indicated on the sidewalls of the tires, this is important, since when the tires rotate in the opposite direction to the design, all their performance will be significantly reduced in all modes of operation of the car.



Non-directional tire replacement scheme



Shift scheme for all-wheel drive cars

2. If you bought new studded tires, then first, they need to be run in the first 500 km while avoiding sharp turns, braking and acceleration, then the tires will last much longer and will have the correct fit.
3. It is best to buy and install tires on all wheels from the same manufacturer and with the same pattern.
4. Follow all rules for storing removed tires.
5. It is important to regularly wash off the dirt from the tires with special care products, while paying attention to the fact that after washing off the products they do not remain in the tread grooves.
6. To keep their appearance you need to use special means maintenance: tire conditioner, conditioner-cleaner, tire color restorer.
7. It is necessary to avoid close access to the curb or other ledges so as not to damage the thin side of the tire.
8. If you are going on a long trip, it is better to increase the inflation pressure in the tires, this will save fuel and reduce heat generation.
9. Try to maintain a moderate driving style.
10. No need to load the car, at 20% overload, the service life is reduced by 30%.
11. Avoid sharp obstacles, because tire fractures can contribute to the destruction of the cord layer under the tread.
12. Check the wheel alignment once a year. Also this operation must be carried out after repair of the steering gear, replacement of joints, as well as after strong impacts that can deform elements in the chassis.

    

13. Follow the wheel balancing, it should be carried out after about 10,000-15,000 km or after each repair with tire removal.

Experts recommend regularly checking the condition of your tires and the degree of tread wear. After all, it is much more profitable to fix a malfunction in the early stages than to change all the rubber later. It must be remembered that proper and timely tire care is your safety and guarantee of the durability of your rubber.

Put into effect by order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated May 30, 2016 N 437-st

Interstate standard GOST 33672-2015

"AUTOMOBILE VEHICLES. ANTI-SKID STUDS. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS"

motor vehicles. Antiskid studs. Technical requirements and test methods

Introduced for the first time

Foreword

The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for the development, adoption, application, renewal and cancellation

About the standard

1 Developed by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Central Order of the Red Banner of Labor Research Automobile and Automotive Institute" NAMI "(FSUE" NAMI ")

2 Introduced by the Interstate Technical Committee for Standardization MTK 56 "Road Transport"

3 Adopted by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Minutes of December 10, 2015 N 48-2015)

4 By order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated May 30, 2016 N 437-st, the interstate standard GOST 33672-2015 was put into effect as the national standard of the Russian Federation from April 1, 2017.

5 First introduced

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to anti-skid studs (hereinafter referred to as studs) for studding pneumatic winter tires of motor vehicles (hereinafter referred to as ATS) of categories M, N, O according to the Consolidated Resolution.

2 Normative references

This standard uses normative references to the following interstate standards:

GOST 2.201-80 Unified system for design documentation. Designation of products and design documents

GOST 2.314-68 Unified system for design documentation. Indication on the drawings of marking and branding of products

GOST 9.301-86 Unified system of protection against corrosion and aging. Metallic and non-metallic inorganic coatings. General requirements

GOST 9.302-88 Unified system of protection against corrosion and aging. Metallic and non-metallic inorganic coatings. Control methods

GOST 9.303-84 Unified system of protection against corrosion and aging. Metallic and non-metallic inorganic coatings. General selection requirements

GOST 577-68 Dial gauges with division value 0.01 mm. Specifications

GOST 3882-74 (ISO 513-75) Sintered hard alloys. Stamps

GOST 4754-97 Pneumatic tires for cars, trailers for them, light trucks and buses of extra small capacity. Specifications

GOST 5513-97 Pneumatic tires for trucks, trailers, buses and trolleybuses. Specifications

GOST 6507-90 Micrometers. Specifications

GOST 18321-73 Statistical quality control. Methods for random selection of samples of piece products

GOST 18833-73 Lever-toothed measuring heads. Specifications

GOST 20017-74 (ISO 3738-1-82) Sintered hard alloys. Rockwell hardness method

GOST 23667-85 Non-destructive testing. Ultrasonic flaw detectors. Methods for measuring the main parameters

GOST 29329-92 Scales for static weighing. General technical requirements

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annual information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and on issues of the monthly information index "National Standards" for this year. If the reference standard is replaced (modified), then when using this standard, you should be guided by the replacing (modified) standard. If the referenced standard is canceled without replacement, the provision in which the reference to it is given applies to the extent that this reference is not affected.

3 Terms and definitions

In this standard, the following terms are used with their respective definitions:

3.1 protrusion of the stud wear normal distance from the surface of the body of the stud, on the side of the installation of the wear element, to the maximum protrusion of the wear element.

3.2 spike length: largest size stud along its axis, perpendicular to the stud flange.

3.3 winter tyre: An automobile tire whose tread pattern, tread material or construction is specifically designed to provide increased grip on icy or snow-covered road surfaces.

3.4 stud wear part of the stud that interacts directly with the road surface.

3.5 stud body part of the stud that holds the wear element in the tread of a tire

3.7 holding force of the wear element in the stud body

3.8 stud retention force in the tire tread: The force directed along the stud axis, which ensures a fixed connection of the stud body relative to the tire tread element in which it is installed (without taking into account the elastic deformation of the tire tire material).

3.9 stud pattern: A graphic representation of the locations of studs or holes for them in the tread elements of a winter tire.

3.10 stud flange element of the stud housing that serves to hold the stud in the tread of a tire

3.11 anti-skid stud (stud): A solid profiled rod, consisting of a body and a wear-resistant element, and installed in the tread element of a winter tire to increase tire grip on an icy or snow-covered road surface.

3.12 tire tread element part of the tire tread formed by its pattern

4 Classification, designation and dimensions

4.1 Spikes are divided into:

a) by appointment:

L - for passenger tires;

Lg - for light truck tires;

G - for truck tires;

b) by the number of flanges:

One-, two-, three- or more flanges in accordance with Figure 1;

c) according to the body material:

metal;

non-metallic;

Combined.

Figure 1 - Types of spikes by the number of flanges

4.2 The designation of studs used in the design documentation (hereinafter - CD), approved in the prescribed manner, must comply with GOST 2.201 or the product designation system established in the automotive industry.

4.3 The symbol for studs, used, for example, in instructions for studs, in correspondence, may have the following structure:

Conventional designation of the stud body material:

C - steel; P - plastic; A - aluminum; K - ceramics.

An example of a symbol for a stud with a diameter of the largest flange of 8 mm, for light trucks, with a stud length of 12 mm, the number of flanges 2 and the material of the combined stud body - steel + plastic

8lg-12-2S+P according to GOST ________________.

5 Technical requirements

5.1 The studs are designed for studding winter pneumatic tires that have characteristics in accordance with GOST 4754, GOST 5513 and standards * (1) in force on the territory of the Member States Customs Union designed for operation mainly on icy and snow-covered roads of various categories in all climatic zones.

5.2 Studs are manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this DD standard.

5.3 The wear-resistant elements of the stud are made from VK-8 alloy according to GOST 3882 or from a material similar to it in hardness and bending strength.

5.4 The body of the steel spike must have reliable anti-corrosion protection in accordance with GOST 9.301 and GOST 9.303, which prevents corrosion during storage and transportation.

5.5 Sharp edges, cracks, deformations, chips, burrs and mechanical damage are not allowed on the stud body. It is allowed to have a trace from the connector of the press tool (mold) that does not lead the spike beyond the maximum allowable overall dimensions. Peeling and peeling of the spike coating are not allowed.

5.6 The protrusion of the wear-resistant element of the stud beyond the tire tread (providing that there is no protrusion of the stud body above the tire tread) must be:

- (1, 2 ± 0, 3) mm - for passenger tires;

- (1.7±0.3) mm - for light truck tires;

- (2.5±0.3) mm - for truck tires.

5.7 Fastening of the wear-resistant element in the body of the stud must ensure its reliable retention during the warranty period according to 8.1.

The holding force of the wear-resistant element in the stud body must be at least 1000 N (102 kgf).

5.8 The stud retention force in the tire tread must be at least:

150 N (15.3 kgf) - for passenger tires;

200 N (20.4 kgf) - for light truck tires;

400 N (40.8 kgf) - for truck tires.

5.9 The mass of the stud, g, as a rule, should not exceed:

1, 6 - for passenger tires;

2, 8 - for light truck tires;

3, 5 - 10 - for truck tires.

Other stud weights may be used if the results of tests conducted by an independent accredited laboratory confirm that tires with such studs do not cause more wear on the road surface than tires with studs that meet the specified stud weight requirement, and do not impair traction.

5.10 Marking

5.10.1 The marking of the spikes is indicated on the label or packaging, is carried out according to the standard * (2) in force on the territory of the states - members of the Customs Union, or contains the following data:

Design designation of spikes;

Date of manufacture (month, year).

The label (packaging) must contain:

Mark of acceptance by the technical control service (hereinafter referred to as STK) of the manufacturer;

Number and date of the compliance document.

5.11 Packaging

5.11.1 Packing of spikes should ensure their safety during storage in dry, unheated rooms and transportation by any mode of transport without direct exposure to moisture.

5.11.2 The type of packing of the studs is indicated in the design documentation of the manufacturer.

6 Acceptance rules

6.1 Studs for compliance with the requirements of this standard are subjected, in general, to the STK check, periodic and type tests.

6.2 Studs for checking STK and for periodic testing should be presented by the "scatter" method in accordance with GOST 18321.

6.3 STK accepts spikes in batches. A batch is considered spikes of the same designation, in an amount, as a rule, not more than 500,000 pieces. and accompanied by one shipping document containing:

Design designation, name and number of spikes in the batch;

Batch number;

Date of manufacture (month, year).

6.3.1 When checking, STK subjects to selective control: the mass of the stud, dimensions, appearance (presence of chips, chipping, cracks and deformations), the presence and uniformity of the protective coating.

6.3.2 The number of studs to be checked by the STK depends on the volume of the lot and must be at least 0.01% of the lot, but not less than 10 studs.

6.3.3 Among the studs subjected to the STK check, depending on the number of studs tested (batch volume), there should not be more than 4% of the studs, but not more than 2 pieces that do not meet the requirements of the design documentation for the studs.

6.3.4 Upon receipt of unsatisfactory test results during selective control for at least one of the indicators, the STK conducts repeated tests on it on a double sample.

The quality criteria for studs shall be in accordance with 6.3.3.

6.4 Studs from a batch that has passed STK control are subjected to periodic tests.

6.4.1 Periodic tests are carried out by the manufacturer, as a rule, at least once a quarter for the material of the case and the material of the wear-resistant element (according to the results of the input control) and for the holding force of the wear-resistant element.

6.4.2 To check the retention force of the wear-resistant element in the body of the stud, at least 10 studs are selected from the batch that has passed the STK test.

6.4.3 Among the studs subjected to periodic tests, there should not be more than 2 pieces that do not meet the requirements of the design documentation for studs.

6.4.4 Upon receipt of unsatisfactory test results, a re-test should be carried out on twice the number of samples from the same lot.

Stud quality criteria shall be in accordance with 6.4.3.

6.5 If the studs did not pass the STK check or periodic tests, the shipment of studs is suspended until the causes of defects are identified and eliminated.

6.6 Type tests of manufactured studs are carried out in order to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of changes made to their design, material or technological process of their manufacture. The need for type tests and their scope is established by the stud developer, depending on the degree of changes made.

7 Test methods

7.1 Checking the appearance of the stud coating is carried out by visual inspection in comparison with the control sample and the requirements of the design documentation.

7.2 The dimensions of the spikes are determined with a micrometer according to GOST 6507, a depth gauge - according to GOST 18833 and special gauges or templates that provide the necessary accuracy.

7.3 The quality of the material from which the stud body and its wear-resistant element are made is checked in laboratories * (3) certified in the prescribed manner.

7.4 The quality of the anti-corrosion coating is checked in accordance with GOST 9.302.

7.5 The hardness control of the wear-resistant element is carried out in accordance with GOST 20017 on the device in accordance with GOST 23667.

7.6 The holding force of the wear-resistant element in the body of the stud is checked according to the method given in Appendix A.

7.7 The stud retention force in the tire tread is checked according to the method given in Appendix B.

7.8 The method for measuring the protrusion of the wear-resistant element of the stud beyond the tire tread is given in Appendix D.

7.9 The mass of the stud is determined by weighing on a scale according to GOST 29329*(4) and calculated as the quotient of the arithmetic division of the result of weighing at least 20 studs.

8 Manufacturer's warranty

8.1 The stud manufacturer guarantees the performance of the studs in operation until the protrusion of the wear-resistant element of the stud wears out of the tire tread by no more than 30%.

8.2 Warranty period of storage of spikes - 12 months from the date of their sale.

*(1) On the territory of the Russian Federation, GOST R 51893-2002 "Pneumatic tires. General technical safety requirements", GOST R 52899-2007 "Pneumatic tires for cargo motor vehicles and trailers. Specifications", GOST R 52900-2001 " Pneumatic tires for passenger cars and trailers for them. Specifications", GOST R 54916-2012 "Pneumatic studded tires. Main quality indicators".

*(2) GOST R 53602-2009 "Component parts of vehicles. Marking. General technical requirements" is in force on the territory of the Russian Federation.

*(3) An enterprise (organization), a testing center, a special laboratory, a subdivision of an enterprise (organization), etc., carrying out tests.

*(4) GOST R 53228-2008 "Non-automatic scales. Part 1. Metrological and technical requirements. Tests" is in force on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Determination of the retention force of the wear-resistant element in the body of the stud

A.1 Essence of the method

The method is based on extrusion of a wear-resistant element from the stud body.

A.2 Equipment requirements

A press of any type that provides a force of at least twice the holding force of the wear-resistant element in the stud body, and a stand.

A.3 Test procedure

The studs selected for testing are cut in accordance with Figure A.1.

Figure A.1 - Section line

In the cut plane A-A, a hole appears for the tenon element according to Figure A.2.

It is allowed to prepare the studs by drilling a hole in the stud body. The selected samples are prepared according to Figure A.2.

Figure A.2 - Workpiece for checking the holding force of the wear-resistant element in the body of the stud

The sample is placed on a stand fixed on a press and the wear-resistant element is squeezed out of the housing according to Figure A.3.

Figure A.3 - Determination of the holding force of the wear-resistant element in the body of the stud

Definition of strength
holding the anti-skid stud installed in the tire tread for car, light truck and truck tires

B.1 Determination of the retention force of a stud with a wear-resistant element in the tire tread

B.1.1 Requirements for equipment, measuring instruments, auxiliary devices

B.1.1.1 The stand for measuring the holding force of the anti-skid stud installed in the tire tread must be equipped with a digital dynamometer and develop a force of at least 500 N (51 kgf).

B.1.1.2 The force sensor must have a measurement range from 0 to 500 N (51 kgf) with an error of ±1N (0.1 kgf).

B.1.1.3 The electronic dynamometer must register the maximum force with an error of no more than 1%, in the range from 0 to 500 N (51 kgf).

B.1.1.4 The clamp, installed on the part of the stud protruding from the tire tread, must provide an adhesion force with it, not less than:

200 N (20.4 kgf) - for passenger tires;

250 N (25.5 kgf) - for light truck tires;

450 N (45.9 kgf) - for truck tires.

B.1.2 Test conditions

B.1.2.1 At least 20 studs should be installed in the tested tire in different sectors of the tire tread at the rate of at least one stud for each row of the studding scheme.

B.1.3 Preparation for measurements

B.1.3.1 Prepared stud housings are pressed into the tire tread element.

B.1.3.2 The stud bodies installed in the tire tread should not protrude and be sunk beyond the surface of the tire tread by more than 0.3 mm [provided that the length of the stud body is less than its assembly length by (1 ± 0.0 ) mm].

B.1.4 Measurement procedure

B.1.4.1 The tire is installed on the stand according to Figure B.1.

B.1.4.2 On the part 3 of the tested stud 2 protruding above the tire tread, clamp 5 is attached, providing the necessary adhesion force to it, to hold the force applied to the clamp, and a load is applied through the force sensor 6.

B.1.4.3 The load force vector F must be directed along the axis of the tested stud 2 installed in the tire tread of tire 1 with an error of no more than ±0.5°. The increase in load is carried out smoothly, at a speed of 2 N/s, or discretely after 10 N (20.4 kgf). After each stage of discrete loading, a 10 s exposure is required for relaxation.

B.1.4.4 At the moment of the beginning of the movement of the tested stud relative to the tire tread element, the operator registers the maximum readings using a digital dynamometer (not shown in Figure B.2) and enters them in the protocol. The protocol form is given in Appendix G.

The scheme of the test setup is shown in Figure B.1.

Figure B.1 - Diagram of a test setup for determining the holding force of a stud in a tire tread

B.2 Determination of the holding force of a stud without a wear element in the tire tread

B.2.1 Test conditions

B.2.1.1 For testing, stud cases are selected in an amount of at least 20 pcs. without wear element. Threads are cut in the hole of the stud bodies according to Figure B.2.

Figure B.2 - Stud body without wear element

B.2.2 Preparation for measurements

B.2.2.1 Prepared stud housings are pressed into the tire tread element.

B.2.2.2 The stud bodies installed in the tire tread should not protrude and be sunk beyond the surface of the tire tread by more than 0.3 mm [provided that the length of the stud body is less than its assembly length by (1 ± 0.0 ) mm].

B.2.3 Measurement procedure

B.2.3.1 The tire is installed on the stand according to Figure B.3.

B.2.3.2 A hook is screwed into the stud body, which provides a rigid connection between the stud body and a dynamometer that meets the requirements of GOST 29329 * and has a maximum force of up to 500 N (50 kgf).

B.2.3.3 Loads are hung sequentially after 10 N (1 kgf). The load force vector must be directed with an error of no more than ±0.5° along the axis of the test stud installed in the test tire. After each stage of loading, a relaxation time of 10 s is given.

B.2.3.4 At the moment the test stud begins to move relative to the tire tread element, the operator registers the maximum readings using a digital dynamometer and enters them into the protocol. The protocol form is given in Appendix G.

The scheme of the test setup is shown in Figure B.3.

Figure B.3 - Diagram of a test setup for measuring the stud retention force in the tire tread

_______________________________

* On the territory of the Russian Federation, GOST R 53228-2008 "Scales of non-automatic action. Part 1. Metrological and technical requirements. Tests" is valid.

Test report form

by determining the retention force of the anti-skid stud in the tire tread

Measurement of the protrusion of the stud wear element beyond the tire tread

D.1 Requirements for equipment, measuring instruments, auxiliary devices

D.1.1 The ICH-10 indicator according to GOST 577 for measuring the protrusion of the wear-resistant element of the stud above the tire tread should be equipped with a flange-shaped tip 4 with an outer diameter of 11.4 mm, covered in the outer diameter by a restrictive mandrel 3 with an outer diameter of 20 mm, end the plane of which, with an error of ±0.03 mm, should be in the end plane 5 of the flange 4 at zero reading of the indicator. An indicator with a flange-shaped tip and a mandrel is shown in Figure D.1.

D.1.2 The accuracy of the protrusion gauge of the wear-resistant elements of the studs is ±0.01 mm. It is possible to use another tool for measuring the protrusion of the wear-resistant element of the stud, provided that such a tool is registered * in the manner established by the legislation of the states - members of the Customs Union, and ensures the measurement of the protrusion of the wear-resistant element of the stud is not lower than the specified accuracy.

D.2 Requirements for the tire under test

D.2.1 A new, unused tire is tested. The test tire must not have bulges at the points where the protrusions of the wear-resistant elements of the studs are measured.

D.2.2 The holding time of the tire, after installing or adjusting the studs, must be at least 24 hours at a temperature not lower than plus 15°C.

D.3 The order of the measurement procedure

D.3.1 For measurements, one tire is taken per production batch, where the batch is 1 pallet. The number of tires in a pallet depends on the measured tire size and can vary from 10 to 30 pcs.

D.3.2 For a single tire, 20 adjacent studs are to be measured, located within the area covering 20 studs across the entire width of the tire tread, in any of its places.

D.3.3 The protrusion of the wear-resistant element of the tested stud above the tire tread is measured with the ICH-10 indicator according to GOST 577 or another tool for measuring the protrusion of the wear-resistant element of the stud that meets the requirements of D.1.1.

D.3.4 The pressing force of the indicator mandrel to the tire tread during measurement should be 15 - 20 N.

D.3.5 The measurement result is average value protrusion of the wear element, calculated from the measurement of 20 measured studs on one tire.

Figure D.1 - Measuring indicator ICH-10 with a flange-shaped tip and a restrictive mandrel for measuring the protrusion of the wear-resistant element of the stud above the tire tread

_______________________________

* On the territory of the Russian Federation, registration is carried out in State Register measuring instruments.

Bibliography

3. Marking of car tires.

1. According to GOST R 52900 - 2007 "Pneumatic tires for cars and trailers for them. Specifications" passenger tires are pneumatic tires for cars and trailers for them of categories M1, O1 and O2 according to GOST R 52051, intended for use on roads of various categories.

2. According to GOST R 52899 - 2007 “Pneumatic tires for cargo motor vehicles and trailers. Specifications” for freight vehicles include trucks and light trucks, buses and trolleybuses of categories M2, M3, N1, N2, N3, O3 and O4 according to GOST R 52051, intended for operation on roads of various categories.

3. GOST 13298 - 90 "Tyres with adjustable pressure. Specifications" applies to pneumatic tires (tire, tube and rim tape) with adjustable pressure, designed for use on off-road vehicles mainly in off-road conditions, on soft soils, as well as on roads of all categories in all climatic zones at an ambient temperature of minus 60 to plus 55 °С.

Tires with adjustable pressure are made in two types: regular profile and wide profile.

Regular profile tires have an inch designation, wide profile tires have a millimeter designation.

5. In accordance with the above GOSTs, the following shall be applied to a tubeless tire (tube tire)mandatory marking:

- trademark and (or) name of the manufacturer; - name of the country of origin English language;

- tire designation;

— trademark(tire model);

- bearing capacity index for the maximum allowable load;

- "TUBELESS" - for tubeless tires;

- "REINFORCED" or "EXTRA LOAD" - for a reinforced tire;

- "M+S" or "M&S", or "M.S" - for winter tires;

- date of manufacture of four digits (the first two digits indicate the week of the year, the last two indicate the year of manufacture);

- "REGROOVABLE" - for a tire that has the ability to deepen the tread pattern by cutting;

- approval mark "E" indicating the approval number and the country that issued the type approval of the pneumatic tyre;

- national mark of conformity for tire certification (it is allowed to indicate only in the accompanying technical documentation);

- a sign of the direction of rotation (for a directional tread pattern);

- "TWI" or "A", or another symbol in the shoulder or other areas of the tread, indicating the location of the tread wear indicators;

- the inscription "Steel" - for tires with steel cord in the breaker;

- the inscription "All Steel" - for all-metal cord tires;

It is allowed to apply additional markings to the tire at the discretion of the manufacturer or at the request of the consumer, including:

- the designation of this standard (without the year of approval);

- "All seasons" - for all-season tires;

- the snowflake icon - for winter tires;

- serial number, balancing mark, technical control stamp, etc.

When classifying a tubeless tire as a tube tire, the inscription "TUBELESS" is removed.

6. Examples of tire markings.

a) carscars:

165/80 R13 MI–166 Steel Radial S82 Tubeless 52900 1012 090726 Made in Russia, where:

165/80 R13 - designation (size) of the tire, where 165 - designation of the nominal width of the tire section in millimeters, 80 - series (nominal ratio of the height of the profile to its width in percent), R - letter index of the radial tire, 13 - designation of the landing diameter of the tire , corresponding to the nominal diameter of the rim in inches;

MI-166 is a trademark (tire model), where MI is symbol tire developer, 166 - serial number of the development;

Steel - steel cord in the breaker;

Radial - radial tire;

Tubeless - tubeless tire;

GOST 52900 - designation of the standard according to which the tire is produced;

1012 - date of manufacture (10 - serial number of the week from the beginning of the year, 12 - the last digit of the year of manufacture - 2012);

090726 is the serial number of the bus.

b) truck tires of constant pressure:

8.25 R20 U2 125/122 J 71PSI GOST 52899 0511 080315 Made in Russia, where:

8.25R20 is the symbol of the tire, where 8.25 is the designation of the nominal width of the tire section in inches, R is the letter index of the radial tire, 20 is the designation of the nominal rim diameter in inches;

U2 - trade mark (tire model);

71 PSI - pressure index;

GOST 52899 - the standard according to which the tire is produced;

0511 - date of manufacture (05 - serial number of the week from the beginning of the year, 11 - the last digits of the year of manufacture - 2011);

080315 is the serial number of the bus.

c) tires with adjustable pressure:

1300 x 530 - 533 VI-3 NS-12 GOST 13298 1112 V 057457 Made in Russia, where:

1300 - conditional outer diameter of tires in millimeters;

530 - conditional tire profile width in mm;

533 - conditional rim diameter in mm;

VI-3 - tire model;

NS-12 - ply rate;

GOST 13298 - the standard according to which the tire is produced;

1112 B 057457, where 1112 is the date of manufacture (11 is the serial number of the week from the beginning of the year, 12 is the year of manufacture); B - letter index of the enterprise; 057457 is the serial number of the bus.

7. Marking of chambers, rim tapes and valves.

7.1. On each chamber and rim tape during manufacture are applied:

- product designation;

- trademark or name of the manufacturer;

— designation of the standard;

- the date of manufacture, consisting of four digits, of which the first two indicate the week, and the last two indicate the year of manufacture;

- stamp of technical control;

- the letters "BK" for butyl rubber chambers.

7. 2. An example of camera designation:

7.50–20, where 7.50 is the designation of the nominal section width of the corresponding tire (in inches); 20 - designation of the nominal fitting diameter of the rim (in inches).

7. 3. An example of the designation of the rim tape.

6:7–20, where:

6.7 - designation of the nominal width of the tape (in inches);

20 - designation of the nominal fitting diameter of the rim (in inches).

7. 4. Marking of valves.

LK - for tube tires of cars;

LB - for tubeless tires of passenger cars;

GK - for chamber tires of trucks;

AB - for tubeless truck tires;

RK - for chamber tires with adjustable pressure.

Autotrans-consultant.ru