Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Good work to site">

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

federal state educational institution higher professional education

Altai State Agrarian University

DEPARTMENT: MECHANIZATION OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

SETTLEMENT AND EXPLANATORY NOTE

BY DISCIPLINE

"TECHNOLOGY OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTS

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY"

INTEGRATED MECHANIZATION OF LIVESTOCK

FARMS - Cattle

Fulfilled

student 243 gr

Stergel P.P.

checked

Aleksandrov I.Yu

BARNAUL 2010

ANNOTATION

In this term paper the choice of the main production buildings for the accommodation of animals of a standard type was made.

The main attention is paid to the development of a mechanization scheme production processes, the choice of means of mechanization on the basis of technological and technical and economic calculations.

INTRODUCTION

Improving the level of product quality and ensuring that its quality indicators comply with the standards is the most important task, the solution of which is unthinkable without the presence of qualified specialists.

This course work provides calculations of livestock places on the farm, the choice of buildings and structures for keeping animals, the development of a scheme master plan, development of mechanization of production processes, including:

Designing the mechanization of feed preparation: daily rations for each group of animals, the number and volume of feed storage facilities, the productivity of the feed shop.

Designing the mechanization of feed distribution: the required performance of a production line for the distribution of feed, the choice of a feeder, the number of feeders.

Farm water supply: determining the need for water on the farm, calculating the external water supply network, choosing a water tower, choosing a pumping station.

Mechanization of cleaning and disposal of manure: calculation of the need for means of manure removal, calculation of vehicles for the delivery of manure to the manure storage;

Ventilation and heating: calculation of ventilation and space heating;

Mechanization of milking cows and primary processing of milk.

Calculations are given economic indicators, questions on nature protection are stated.

1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MASTER PLAN OUTLINE

1.1 LOCATION OF PRODUCTION ZONES AND ENTERPRISES

The density of building sites by agricultural enterprises is regulated by the data. tab. 12.

The minimum building density is 51-55%

Veterinary institutions (with the exception of veterinary checkpoints), boiler houses, open-type manure storage facilities are built on the leeward side in relation to livestock buildings and structures.

Walking and fodder yards or walking grounds are located at the longitudinal walls of the building for keeping livestock.

Feed and bedding stores are built in such a way as to provide the shortest paths, convenience and ease of mechanization of the supply of bedding and feed to the places of use.

The width of passages at the sites of agricultural enterprises is calculated from the conditions of the most compact placement of transport and pedestrian routes, engineering networks, dividing lanes, taking into account possible snow drift, but it should not be less than fire, sanitary and veterinary distances between opposing buildings and structures.

Landscaping should be provided for in areas free of buildings and coatings, as well as along the perimeter of the enterprise site.

2. Selection of buildings for keeping animals

The number of stalls for a dairy cattle enterprise, 90% of the cows in the herd structure, is calculated taking into account the coefficients given in table 1. p. 67.

Table 1. Determining the number of cattle places in the enterprise

Based on the calculations, we select 2 cowsheds for 200 heads of tethered content.

New-calves and deep-calves with calves of the prophylactic period are in the maternity ward.

3. Preparation and distribution of feed

On the cattle farm, we will use the following types of feed: mixed grass hay, straw, corn silage, haylage, concentrates (wheat flour), root crops, table salt.

The initial data for the development of this issue are:

Farm population by animal groups (see section 2);

Rations of each group of animals:

3.1 Design mechanization of feed preparation

Having developed the daily rations for each group of animals and knowing their livestock, we proceed to the calculation of the required productivity of the feed shop, for which we calculate the daily feed ration, as well as the number of storage facilities.

3.1.1 WE DETERMINE THE DAILY DIET OF FEED OF EACH TYPE ACCORDING TO THE FORMULA

m j - livestock j - of that group of animals;

a ij - the amount of food i - of that species in the diet of j - of that group of animals;

n is the number of groups of animals on the farm.

Mixed hay:

qday.10 = 4 263+4 42+3 42+3 45=1523 kg.

Corn silage:

qday 2 = 20 263+7.5 42+12 42+7.5 45=6416.5 kg.

Bean-grass haylage:

qday 3 = 6 42+8 42+8 45=948 kg.

Spring wheat straw:

qday 4 = 4 263+42+45=1139 kg.

Wheat flour:

qday 5 \u003d 1.5 42 + 1.3 45 + 1.3 42 + 263 2 \u003d 702.1 kg.

Salt:

qday 6 \u003d 0.05 263 + 0.05 42 + 0.052 42 + 0.052 45 \u003d 19.73 kg.

3.1.2 DETERMINING THE DAILY PRODUCTIVITY OF THE FEEDER

Q days = ? q days

Q days =1523+6416.5+168+70.2+948+19.73+1139=10916 kg

3.1.3 DETERMINING THE REQUIRED PRODUCTIVITY OF THE FEEDER

Q tr. = Q days /(T work. d)

where T slave. - estimated time of operation of the feed shop for the issuance of feed for one feeding (lines for the issuance of finished products), hours;

T slave = 1.5 - 2.0 hours; We accept T slave. = 2h; d is the frequency of feeding animals, d = 2 - 3. We accept d = 2.

Q tr. \u003d 10916 / (2 2) \u003d 2.63 kg / h.

We select the feed mill TP 801 - 323, which provides the calculated productivity and the accepted feed processing technology, p. 66.

Delivery of feed to the livestock premises and their distribution inside the premises is carried out by a mobile technical device PMM 5.0

3.1.4 WE DETERMINE THE REQUIRED PRODUCTION LINE OF FEED DISTRIBUTION IN THE GENERAL FOR THE FARM

Q tr. = Q days /(t section d)

where t section - time allotted according to the daily routine of the farm for the distribution of feed (lines for the distribution of finished products), hours;

t section = 1.5 - 2.0 hours; We accept t section \u003d 2 hours; d is the frequency of feeding animals, d = 2 - 3. We accept d = 2.

Q tr. = 10916/(2 2)=2.63 t/h.

3.1.5 we determine the actual performance of one feeder

Gk - load capacity of the feeder, t; tr - duration of one flight, h.

Q r f \u003d 3300 / 0.273 \u003d 12088 kg / h

t r. \u003d t s + t d + t in,

tr \u003d 0.11 + 0.043 + 0.12 \u003d 0.273 h.

where tz, tv - loading and unloading time of the feeder, t; td - the time of movement of the feeder from the feed shop to the livestock building and back, h.

3.1.6 determine the loading time of the feeder

where Qz is the supply of technical equipment during loading, t/h.

tc=3300/30000=0.11 h.

3.1.7 determine the time of movement of the feeder from the feed shop to the livestock building and back

td=2 Lavg/Vavg

where Lav is the average distance from the place where the feeder is loaded to the livestock building, km; Vsr - average speed of movement of the feeder on the territory of the farm with and without cargo, km/h.

td=2*0.5/23=0.225 h.

where Qv is the supply of the feeder, t/h.

tv=3300/27500=0.12 h.

Qv \u003d qday Vp / a d,

where a is the length of one feeding place, m; Vр - calculated feeder speed, m/s; qday - daily diet of animals; d - frequency of feeding.

Qv \u003d 33 2 / 0.0012 2 \u003d 27500 kg

3.1.7 Determine the number of feeders of the selected brand

z \u003d 2729/12088 \u003d 0.225, we accept - z \u003d 1

3.2 WATER SUPPLY

3.2.1 DETERMINING THE AVERAGE DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION ON THE FARM

The need for water on the farm depends on the number of animals and the water consumption standards established for livestock farms.

Q average day = m 1 q 1 + m 2 q 2 + … + m n q n

where m 1 , m 2 ,… m n - the number of each type of consumers, heads;

q 1 , q 2 , ... q n - the daily rate of water consumption by one consumer, (for cows - 100 l, for heifers - 60 l);

Q average day \u003d 263 100 + 42 100 + 45 100 + 42 60 + 21 20 \u003d 37940 l / day.

3.2.2 DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION

Q m .days = Q average day b 1

where b 1 \u003d 1.3 - coefficient of daily unevenness,

Q m .day \u003d 37940 1.3 \u003d 49322 l / day.

Fluctuations in water consumption on the farm by hours of the day are taken into account by the coefficient of hourly unevenness b 2 = 2.5:

Q m .h = Q m .day ?b 2/24

Q m .h \u003d 49322 2.5 / 24 \u003d 5137.7 l / h.

3.2.3 DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM SECOND FLOW OF WATER

Q m .s \u003d Q t.h / 3600

Q m .s \u003d 5137.7 / 3600 \u003d 1.43 l / s

3.2.4 CALCULATION OF THE EXTERNAL WATER NETWORK

The calculation of the external water supply network is reduced to determining the diameters of the pipes and the pressure loss in them.

3.2.4.1 DETERMINING THE PIPE DIAMETER FOR EACH SECTION

where v is the speed of water in the pipes, m/s, v = 0.5-1.25 m/s. We accept v = 1 m/s.

section 1-2 length - 50 m.

d = 0.042 m, we accept d = 0.050 m.

3.2.4.2 DETERMINING HEAD LOSS IN LENGTH

where l is the coefficient of hydraulic resistance, depending on the material and diameter of the pipes (l = 0.03); L = 300 m - pipeline length; d - pipeline diameter.

3.2.4.3 DETERMINING THE LOSS IN LOCAL RESISTANCE

The value of losses in local resistances is 5 - 10% of the losses along the length of external water pipes,

h m \u003d \u003d 0.07 0.48 \u003d 0.0336 m

head loss

h \u003d h t + h m \u003d 0.48 + 0.0336 \u003d 0.51 m

3.2.5 WATER TOWER SELECTION

The height of the water tower must provide the necessary pressure at the most remote point.

3.2.5.1 DETERMINING THE HEIGHT OF THE WATER TOWER

H b \u003d H sv + H g + h

where H sv - free head at consumers, H sv \u003d 4 - 5 m,

accept H sv = 5 m,

H g - the geometric difference between the leveling marks at the fixing point and at the location of the water tower, H g \u003d 0, since the terrain is flat,

h - the sum of the pressure losses at the most remote point of the water supply,

H b \u003d 5 + 0.51 \u003d 5.1 m, we accept H b \u003d 6.0 m.

3.2.5.2 DETERMINING THE VOLUME OF THE WATER TANK

The volume of the water tank is determined by the necessary supply of water for domestic and drinking needs, firefighting measures and the control volume.

W b \u003d W p + W p + W x

where W x - water supply for household and drinking needs, m 3;

W p - volume for fire prevention measures, m 3;

W p - regulating volume.

The supply of water for household and drinking needs is determined from the condition of uninterrupted water supply to the farm for 2 hours in case of an emergency power outage:

W x \u003d 2Q incl. \u003d 2 5137.7 10 -3 \u003d 10.2 m

On farms with a population of more than 300 heads, special fire tanks are installed, designed to extinguish a fire with two fire jets for 2 hours with a water flow of 10 l / s, therefore W p \u003d 72000 l.

The regulating volume of the water tower depends on the daily water consumption, table. 28:

W p \u003d 0.25 49322 10 -3 \u003d 12.5 m 3.

W b \u003d 12.5 + 72 + 10.2 \u003d 94.4 m 3.

We accept: 2 towers with a tank volume of 50 m 3

3.2.6 SELECTING A PUMP STATION

We choose the type of water-lifting installation: we accept a centrifugal submersible pump for supplying water from boreholes.

3.2.6.1 DETERMINING THE CAPACITY OF THE PUMPING STATION

The performance of the pumping station depends on the maximum daily water demand and the mode of operation of the pumping station.

Q n \u003d Q m .day. /T n

where T n is the operating time of the pumping station, h. T n \u003d 8-16 hours.

Q n \u003d 49322/10 \u003d 4932.2 l / h.

3.2.6.2 DETERMINING THE TOTAL HEAD OF THE PUMPING STATION

H \u003d H gv + h in + H gn + h n

where H is the total head of the pump, m; Hgw - distance from the axis of the pump to the lowest water level in the source, Hgw = 10 m; h in - the value of the pump immersion, h in \u003d 1.5 ... 2 m, we take h in \u003d 2 m; h n - the sum of losses in the suction and discharge pipelines, m

h n \u003d h in c + h

where h is the sum of pressure losses at the most remote point of the water supply; h sun - the sum of the pressure losses in the suction pipeline, m, can be neglected

farm carrying performance equipment

H gn \u003d H b ± H z + H p

where H p - tank height, H p = 3 m; Nb - installation height of the water tower, Nb = 6m; H z - difference of geodetic marks from the axis of the pump installation to the foundation mark of the water tower, H z = 0 m:

H gn \u003d 6.0+ 0 + 3 \u003d 9.0 m.

H \u003d 10 + 2 + 9.0 + 0.51 \u003d 21.51 m.

According to Q n \u003d 4932.2 l / h \u003d 4.9322 m 3 / h., H \u003d 21.51 m. we select the pump:

We take the pump 2ETsV6-6.3-85.

Because the parameters of the selected pump exceed the calculated ones, then the pump will not be fully loaded; Consequently, pumping station should work in automatic mode (as water is consumed).

3.3 MANURE CLEANING

The initial data in the design of a technological line for the cleaning and disposal of manure are the type and number of animals, as well as the method of their maintenance.

3.3.1 CALCULATION OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR MANURE REMOVAL

The cost depends on the adopted technology of cleaning and disposal of manure. livestock farm or a complex and, therefore, a product.

3.3.1.1 DETERMINING THE QUANTITY OF MANURE MASS RECEIVED FROM ONE ANIMAL

G 1 \u003d b (K + M) + P

where K, M - daily excretion of feces and urine by one animal,

P - daily norm of litter per animal,

b - coefficient taking into account the dilution of excrement with water;

Daily excretion of feces and urine by one animal, kg:

Dairy = 70.8kg.

Dry = 70.8kg

Fresh = 70.8 kg

Heifers = 31.8kg.

Calves = 11.8

3.3.1.2 DETERMINING THE DAILY MANURE OUTPUT FROM THE FARM

m i - the number of animals of the same type of production group; n is the number of production groups on the farm,

G days = 70.8 263+70.8 45+70.8 42+31.8 42+11.8 21=26362.8 kg/h? 26.5 t/day

3.3.1.3 DETERMINING THE ANNUAL MANURE OUTPUT FROM THE FARM

G g \u003d G day D 10 -3

where D is the number of days of manure accumulation, i.e. the duration of the stall period, D = 250 days,

G g \u003d 26362.8 250 10 -3 \u003d 6590.7 t

3.3.1.4 HUMIDITY OF UNLITED MANURE

where W e is the humidity of excrement (for cattle - 87%),

For the normal operation of mechanical means of removing manure from the premises, the following condition must be met:

where Q tr - the required performance of the manure cleaner in specific conditions; Q - hourly productivity of the same product according to the technical characteristics

where G c * - daily output of manure in the livestock building (for 200 head),

G c * \u003d 14160 kg, w \u003d 2 - the accepted frequency rate of manure cleaning, T - time for one-time manure cleaning, T \u003d 0.5-1 h, we accept T \u003d 1 h, m - coefficient taking into account the unevenness of the one-time amount of manure to be cleaned, m = 1.3; N - the number of mechanical means installed in this room, N=2,

Qtr = = 2.7 t/h.

We choose the conveyor TSN-3, OB (horizontal)

Q \u003d 4.0-5.5 t / h. Because Q tr? Q - the condition is fulfilled.

3.3.2 CALCULATION OF VEHICLES FOR DELIVERY OF MANURE TO MANURE STORAGE

Delivery of manure to the manure storage will be carried out by mobile technical means, namely the MTZ - 80 tractor with the trailer 1-PTS 4.

3.3.2.1 DETERMINING THE REQUIRED PERFORMANCE OF MOBILE HARDWARE

Q tr. = G days /T

where G days. =26.5 t/h. - daily output of manure from the farm; T \u003d 8 hours - the operating time of the technical means,

Q tr. = 26.5/8 = 3.3 t/h.

3.3.2.2 WE DETERMINE THE ACTUAL ESTIMATED PERFORMANCE OF THE TECHNICAL TOOL OF THE SELECTED BRAND

where G = 4 t is the carrying capacity of the technical means, i.e. 1 - PTS - 4;

t p - duration of one flight:

t p \u003d t s + t d + t in

where t c = 0.3 - loading time, h; t d \u003d 0.6 h - the time of movement of the tractor from the farm to the manure storage and back, h; t in = 0.08 h - unloading time, h;

t p \u003d 0.3 + 0.6 + 0.08 \u003d 0.98 h.

4/0.98 = 4.08 t/h.

3.3.2.3 WE CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF MTZ TRACTORS - 80 WITH A TRAILER

z \u003d 3.3 / 4.08 \u003d 0.8, we accept z \u003d 1.

3.3.2.4 CALCULATE THE STORAGE AREA

To store bedding manure, hard-surfaced areas equipped with slurry collectors are used.

The storage area for solid manure is determined by the formula:

where c is the volumetric mass of manure, t / m 3; h is the height of manure laying (usually 1.5-2.5m).

S \u003d 6590 / 2.5 0.25 \u003d 10544 m 3.

3.4 ENVIRONMENT

For the ventilation of livestock buildings, a significant number of various devices. Each of the ventilation units must meet the following requirements: maintain the necessary air exchange in the room, be, possibly, cheap in design, operation and widely available in management.

When choosing ventilation units, it is necessary to proceed from the requirements of uninterrupted supply of animals with clean air.

With the air exchange rate K< 3 выбирают естественную вентиляцию, при К = 3 - 5 - принудительную вентиляцию, без подогрева подаваемого воздуха и при К >5 - forced ventilation with heated supply air.

Determine the frequency of hourly air exchange:

where V w is the amount of moist air, m 3 / h;

V p - the volume of the room, V p \u003d 76Ch27Ch3.5 \u003d 7182 m 3.

V p - the volume of the room, V p \u003d 76Ch12Ch3.5 \u003d 3192 m 3.

C is the amount of water vapor emitted by one animal, C = 380 g/h.

m - the number of animals in the room, m 1 =200; m 2 =100 g; C 1 - allowable amount water vapor in the room air, C 1 \u003d 6.50 g / m 3,; C 2 - moisture content in the outdoor air in this moment, C 2 \u003d 3.2 - 3.3 g / m 3.

accept C 2 = 3.2 g / m 3.

V w 1 \u003d \u003d 23030 m 3 / h.

V w 2 = = 11515 m 3 / h.

K1 \u003d 23030/7182 \u003d 3.2 because K > 3,

K2 = 11515/3192 = 3.6 K > 3,

P is the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by one animal, P = 152.7 l/h.

m - the number of animals in the room, m 1 =200; m 2 =100 g; P 1 - the maximum allowable amount of carbon dioxide in the air of the room, P 1 \u003d 2.5 l / m 3, table. 2.5; P 2 - the content of carbon dioxide in fresh air, P 2 \u003d 0.3 0.4 l / m 3, we take P 2 \u003d 0.4 l / m 3.

V1co 2 = = 14543 m 3 / h.

V2co 2 \u003d \u003d 7271 m 3 / h.

K1 = 14543/7182 = 2.02 To< 3.

K2 = 7271/3192 = 2.2 To< 3.

The calculation is carried out according to the amount of water vapor in the barn, we use forced ventilation without heating the air supplied.

3.4.1 POWERED VENTILATION

Calculation of ventilation with artificial induction of air is carried out at an air exchange rate of K> 3.

3.4.1.1 DETERMINING THE FAN SUPPLY

de K in - the number of exhaust channels:

K in \u003d S in / S to

S to - the area of ​​​​one exhaust channel, S to \u003d 1Ch1 \u003d 1 m 2,

S in - the required cross-sectional area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe exhaust duct, m 2:

V is the speed of air movement when passing through a pipe of a certain height and at a certain temperature difference, m/s:

h- channel height, h = 3 m; t vn - air temperature inside the room,

t ext = + 3 o C; t nar - air temperature outside the room, t nar \u003d - 25 ° C;

V = = 1.22 m/s.

V n \u003d S to V 3600 \u003d 1 1.22 3600 \u003d 4392 m 3 / h;

S in 1 = = 5.2 m 2.

S in2 \u003d \u003d 2.6 m 2.

K in 1 \u003d 5.2 / 1 \u003d 5.2 accept K in \u003d 5 pcs,

K in2 \u003d 2.6 / 1 \u003d 2.6 accept K in \u003d 3 pcs,

9212 m 3 / h.

Because Q in 1< 8000 м 3 /ч, то выбираем схему с одним вентилятором.

7677 m 3 / h.

Because Q v1 > 8000 m 3 / h, then with several.

3.4.1.2 DETERMINING THE PIPELINE DIAMETER

where V t is the air velocity in the pipeline, V t \u003d 12 - 15 m / s, we accept

V t \u003d 15 m / s,

0.46 m, we accept D = 0.5 m.

0.42 m, we accept D = 0.5 m.

3.4.1.3 DETERMINING THE HEAD LOSS FROM FRICTION RESISTANCE IN A STRAIGHT ROUND PIPE

where l is the coefficient of resistance to air friction in the pipe, l = 0.02; L pipeline length, m, L = 152 m; c - air density, c \u003d 1.2 - 1.3 kg / m 3, we take c \u003d 1.2 kg / m 3:

H tr = = 821 m,

3.4.1.4 DETERMINING HEAD LOSS FROM LOCAL RESISTANCE

where? o - the sum of the coefficients of local resistance, tab. 56:

O \u003d 1.10 + 0.55 + 0.2 + 0.25 + 0.175 + 0.15 + 0.29 + 0.25 + 0.21 + 0.18 + 0.81 + 0.49 + 0, 25 + 0.05 + 1 + 0.3 + 1 + 0.1 + 3 + 0.5 = 10.855,

h ms = = 1465.4 m.

3.4.1.5 TOTAL HEAD LOSS IN THE VENTILATION SYSTEM

H \u003d H tr + h ms

H \u003d 821 + 1465.4 \u003d 2286.4 m.

We select two centrifugal fans No. 6 Q in \u003d 2600 m 3 / h, from the table. 57.

3.4.2 ROOM HEATING CALCULATION

Hourly air exchange rate:

where, V W - air exchange of the livestock building,

The volume of the room.

Air exchange by humidity:

where, - air exchange of water vapor (Table 45,);

Permissible amount of water vapor in the room air;

Mass of 1m 3 dry air, kg. (tab.40)

The amount of saturating moisture vapor per 1 kg of dry air, g;

Maximum relative humidity, % (tab. 40-42);

Because To<3 - применяем естественную циркуляцию.

Calculation of the amount of required air exchange by the content of carbon dioxide

where R m - the amount of carbon dioxide released by one animal within an hour, l/h;

P 1 - the maximum allowable amount of carbon dioxide in the air of the room, l / m 3;

P 2 \u003d 0.4 l / m 3.

Because To<3 - выбираем естественную вентиляцию.

Calculations are carried out at K=2.9.

Sectional area of ​​the exhaust channel:

where, V is the speed of air movement when passing through the pipe m / s:

where, is the height of the channel.

indoor air temperature.

air temperature from outside the room.

The performance of a channel having a cross-sectional area:

Number of channels

3.4.3 Space heating calculation

3.4.3.1 Calculation of space heating for a barn with 200 heads

3.4.3.2 Calculation of heating of a barn with 150 cows

Heat flow deficit for space heating:

where is the heat flow passing through the enclosing building structures;

the heat flux lost with the removed air during ventilation;

random loss of heat flow;

the flow of heat released by animals;

where, heat transfer coefficient of enclosing building structures (tab. 52);

area of ​​surfaces losing heat flow, m 2: wall area - 457; window area - 51; goal area - 48; attic floor area - 1404.

where is the volumetric heat capacity of air.

where, q \u003d 3310 J / h is the heat flux released by one animal (Table 45).

Random losses of heat flow are accepted in the amount of 10-15% of.

Because the heat flow deficit turned out to be negative, then heating the room is not required.

3.4 Mechanization of cow milking and primary milk processing

Number of machine milking operators:

where, the number of dairy cows on the farm;

pcs. - the number of heads per operator when milking into the milk pipeline;

We accept 7 operators.

3.6.1 Primary milk processing

Production line performance:

where, coefficient of seasonality of milk supply;

Number of dairy cows on the farm;

average annual milk yield per cow, (tab. 23) /2/;

milking frequency;

milking duration;

Choice of cooler according to the heat exchange surface:

where, heat capacity of milk;

initial milk temperature;

end temperature of milk;

overall heat transfer coefficient, (tab. 56);

mean logarithmic temperature difference.

where is the temperature difference between milk and coolant at the inlet, outlet, (tab. 56).

Number of plates in the cooler section:

where, the area of ​​the working surface of one plate;

We accept Z p \u003d 13 pcs.

We select a thermal apparatus (according to tab. 56) of the OOT-M brand (Feed 3000l / h., Working surface 6.5m 2).

Cold consumption for milk cooling:

where is a coefficient that takes into account heat losses in pipelines.

We select (tab. 57) the AB30 refrigeration unit.

Ice consumption for milk cooling:

where, specific heat of melting of ice;

heat capacity of water;

4. ECONOMIC INDICATORS

Table 4 Calculation of the book value of farm equipment

Production process and applied machines and equipment	Machine brand	power	number of cars	list price of the machine	Cost accruals: installation (10%)	book value
						one machine	All cars
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
FEED PREPARATION INDOOR FEED DISTRIBUTION
1. FEEDER
2. FEEDER
TRANSPORT OPERATIONS ON THE FARM
1. TRACTOR
MANURE CLEANING
1. TRANSPORTER
WATER SUPPLY
1. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
2. WATER TOWER
MILKING AND PRIMARY PROCESSING OF MILK
1. PLATE HEATING APPARATUS
2. WATER COOLING. CAR
3. MILKING PLANT

Table 5. Calculation of the book value of the building part of the farm.

room	Capacity, head.	Number of premises on the farm, pcs.	Book value of one premises, thousand rubles	Total book value, thousand rubles	Note
Main production buildings:
1 barn
2 Milk block
3 Maternity ward
Auxiliary premises
1 insulator
2 Vetpunkt
3 Hospital
4 Block of office premises
5 feed shop
6Vet.sanitary checkpoint
Storage for:
5 Concentrated feed
Network engineering:
1 Plumbing
2Transformer substation
Improvement:
1 Green spaces
Fences:
					Rabitz
2 walking areas
hard coating

Annual operating costs:

where, A - depreciation and deductions for current repairs and maintenance of equipment, etc.

Z - the annual wage fund of the farm staff.

M is the cost of materials consumed during the year related to the operation of equipment (electricity, fuel, etc.).

Depreciation deductions and deductions for current repairs:

where B i - book value of fixed assets.

depreciation rate of fixed assets.

the rate of deductions for the current repair of fixed assets.

Table 6. Calculation of depreciation and deductions for current repairs

Group and type of fixed assets.	Book value, thousand rubles	General depreciation rate, %	The rate of deductions for current repairs,%	Depreciation deductions and deductions for current repairs, thousand rubles
Buildings, structures
Vaults
Tractor (trailers)
Machinery and equipment
fencing fences

Annual payroll:

where is the annual labor costs, man-hours;

rub. - average wage 1 person-hour. taking into account all charges;

where N=16 people - the number of workers on the farm;

F = 2088 hours - the annual fund of working time of one employee;

The cost of materials consumed during the year:

where the annual consumption of electricity (kW), fuel (t), fuel (kg.):

the cost of email energy;

the cost of fuel;

Given annual costs:

Where is the book value of equipment and construction, taken as a wound, thousand rubles;

Е=0.15 - normative coefficient of economic efficiency of capital investments;

Annual revenue from the sale of products (milk):

Where - - the annual volume of milk, kg;

The price of one kg. milk, rub/kg;

Annual profit:

5. NATURE PROTECTION

Man, displacing all natural biogeocenoses and laying agrobiogeocenoses with his direct and indirect influences, violates the stability of the entire biosphere. In an effort to get as many products as possible, a person has an impact on all components of the ecological system: on the soil - through the use of a complex of agrotechnical measures including chemicalization, mechanization and reclamation, on atmospheric air - chemicalization and industrialization of agricultural production, on water bodies - due to a sharp increase in the amount agricultural effluents.

In connection with the concentration and transfer of animal husbandry to an industrial basis, livestock and poultry complexes have become the most powerful source of environmental pollution in agriculture. It has been established that livestock and poultry complexes and farms are the largest sources of pollution of atmospheric air, soil, water sources in rural areas, in terms of power and scale of pollution are quite comparable with the largest industrial facilities - factories, combines.

When designing farms and complexes, it is necessary to timely provide for all measures to protect the environment in rural areas from increasing pollution, which should be considered one of the most important tasks of hygienic science and practice, agricultural and other specialists dealing with this problem.

If we judge the level of profitability of a livestock farm for 350 heads with a tie-down, then by the obtained value of the annual profit it can be seen that it is negative, this indicates that milk production at this enterprise is unprofitable, due to high depreciation deductions and low productivity of animals. Increasing profitability is possible by breeding highly productive cows and increasing their number.

Therefore, I believe that it is not economically justified to build this farm due to the high book value of the construction part of the farm.

7. LITERATURE

1. V.I. Zemskov; V.D. Sergeev; I.Ya. Fedorenko "Mechanization and technology of livestock production"

2. V.I. Zemskov "Design of production processes in animal husbandry"

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Similar Documents

Characteristics of a livestock farm for the production of milk with a population of 230 cows. Integrated mechanization of the farm (complex). Selection of machines and equipment for the preparation and distribution of feed. Calculation of the parameters of the electric motor, elements of the electrical circuit.

term paper, added 03/24/2015


Analysis of the production activity of an agricultural enterprise. Features of the use of mechanization in animal husbandry. Calculation of the technological line for the preparation and distribution of feed. Principles of equipment selection for a livestock farm.

thesis, added 08/20/2015


Justification of the system of keeping animals and the size of the farm. Determining the capacity and number of feed storage facilities, the need for manure storage facilities. Zootechnical requirements for the preparation of feed. Determination of the hourly productivity of production lines.

term paper, added 05/21/2013


Calculation of the structure of the herd, characteristics of the given system of keeping animals, choice of feeding ration. Calculation of the technological map of the complex mechanization of the manure cleaning line for a cowshed for 200 heads. The main technical and economic indicators of the farm.

term paper, added 05/16/2011


Rules for the proper organization of feeding calves. Peculiarities of digestion of a newborn calf. Feed characteristics. Normalized nutrition of young cattle. Mechanization of feed preparation. Mechanization of the distribution of feed for feeding.

presentation, added 12/08/2015


Description of the master plan for the design of a farm for fattening young cattle. Calculation of the need for water, feed, calculation of manure output. Development of a technological scheme for preparation and distribution of maximum single portions.

term paper, added 09/11/2010


Classification of farms depending on the biological species of animals. Main and auxiliary buildings and structures as part of a cattle farm. Number of staff, daily routine. Stalling equipment, drinking and water heating systems.

term paper, added 06/06/2010


Natural and climatic characteristics of the economy. Organizational and economic conditions of the agricultural enterprise. Productivity of agricultural crops. Technology of feeding cattle. Feed supply and dosing mechanization, batcher project.

test, added 05/10/2010


The concept of the constitution, exterior and interior of cattle. Methods for evaluating cattle by exterior and constitution. A linear method for assessing the physique of dairy cattle. Eye assessment method, photographing.

term paper, added 02/11/2011


Development of a project for a dairy cattle farm for 200 cows. Analysis of economic activities of Zerendy Astyk LLP. Development of the design of the milking machine with an additional masseur. Security of the economy with labor force and its use.

Work on large livestock farms in our time is impossible without the widest use of mechanization. Machines deliver feed to farms and take away milk from there, supply water and heat for steaming feed, with the help of machines they feed and water animals, remove manure and take it to the fields, milk cows, shear sheep, hatch chickens from eggs.

First of all, the most difficult and labor-intensive work was mechanized on the farms: the distribution of feed, milking cows, and manure removal.

Feeders are used to distribute feed. Some of them are made in the form of long conveyors and are installed directly in the premises where animals are kept. These are stationary feeders. They are powered by electric motors. Other feeders are made in the form of carts with a feed hopper and a dispensing device - these are mobile feeders and. They are moved by tractors or mounted on a car frame instead of a body. You can also find mobile (more precisely, self-propelled) machines with an electric drive.

Stationary feeders installed on livestock and poultry farms can be used to dispense a wide variety of feed. The feeder dispenses feed to all feeders. Some designs of stationary feeders are located above the feeders, dumping precisely measured portions of feed into them.

Mobile feeders are adapted to the distribution of certain feeds. Some feeders can distribute silage and chopped grass, others - dry feed, others - liquid, fourth - semi-liquid and solid. Some machines are designed in such a way that they can mix different feeds during distribution. They are called feed mixers. Mobile feeders are often used to transport feed to stationary feeders.

Feed dispensing machines take on 30-40% of all labor costs for animal care.

To mechanize the milking of cows - a very tedious operation if performed manually - milking machines are used. They operate due to the vacuum created by a vacuum pump in the main pipeline (vacuum wire) to which the devices are connected (see Fig.).

Each cluster consists of 4 teat cups (see fig.), a collector, a pulsator, vacuum and milk hoses and a milking bucket. The milking cups are double-walled: the outer wall is made of hard material, and the inner wall is made of rubber. Glasses for the time of milking are put on the nipples of the udder of the cow. In this case, two chambers are formed: under the nipple and between the walls of the glass - around the nipple. These chambers are connected through a collector and a pulsator to a vacuum line and a milking bucket. The pulsator and collector in a certain sequence automatically create either a vacuum or a pressure equal to atmospheric pressure in the chambers.

If both chambers are connected to a vacuum wire, then a vacuum appears in them, and milk is sucked out of the udder teat. There is a step "sucking". If the suction chamber is connected to a vacuum wire, and the interwall chamber is connected to the atmosphere, then the “compression” cycle will occur - the sucking out of milk will stop. After the vacuum is restored in the interwall chamber, the “sucking” cycle will again begin, etc. This is how push-pull devices work. But if, at the end of the "compression" stroke, the rarefaction in the interwall chamber is not restored, but the suction chamber is connected to atmospheric air, then there will be no compression and sucking, and the "rest" stroke will begin. Blood circulation will be restored in the nipple. This is how three-stroke machines work. So, for two-stroke devices, two cycles are performed - sucking and squeezing, and for three-stroke devices - sucking, squeezing and rest. Three-stroke devices meet the requirements of animal physiology more: in three "strokes" a calf sucks milk from a cow's udder.

Milk is collected from all four glasses into one milk hose using a collector.

Manure cleaning machines perform several operations: remove manure from premises, transport it from livestock buildings to storage or disposal sites. The premises are freed from manure with the help of electrified conveyors, hand trucks, bulldozers, cableways. The manure conveyor is most often a long chain on which metal scraper bars are mounted. The conveyor is placed in a wooden chute. Such conveyors connect the places where manure accumulates (the manure zone of the premises) with the place of its loading onto vehicles.

Some farms operate devices to remove manure with water. The manure is washed off into the manure collectors, and from there, after appropriate processing, it is pumped into vehicles that transport it to the fields as a very valuable fertilizer.

"Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University"

Khakass branch

Department of Technology of production and processing

agricultural products

Lecture course

by discipline OPD. F.07.01

"Mechanization in animal husbandry"

for the specialty

110401.65 - Zootechnics

Abakan 2007

LectureII. MECHANIZATION IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

The mechanization of production processes in animal husbandry depends on many factors and, above all, on the methods of keeping animals.

On cattle farms used mainly stall-pasture and stall system animals. With this method of keeping animals, it can be tethered, unattached and combined. Also known containment conveyor system cows.

At tethered content the animals are tethered in stalls located along the feeders in two or four rows between the feeders arrange a feed passage, and between the stalls - manure passages. Each stall is equipped with a tether, feeder, automatic drinker, milking and manure removal. The floor area norm for one cow is 8...10 m2. In the summer, cows are transferred to pasture, where a summer camp is arranged for them with sheds, pens, a watering place and milking installations for cows.

At loose content in winter, cows and young animals are in the farm premises in groups of 50 ... 100 heads, and in the summer - in the pasture, where camps with noses, pens, and a watering place are equipped. There is also milking of cows. A type of loose housing is box housing, where cows rest in stalls with side railings. Boxes allow you to save bedding material. Conveyor-flow content mainly used when servicing dairy cows with their fixation to the conveyor. There are three types of conveyors: circular; multicart; self-propelled. The advantages of this content: animals, in accordance with the daily routine in a certain sequence, are forcibly admitted to the place of service, which contributes to the development of a conditioned reflex. At the same time, labor costs for driving and driving away animals are reduced, it becomes possible to use automation tools for recording productivity, programmed dosing of feed, weighing animals and managing all technological processes, conveyor maintenance can significantly reduce labor costs.

In pig breeding There are three main systems for keeping pigs: free-range- for fattening pigs, replacement-young animals, weaned piglets and queens of the first three months of growth; easel-walking(group and individual) - and boars of producers, queens of the third or fourth months of growth, suckling queens with piglets; bezgulnaya - for feed stock.

The free-range system of keeping pigs differs from the easel-walking system in that during the day the animals can freely go out to the walking yards for walking and feeding through holes in the wall of the pigsty. With easel-walking keeping, pigs are periodically released in groups for a walk or in a special room for feeding (dining room). When the animals are kept without walking, they do not leave the premises of the pigsty.

in sheep breeding There are pasture, stall-pasture and stall systems for keeping sheep.

pasture maintenance used in areas characterized by large pastures on which animals can be kept all year round. On winter pastures, to shelter them from the weather, semi-open buildings with three walls or paddocks are always built, and for winter or early spring births (lambing), capital shepherds (kosharas) are built in such a way that they fit 30 ... 35% ewes. For feeding sheep in bad weather and during lambing on winter pastures, feed is prepared in the required quantity.

Stall and pasture maintenance sheep are used in areas where there are natural pastures, and the climate is characterized by harsh winters. In winter, sheep are kept in stationary buildings, giving all kinds of feed, and in summer - on pastures.

stall content sheep is used in areas with high plowing of land and with limited pastures. Sheep are kept all year round in stationary (closed or semi-open) insulated or non-insulated premises, giving them feed that they receive from field crop rotations.

For raising animals and rabbits apply cellular system. The main herd of minks, sables, foxes and arctic foxes are kept in individual cages installed in sheds (sheds), nutria - in individual cages with or without pools, rabbits - in individual cages, and young animals in groups.

In poultry farming apply intense, outgoing and combined content system. Ways of keeping poultry: floor and cage. When kept on the floor, the birds are grown in poultry houses 12 or 18 m wide on deep litter, slatted or mesh floors. In large factories, birds are kept in cage batteries.

The system and method of keeping animals and poultry significantly affect the choice of mechanization of production processes.

BUILDINGS FOR KEEPING ANIMALS AND BIRDS

The design of any building or structure depends on its purpose.

On cattle farms there are cowsheds, calves, buildings for young animals and fattening, maternity and veterinary facilities. For keeping livestock in the summer, summer camp buildings are used in the form of light rooms and sheds. Auxiliary buildings specific to these farms are milking or milking blocks, dairy (collection, processing and storage of milk), milk processing plants.

Buildings and structures of pig farms are pigsties, pigsties, fatteners, premises for weaned piglets and boars. A specific building of a pig farm can be a dining room with the appropriate technology for keeping animals.

Sheep buildings include sheepfolds with sheds and shed bases. Sheepfolds contain animals of the same sex and age, so it is possible to distinguish sheepfolds for queens, valukhs, rams, young and fattening sheep. Specific facilities of sheep farms include shearing stations, baths for bathing and disinfection, sheep slaughter departments, etc.

Buildings for poultry (poultry houses) are divided into chicken coops, turkey houses, goslings and ducklings. According to the purpose, poultry houses are distinguished for adult birds, young animals and chickens raised for meat (broilers). Specific buildings of poultry farms include hatcheries, brooderhouses, and acclimatizers.

On the territory of all livestock farms, auxiliary buildings and structures should be built in the form of storage facilities, warehouses for feed and products, manure storage facilities, feed shops, boiler houses, etc.

FARM SANITARY FACILITIES

To create normal zoohygienic conditions in livestock buildings, various sanitary equipment is used: internal water supply, ventilation devices, sewerage, lighting, heating devices.

Sewerage designed for gravity removal of liquid excrement and dirty water from livestock and industrial premises. The sewerage system consists of zhizhestochny grooves, pipes, zhizhesbornik. The design and placement of sewage elements depend on the type of building, the way animals are kept and the technology adopted. Liquid collectors are necessary for temporary storage of liquid. Their volume is determined depending on the number of animals, the daily rate of liquid secretions and the accepted shelf life.

Ventilation designed to remove polluted air from the premises and replace it with clean air. Air pollution occurs mainly with water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2) and ammonia (NH3).

Heating livestock premises are carried out by heat generators, in one unit of which a fan and a heat source are combined.

Lighting is natural and artificial. Artificial lighting is achieved by using electric lamps.

MECHANIZATION OF WATER SUPPLY FOR ANIMAL FARMS AND PASTURES

WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS FOR ANIMAL FARMS AND PASTURES

Timely watering of animals, as well as rational and complete feeding is an important condition for maintaining their health and increasing productivity. Untimely and insufficient watering of animals, interruptions in watering and the use of poor quality water lead to a significant decrease in productivity, contribute to the emergence of diseases and increase feed consumption.

It has been established that insufficient watering of animals when kept on dry feed causes inhibition of digestive activity, resulting in a decrease in feed intake.

Due to a more intensive metabolism, young farm animals consume water per 1 kg of live weight, on average, 2 times more than adult animals. The lack of water negatively affects the growth and development of young animals, even with a sufficient level of feeding.

Drinking water of poor quality (cloudy, unusual smell and taste) does not have the ability to excite the activity of the secretory glands of the gastrointestinal tract and causes a negative physiological reaction with strong thirst.

Water temperature is important. Cold water has an adverse effect on animal health and productivity.

It has been established that animals can live without food for about 30 days, and without water - 6 ... 8 days (no more).

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR LIVESTOCK FARMS AND PASTURES

2) underground sources - ground and interstratal waters. Figure 2.1 shows the scheme of water supply from a surface source. Water from a surface water source through a water intake 1 and pipe 2 flows by gravity into the receiving well 3 , from where it is supplied by the pumps of the pumping station of the first lift 4 to treatment facilities 5. After cleaning and disinfection, water is collected in a clean water tank 6. Then, the pumps of the pumping station of the second lift 7 supply water through the pipeline to the water tower 9. Further through the water supply network 10 water is supplied to consumers. Depending on the type of source, various types of water intake structures are used. Mine wells are usually arranged for water intake from thin aquifers, occurring at a depth of no more than 40 m.

Rice. 2.1. Scheme of the water supply system from a surface source:

1 - water intake; 2 - gravity pipe; 3- receiving well; 4, 7- pumping stations; 5 - treatment plant; 6 - storage tank; 8 - water pipes; 9 - water tower; 10- water supply network

A shaft well is a vertical excavation in the ground that cuts into an aquifer. The well consists of three main parts: a shaft, a water intake and a cap.

DETERMINING FARM WATER REQUIREMENTS

The amount of water that should be supplied to the farm through the water supply network is determined according to the calculated norms for each consumer, taking into account their number according to the formula

where - daily rate of water consumption by one consumer, m3; - the number of consumers with the same consumption rate.

The following water consumption rates (dm3, l) are accepted per head for animals, birds and animals:

dairy cows ...............................

sows with piglets ..........6

beef cows .............................. 70

pregnant sows and

idle..................................................60

bulls and heifers .................................. 25

young cattle .............................30

weaned piglets.......................................5

calves ................................................ ..twenty

fattening and young pigs........ 15

pedigree horses .............................. 80

chickens................................................. ......one

stud stallions...................70

turkeys............................................1.5

foals up to 1.5 years .......................45

ducks and geese.......................................2

sheep adults .................................. 10

minks, sables, rabbits......................3

young sheep ....................................... 5

foxes, arctic foxes .................................. 7

boars-produce

In hot and dry areas, the norm can be increased by 25%. The water consumption rates include the costs of washing the premises, cages, milk dishes, preparing feed, and cooling milk. For manure removal, additional water consumption is provided in the amount of 4 to 10 dm3 per animal. For young birds, these norms are halved. For livestock and poultry farms, a special household plumbing is not designed.

Drinking water is supplied to the farm from the public water supply network. The rate of water consumption per worker is 25 dm3 per shift. For bathing sheep, 10 dm3 is spent per head per year, at the point of artificial insemination of sheep - 0.5 dm3 per inseminated sheep (the number of inseminated queens per day is 6 % total livestock in the complex).

The maximum daily and hourly water consumption, m3, is determined by the formulas:

;

,

where is the coefficient of daily uneven water consumption. Usually take = 1.3.

Hourly fluctuations in water consumption are taken into account using the coefficient of hourly unevenness = 2.5.

PUMPS AND WATER LIFTS

According to the principle of operation, pumps and water lifts are divided into the following groups.

Vane pumps (centrifugal, axial, vortex). In these pumps, the liquid moves (is pumped) under the action of a rotating impeller equipped with blades. In figure 2.2, a, b a general view and a diagram of the operation of a centrifugal pump are shown.

The working body of the pump is a wheel 6 with curved blades, during rotation of which in the discharge pipeline 2 pressure is generated.

Rice. 2.2. Centrifugal pump:

a- general form; b- scheme of the pump; 1 - manometer; 2 - discharge pipeline; 3 - pump; 4 - electric motor: 5 - suction pipe; 6 - impeller; 7 - shaft

The operation of the pump is characterized by total head, flow, power, rotor speed and efficiency.

DRINKERS AND WATER DISPENSERS

Animals drink water directly from drinkers, which are divided into individual and group, stationary and mobile. According to the principle of operation, drinkers are of two types: valve and vacuum. The first, in turn, are divided into pedal and float.

On cattle farms, automatic one-cup drinkers AP-1A (plastic), PA-1A and KPG-12.31.10 (cast iron) are used for watering animals. They are installed at the rate of one per two cows for tethered content and one per cage for young animals. The group automatic drinker AGK-4B with electric water heating up to 4°C is designed for drinking up to 100 heads.

Group automatic drinker AGK-12 Designed for 200 heads with loose content in open areas. In winter, to eliminate the freezing of water, its flow is ensured.

Mobile drinker PAP-10A designed for use in summer camps and pastures. It is a tank with a volume of 3 m3 from which water enters 12 one-cup automatic drinking bowls, and is designed to serve 10 heads.

For drinking adult pigs, self-cleaning one-cup automatic drinking bowls PPS-1 and teat PBS-1 are used, and for suckling pigs and weaned piglets - PB-2. Each of these drinkers is designed for 25 .... 30 adult animals and 10 young animals, respectively. Drinkers are used for individual and group keeping of pigs.

For sheep, a group automatic drinker APO-F-4 with electric heating is used, designed to serve 200 heads in open areas. Drinkers GAO-4A, AOU-2/4, PBO-1, PKO-4, VUO-3A are installed inside the sheepfold.

When keeping birds on the floor, trough drinkers K-4A and automatic drinking bowls AP-2, AKP-1.5 are used, and nipple automatic drinking bowls are used for cage keeping.

FARM WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT

Water used for drinking animals is most often evaluated by its physical properties: temperature, transparency, color, smell, taste and taste.

For adult animals, the most favorable temperature is 10...12 °C in summer and 15...18 °C in winter.

The transparency of water is determined by its ability to transmit visible light. The color of water depends on the presence of impurities of mineral and organic origin in it.

The smell of water depends on the organisms living and dying in it, the condition of the banks and the bottom of the water source, and on the drains that feed the water source. Drinking water should not have any foreign smell. The taste of water should be pleasant, refreshing, which determines the optimal amount of mineral salts and gases dissolved in it. Distinguish bitter, salty, sour, sweet taste of water and various flavors. The smell and taste of water, as a rule, is determined organoleptically.

MECHANIZATION OF PREPARATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FEED

REQUIREMENTS FOR MECHANIZATION OF PREPARATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FEED

Procurement, preparation and distribution of feed is the most important task in animal husbandry. At all stages of solving this problem, it is necessary to strive to reduce feed losses and improve its physical and mechanical composition. This is achieved both through technological, mechanical and thermochemical methods of preparing feed for feeding, and through zootechnical methods - breeding animal breeds with high feed digestibility, using scientifically based balanced diets, biologically active substances, growth stimulants.

The requirements for the preparation of feed mainly relate to the degree of their grinding, contamination, and the presence of harmful impurities. Zootechnical conditions define the following sizes of feed particles: the length of cutting straw and hay for cows is 3 ... 4 cm, horses 1.5 ... . 1 cm), pigs 0.5 ... 1 cm, birds 0.3 ... 0.4 cm. Cake for cows is crushed into particles 10 ... 15 mm in size. Crushed concentrated feed for cows should consist of particles with a size of 1.8 ... 1.4 mm, for pigs and poultry - up to 1 mm (fine grinding) and up to 1.8 mm (medium grinding). The particle size of hay (grass) flour should not exceed 1 mm for birds and 2 mm for other animals. When laying silage with the addition of raw root crops, the thickness of their cutting should not exceed 5 ... 7 mm. Silage corn stalks are crushed to 1.5...8 cm.

Contamination of fodder root crops should not exceed 0.3%, and grain feed - 1% (sand), 0.004% (bitter, elm, ergot) or 0.25% (pupa, smut, chaff).

The following zootechnical requirements are imposed on feed-distributing devices: uniformity and accuracy of feed distribution; its dosage individually for each animal (for example, the distribution of concentrates according to daily milk yield) or a group of animals (silage, haylage and other roughage or green top dressing); prevention of feed contamination and its separation into fractions; animal injury prevention; electrical safety. Deviation from the prescribed rate per head of animal for stalk feed is allowed in the range of ± 15%, and for concentrated feed - ± 5%. Recoverable feed losses should not exceed ± 1%, and irreversible losses are not allowed. The duration of the operation of distributing feed in one room should be no more than 30 minutes (when using mobile devices) and 20 minutes (when distributing feed by stationary means).

Feeders must be universal (ensure the possibility of issuing all types of feed); have high productivity and provide for the regulation of the rate of issue per head from minimum to maximum; do not create excessive noise in the room, can be easily cleaned from food residues and other contaminants, be reliable in operation.

METHODS FOR PREPARING FEED FOR FEEDING

Feeds are prepared to improve palatability, digestibility and nutrient utilization.

The main methods of preparing feed for feeding are mechanical, physical, chemical and biological.

Mechanical methods(grinding, crushing, flattening, mixing) are used mainly to increase the palatability of feed, improve their technological properties.

Physical methods(hydrobarothermic) increase palatability and partially nutritional value of feed.

Chemical methods(alkaline or acid treatment of feed) allows you to increase the availability of indigestible nutrients to the body, breaking them down to simpler compounds.

Biological methods- yeasting, ensiling, fermentation, enzymatic treatment, etc.

All of these methods of feed preparation are used to improve their palatability, increase the complete protein in them (due to microbial synthesis), and enzymatically break down indigestible carbohydrates into simpler compounds accessible to the body.

Preparation of roughage. Hay and straw are among the main roughage for farm animals. In the diet of animals in winter, the feed of these species is 25...30% nutritionally. Hay preparation consists mainly of chopping to increase palatability and improve processing properties. Physical and mechanical methods that increase the palatability and partially digestibility of straw are also widely used - grinding, steaming, brewing, flavoring, granulating.

Chopping is the easiest way to prepare straw for feeding. It helps to increase its palatability and facilitates the work of the digestive organs of animals. The most acceptable cutting length of straw of medium degree of crushing for use as part of loose feed mixtures is 2 ... 5 cm, for the preparation of briquettes 0.8 ... 3 cm, granules 0.5 cm. FN-1.4, PSK-5, PZ-0.3) into vehicles. In addition, crushers IGK-30B, KDU-2M, ISK-3, IRT-165 are used for crushing straw with a moisture content of 17%, and straw with high humidity - screenless choppers DKV-3A, IRMA-15, DIS-1 M.

Flavoring, enrichment and steaming of straw is carried out in feed shops. For the chemical treatment of straw, various types of alkalis are recommended (caustic soda, ammonia water, liquid ammonia, soda ash, lime), which are used both in pure form and in combination with other reagents and physical methods (with steam, under pressure). The nutritional value of straw after such treatment increases by 1.5 ... 2 times.

Preparation of concentrated feed. For nutritional value and more rational use Feed grains are processed in various ways - grinding, roasting, boiling and steaming, malting, extrusion, micronization, flattening, flaking, recovery, yeast.

Grinding- a simple, public and mandatory way to prepare grain for feeding. Grind dry grain of good quality with a normal color and smell in hammer mills and grain mills. The degree of grinding depends on the palatability of the feed, the speed of its passage through the gastrointestinal tract, the volume of digestive juices and their enzymatic activity.

The degree of grinding is determined by weighing the residues on the sieve after sieving the sample. Fine grinding is a residue on a sieve with holes with a diameter of 2 mm, the amount of not more than 5% in the absence of a residue on a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm; medium grinding - residue on a sieve with 3 mm holes, no more than 12% in the absence of residues on a sieve with 5 mm holes; coarse grinding - the residue on a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm in the amount of not more than 35%, while the residue on a sieve with holes of 5 mm in the amount of not more than 5%, while the presence of whole grains is not allowed.

Of the cereals, wheat and oats are the most difficult to process.

toasting grains are carried out mainly for suckling piglets in order to accustom them to eating food at an early age, stimulate the secretory activity of digestion, and better develop masticatory muscles. Usually they roast grains widely used in feeding pigs: barley, wheat, corn, peas.

Cooking and steaming are used when feeding pigs with legumes: peas, soybeans, lupins, lentils. These feeds are pre-crushed, and then boiled or steamed for 30–40 minutes in a feed steamer for 1 hour.

Malting necessary to improve the palatability of grain feed (barley, corn, wheat, etc.) and increase their palatability. Malting is carried out as follows: grain turd is poured into special containers, poured with hot (90 ° C) water and kept in it.

Extrusion - it is one of the most efficient ways to process grain. The raw material to be extruded is brought to a moisture content of 12%, crushed and fed into the extruder, where, under the action of high pressure (280...390 kPa) and friction, the grain mass is heated to a temperature of 120...150 °C. Then, due to its rapid movement from the high pressure zone to the atmospheric zone, the so-called explosion occurs, as a result of which the homogeneous mass swells and forms a product of a microporous structure.

micronization consists in the processing of grain with infrared rays. In the process of grain micronization, starch gelatinization occurs, while its amount in this form increases.

CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE PREPARATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FEED

The following machines and equipment are used to prepare feed for feeding: choppers, cleaners, sinks, mixers, dispensers, accumulators, steamers, tractor and pumping equipment, etc.

Technological equipment for the preparation of feed is classified according to technological characteristics and processing method. So, the grinding of feed is carried out by crushing, cutting, impact, grinding due to the mechanical interaction of the working bodies of the machine and the material. Each type of grinding corresponds to its own type of machine: impact - hammer crushers; cutting - straw-silo-cutters; rubbing - stone mills. In turn, crushers are classified according to the principle of operation, design and aerodynamic features, the place of loading, the method of removal of the finished material. This approach is applied to almost all machines involved in the preparation of feed.

The choice of technical means for loading and distributing feed and their rational use are determined mainly by such factors as the physical and mechanical properties of feed, the method of feeding, the type of livestock buildings, the method of keeping animals and poultry, and the size of farms. A variety of feed-distributing devices is due to a different combination of working bodies, assembly units and different ways of their aggregation with energy resources.

All feeders can be divided into two types: stationary and mobile (mobile).

Stationary feeders are various types of conveyors (chain, chain-scraper, rod-scraper, auger, belt, platform, spiral-screw, cable-washer, chain-washer, oscillatory, bucket).

Mobile feeders are automobile, tractor, self-propelled. The advantages of mobile feeders over stationary ones are higher labor productivity.

A common drawback of feeders is low versatility when distributing various feeds.

EQUIPMENT FOR FEEDER

Technological equipment for feed preparation is placed in special premises - feed shops, in which tens of tons of various feeds are processed daily. Complex mechanization of feed preparation allows improving their quality, obtaining complete mixtures in the form of mono-feeds while reducing the cost of their processing.

There are specialized and combined feed shops. Specialized feed shops are designed for one type of farm (cattle, pig, poultry), and combined - for several branches of animal husbandry.

In the feed shops of livestock farms, three main technological lines are distinguished, according to which feed preparation machines are grouped and classified (Fig. 2.3). These are technological lines of concentrated, juicy and coarse (green fodder). All three come together in the final stages of the feed preparation process: dosing, steaming and mixing.

Bunker" href="/text/category/bunker/" rel="bookmark">bunker ; 8 - washer-chopper; 9 - unloading auger; 10- loading auger; 11 - steamers-mixers

The technology of feeding animals with full-ration feed briquettes and granules in the form of mono-fodder is widely introduced. For farms and complexes of cattle, as well as for sheep farms, standard designs of feed shops KORK-15, KCK-5, KTsO-5 and KPO-5, etc. are used.

Feeding shop equipment set KORK-15 is intended for quick preparation of wet feed mixtures, which include straw (in bulk, in rolls, bales), haylage or silage, root crops, concentrates, molasses and urea solution. This kit can be used on dairy farms and complexes with a size of 800...2000 heads and fattening farms with a size of up to 5000 heads of cattle in all agricultural zones of the country.

Figure 2.4 shows the layout of the equipment of the feed shop KORK-15.

The technological process in the feed shop proceeds as follows: straw is unloaded from a dump truck into a receiving hopper 17, from where it enters the conveyor 16, which previously

DIV_ADBLOCK98">

loosens rolls, bales and delivers them to the conveyor through dosing beaters 12 exact dosage. The latter delivers the straw to the conveyor 14 collection line, along which it moves towards the chopper-mixer 6.

Similarly, silo from a dump truck is loaded into a bunker. 1 , then goes to the conveyor 2, through the dosing beaters is fed to the conveyor 3 accurate dosing and then enters the feed grinder-mixer 6.

Root and tuber crops are delivered to the feed shop by dump mobile vehicles or are fed by stationary conveyors from the root storage interlocked with the feed shop to the conveyor 11 (TK-5B). From here they are sent to the stone grinder. 10, where they are cleaned of contaminants and reduced to the desired size. Next, root crops are bought into the bunker-dispenser 13, and then to the conveyor 14. Concentrated feed is delivered to the feed shop from feed mills by the loader ZSK-10 and unloaded into batching bins 9, from where screw conveyor 8 fed to the conveyor 14.

MACHINE MILKING OF COWS

ZOOTECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MACHINE MILKING OF COWS

The secretion of milk from the udder of a cow is a necessary physiological process, which involves almost the weight of the animal's body.

The udder consists of four independent lobes. Milk cannot pass from one lobe to another. Each lobe has a mammary gland, connective tissue, milk ducts, and a nipple. In the mammary gland, milk is produced from the blood of the animal, which enters the nipples through the milk ducts. The most important part of the mammary gland is the glandular tissue, which consists of a huge number of very small sacs of alveoli.

With proper feeding of the cow, milk is continuously produced in the udder during the day. As the udder capacity is filled, the intraudder pressure increases and milk production slows down. Most of the milk is in the alveoli and small milk ducts of the udder (Fig. 2.5). This milk cannot be removed without the use of techniques that cause a full milk ejection reflex.

The allocation of milk from the udder of a cow depends on the person, the animal and the perfection of milking technology. These three components determine the whole process of milking a cow.

The following requirements are imposed on milking equipment:

DIV_ADBLOCK100">

the milking machine should ensure the milking of one cow in an average of 4 ... 6 minutes with an average milking rate of 2 l / min; the milking machine must ensure the simultaneous milking of both the front and rear parts of the udder of the cow.

METHODS FOR MACHINE MILKING OF COWS

There are three ways to extract milk: natural, manual and machine. With the natural method (sucking the udder by the calf), milk is released due to the rarefaction created in the calf's mouth; with manual - by squeezing milk from the teat tank with the milker's hands; with a machine - by sucking or squeezing milk with a milking machine.

The process of milk transfer proceeds relatively quickly. At the same time, it is necessary to milk the cow as fully as possible, to bring the amount of residual milk to a minimum. To meet these requirements, rules for manual and machine milking have been developed, which include preparatory, basic and additional operations.

Preparatory operations include: washing the udder with clean warm water (at a temperature of 40 ... 45 ° C); rubdown and massage; milking several streams of milk into a special mug or onto a dark plate; putting the device into operation; putting teat cups on teats. Preparatory operations must be completed in no more than 60 s.

The main operation is milking a cow, i.e. the process of extracting milk from the udder. The time of clean milking should be completed in 4...6 minutes, taking into account machine milking.

The final operations include: turning off the milking machines and removing them from the udder teats, treating the teats with an antiseptic emulsion.

During manual milking, the milk is removed mechanically from the teat tank. The milker's fingers rhythmically and strongly squeeze first the receptor zone of the base of the nipple, and then the entire nipple from top to bottom, squeezing out the milk.

In machine milking, milk is extracted from the teat of the udder with a teat cup, which acts as a milker or calf while sucking on the udder. Milking cups are one -: two-chamber. In modern milking machines, two-chamber cups are most often used.

Milk from the teats of the udder in all cases is released cyclically, in portions. This is due to the physiology of the animal. The period of time during which one portion of milk is excreted is called cycle or pulse milking workflow. The cycle, (pulse) consists of separate operations (cycles). Tact- this is the time during which there is a physiologically homogeneous interaction of the teat with the teat cup (animal with the machine).

A cycle can consist of two, three cycles or more. Depending on the number of strokes in the cycle, two- and three-stroke milking machines and milking machines are distinguished.

A single-chamber milking cup consists of a conical wall and a corrugated suction cup connected to it in the upper part.

A two-chamber cup consists of an outer sleeve, inside of which a rubber tube (nipple rubber) is freely placed, forming two chambers - interwall and nipple. The period of time during which milk is secreted into the nipple chamber is called sucking stroke, the period of time when the nipple is in a compressed state, - compression stroke, and when the blood circulation is restored - rest tact.

Figure 2.6 shows the operation schemes and arrangement of two-chamber teat cups.

The allocation of milk during machine milking in teat cups is carried out due to the pressure difference (inside and outside the udder).

https://pandia.ru/text/77/494/images/image014_47.jpg" align="left" width="231 height=285" height="285">

Rice. 2.7. Scheme of a single-chamber milking cup with a corrugated suction cup:a- sucking stroke; b- tact of rest

The work of a two-stroke glass can occur in two-three-stroke cycles (sucking-compression) and (sucking-compression-rest). During the sucking stroke, there should be a vacuum in the under-nipple and inter-wall chambers. There is an outflow of milk from the nipple of the udder through the sphincter into the nipple chamber. At the compression stroke, there is a vacuum in the suction chamber, and atmospheric pressure in the interwall chamber. Due to the pressure difference in the nipple and interwall chambers, the nipple rubber compresses and compresses the nipple and sphincter, thereby preventing milk from flowing out. During the cycle of rest in the under-nipple and inter-wall chambers, atmospheric pressure, i.e., in a given period of time, the nipple is as close as possible to its natural state - blood circulation is restored in it.

The two-stroke operation of the teat cup is the most stressful, as the teat is constantly exposed to vacuum. However, this provides high speed milking.

The three-stroke mode of operation is as close as possible to its natural way of allocation of milk.

MACHINES AND APPARATUS FOR PRIMARY PROCESSING AND PROCESSING OF MILK

REQUIREMENTS FOR PRIMARY PROCESSING AND PROCESSING OF MILK

Milk is a biological fluid produced by the secretion of the mammary glands of mammals. It contains milk sugar (4.7%) and mineral salts (0.7%), the colloidal phase contains part of the salts and proteins (3.3%) and in the finely dispersed phase - milk fat (3.8%) in the form close to spherical, surrounded by a protein-lipid membrane. Milk has immune and bactericidal properties, as it contains vitamins, hormones, enzymes and other active substances.

The quality of milk is characterized by fat content, acidity, bacterial contamination, mechanical contamination, color, smell and taste.

Lactic acid accumulates in milk due to the fermentation of milk sugar by bacteria. Acidity is expressed in conventional units - Turner degrees (°T) and is determined by the number of millimeters of a decinormal alkali solution used to neutralize 100 ml of milk. Fresh milk has an acidity of 16°T.

The freezing point of milk is lower than water, and is in the range of -0.53 ... -0.57 ° C.

The boiling point of milk is about 100.1 °C. At 70 ° C, changes in protein and lactose begin in milk. Milk fat solidifies at temperatures from 23...21.5°C, begins to melt at 18.5°C and stops melting at 41...43°C. In warm milk fat is in a state of emulsion, and at low temperatures (16...18°C) it turns into a suspension in milk plasma. The average size of fatty particles is 2...3 microns.

Sources of bacterial contamination of milk during machine milking of cows can be contaminated skin of the udder, poorly washed teat cups, milk hoses, milk taps and parts of the milk pipeline. Therefore, during the primary processing and processing of milk, sanitary and veterinary rules should be strictly observed. Cleaning, washing and disinfection of equipment and milk utensils should be carried out immediately after completion of work. Washing and storage compartments for clean dishes should preferably be located in the southern part of the room, and storage and refrigeration compartments - in the northern part. All dairy workers must strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene and systematically undergo a medical examination.

Under unfavorable conditions, microorganisms develop rapidly in milk, so it must be processed and processed in a timely manner. All technological processing of milk, the conditions of its storage and transportation must ensure the production of first-class milk in accordance with the standard.

METHODS OF PRIMARY PROCESSING AND PROCESSING OF MILK

Milk is cooled, heated, pasteurized and sterilized; processed into cream, sour cream, cheese, cottage cheese, dairy products; thicken, normalize, homogenize, dry, etc.

In farms that supply whole milk to milk processing enterprises, the simplest milking - cleaning - cooling scheme is used, carried out in milking machines. When supplying milk to trading network the scheme of milking - cleaning - pasteurization - cooling - packaging in small containers is possible. For deep-seated farms that supply their products for sale, lines are possible for processing milk into lactic acid products, kefir, cheeses, or, for example, for the production of butter according to the milking - cleaning - pasteurization - separation - butter production scheme. The preparation of condensed milk is one of the promising technologies for many farms.

CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR PRIMARY PROCESSING AND PROCESSING OF MILK

Keeping milk fresh for a long time is an important task, since milk with high acidity and a high content of microorganisms cannot be used to obtain high-quality products.

For cleaning milk from mechanical impurities and modified components are used filters and centrifugal cleaners. Plate discs, gauze, flannel, paper, metal mesh, and synthetic materials are used as working elements in filters.

For cooling milk apply flask, irrigation, reservoir, tubular, spiral and lamellar coolers. By design, they are horizontal, vertical, hermetic and open, and by type of cooling system - irrigation, coil, with intermediate coolant and direct cooling, with a refrigerator evaporator built-in and immersed in a milk bath.

The refrigeration machine can be built into the tank or stand-alone.

For heating milk apply pasteurizers reservoir, displacing drum, tubular and lamellar. Electropasteurizers are widely used.

used to separate milk into constituent products. separators. There are separators-cream separators (for obtaining cream and milk purification), separators-milk cleaners (for milk purification), separators-normalizers (for purification and normalization of milk, i.e. obtaining purified milk of a certain fat content), universal separators (for separating cream, cleaning and normalization of milk) and separators for special purposes.

By design, separators are open, semi-closed, hermetic.

EQUIPMENT FOR CLEANING, COOLING, PASTEURIZATION, SEPARATION AND NORMALIZATION OF MILK

Milk is purified from mechanical impurities using filters or centrifugal cleaners. Milk fat in the state of suspension tends to aggregate, so filtration and centrifugal cleaning are preferably carried out for warm milk.

Filters trap mechanical impurities. Fabrics made of lavsan have good indicators of filtration quality: other polymeric materials with a number of cells of at least 225 per 1 cm2. Milk passes through the tissue under pressure up to 100 kPa. When using fine filters, high pressures are required, the filters become clogged. The time of their use is limited by the properties of the filter material and the contamination of the liquid.

Separator-milk cleaner OM-1A serves to purify milk from foreign impurities, particles of coagulated protein and other inclusions, the density of which is higher than the density of milk. Productivity of a separator is 1000 l/h.

Separator-milk cleaner OMA-ZM (G9-OMA) with a capacity of 5000 l / h is included in the set of automated plate pasteurization and cooling units OPU-ZM and 0112-45.

Centrifugal cleaners give more of a high degree of milk purification. Their working principle is as follows. Milk is fed into the cleaner drum through the float control chamber through the central tube. In the drum, it moves along the annular space, being distributed in thin layers between the separating plates, and moves towards the axis of the drum. Mechanical impurities, having a higher density than milk, are released in a thin-layer process of passage between the plates and are deposited on the inner walls of the drum (in the mud space).

Cooling milk prevents its spoilage and ensures transportability. In winter, milk is cooled to 8 ° C, in summer - to 2 ... 4 ° C. In order to save energy, natural cold is used, for example, cold air in winter, but cold accumulation is more efficient. The simplest method of cooling is immersion of flasks and cans of milk in running or ice water, snow, etc. Methods using milk coolers are more perfect.

Open spray coolers (flat and cylindrical) have a milk receiver in the upper part of the heat exchange surface and a collector in the lower part. Coolant passes through the heat exchanger tubes. From the holes in the bottom of the receiver, milk enters the irrigated heat exchange surface. Flowing down it in a thin layer, the milk is cooled and freed from the gases dissolved in it.

Lamellar devices for milk cooling are part of pasteurization plants and milk purifiers in a set of milking machines. The plates of the devices are made of corrugated stainless steel used in the food industry. The consumption of cooling ice water is taken as three times in relation to the calculated productivity of the apparatus, which is 400 kg / h, depending on the number of heat exchange plates assembled in the working package. The temperature difference between cooling water and cold milk is 2...3°C.

To cool milk, cooling tanks with an intermediate coolant RPO-1.6 and RPO-2.5, a milk cooling tank MKA 200L-2A with a heat recuperator, a milk cleaner-cooler OOM-1000 "Holodok", a milk cooling tank RPO -F-0.8.

SYSTEMS DELETE And DISPOSAL MANURE

The level of mechanization of work on cleaning and removing manure reaches 70...75%, and labor costs account for 20...30% of the total costs.

The problem of the rational use of manure as a fertilizer while meeting the requirements for protecting the environment from pollution is of great economic importance. An effective solution to this problem involves a systematic approach, including consideration of the relationship of all production operations: removal of manure from the premises, its transportation, processing, storage and use. technology and most effective means mechanization for the removal and disposal of manure should be selected on the basis of a technical and economic calculation, taking into account the type and system (method) of keeping animals, the size of farms, working conditions and soil and climatic factors.

Depending on the humidity, solid, bedding (moisture content 75...80%), semi-liquid (85...90 %) and liquid (90...94%) manure, as well as manure runoff (94...99%). Excrement output from various animals per day ranges from approximately 55 kg (for cows) to 5.1 kg (for fattening pigs) and depends primarily on feeding. The composition and properties of manure affect the process of its removal, processing, storage, use, as well as the microclimate of the premises and the natural environment.

The following requirements are imposed on technological lines for cleaning, transporting and utilizing manure of any kind:

timely and high-quality removal of manure from livestock buildings with a minimum consumption of clean water;

processing it in order to detect infections and subsequent disinfection;

transportation of manure to places of processing and storage;

deworming;

maximum preservation of nutrients in the original manure and products of its processing;

exclusion of environmental pollution, as well as the spread of infections and invasions;

ensuring an optimal microclimate, maximum cleanliness of livestock buildings.

Manure handling facilities should be located downwind and below water intake facilities, and on-farm manure storage facilities should be located outside the farm. It is necessary to provide for sanitary zones between livestock buildings and residential settlements. The site for treatment facilities should not be flooded with flood and storm water. All structures of the system for the removal, processing and disposal of manure must be made with reliable waterproofing.

The variety of technologies for keeping animals necessitates the use various systems indoor manure cleaning. Three manure removal systems are most widely used: mechanical, hydraulic and combined (slotted floors in combination with an underground manure storage or channels in which mechanical cleaning tools are placed).

The mechanical system predetermines the removal of manure from the premises by all kinds of mechanical means: manure conveyors, bulldozer shovels, scrapers, suspended or ground trolleys.

The hydraulic system for manure removal can be flush, recirculating, gravity and settling-chute (gate).

flush system cleaning involves daily flushing of the channels with water from flushing nozzles. With direct flushing, manure is removed with a jet of water created by the pressure of the water supply network or a booster pump. A mixture of water, manure and slurry flows into the collector and is no longer used for re-flushing.

Recirculation system provides for the use of clarified and disinfected liquid fraction of manure supplied through a pressure pipeline from a storage tank to remove manure from channels.

Continuous Gravity System ensures the removal of manure by sliding it along the natural slope formed in the channels. It is used on cattle farms when keeping animals without bedding and feeding them with silage, root crops, bard, beet pulp and green mass, and in pigsties when feeding liquid and dry compound feed without using silage and green mass.

Gravity-flow intermittent system ensures the removal of manure, which accumulates in the longitudinal channels equipped with gates due to its discharge when the gates are opened. The volume of the longitudinal channels should ensure the accumulation of manure within 7...14 days. Typically, the dimensions of the channel are as follows: length 3 ... 50m, width 0.8 m (or more), minimum depth 0.6 m. Moreover, the thicker the manure, the shorter and wider the channel should be.

All gravity methods of removing manure from premises are especially effective when animals are tethered and boxed without bedding on warm expanded clay concrete floors or on rubber mats.

The main way to dispose of manure is to use it as an organic fertilizer. Most effective way removal and use of liquid manure is its disposal in the fields of irrigation. There are also known methods for processing manure into feed additives, to produce gas and biofuels.

CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNICAL MEANS FOR REMOVAL AND UTILIZATION OF MANURE

All technical means for the removal and disposal of manure are divided into two groups: periodic and continuous action.

Transport devices, trackless and rail, ground and elevated, mobile loading, scraper installations and other means belong to equipment of periodic operation.

Continuous conveying devices come with and without a traction element (gravity, pneumatic and hydraulic transport).

According to the purpose, there are technical means for daily cleaning and periodic cleaning, for removing deep bedding, for cleaning walking areas.

Depending on the design, there are:

ground and overhead rail trolleys and railless handcarts:

scraper conveyors of circular and reciprocating motion;

rope scrapers and rope shovels;

attachments on tractors and self-propelled chassis;

devices for hydraulic removal of manure (hydrotransport);

pneumatic devices.

The technological process of removing manure from livestock buildings and transporting it to the field can be divided into the following sequentially performed operations:

collecting manure from stalls and dumping it into grooves or loading it into trolleys (trolleys);

transportation of manure from the stalls through the livestock building to the place of collection or loading;

loading onto vehicles;

transportation across the farm to the manure storage or composting and unloading site:

loading from storage onto vehicles;

transportation to the field and unloading from the vehicle.

To perform these operations, many different types of machines and mechanisms are used. The most rational should be considered the option in which one mechanism performs two or more operations, and the cost of cleaning 1 ton of manure and moving it to fertilized fields is the lowest.

TECHNICAL DEVICES FOR REMOVING MANURE FROM LIVESTOCK ROOMS

Mechanical means for removing manure are divided into mobile and stationary. Mobile means are mainly used for loose livestock keeping using bedding. Straw, peat, chaff, sawdust, shavings, fallen leaves and tree needles are usually used as bedding. Approximate daily rates of bedding for one cow are 4 ... 5 kg, sheep - 0.5 ... 1 kg.

Manure from the premises where animals are kept is removed once or twice a year using various devices mounted on a vehicle for moving and loading various goods, including manure.

In animal husbandry, manure conveyors TSN-160A, TSN-160B, TSN-ZB, TR-5, TSN-2B, longitudinal scrapers US-F-170A or US-F250A, complete with transverse US-10, US-12 and USP-12, longitudinal scrapers TS-1PR complete with transverse TS-1PP, scrapers US-12 complete with transverse USP-12, screw conveyors TSHN-10.

Scraper conveyors TSN-ZB and TSN-160A(Fig. 2.8) of circular action are designed to remove manure from livestock buildings with its simultaneous loading into vehicles.

Horizontal conveyor 6 , installed in the manure channel, consists of a collapsible hinged chain with scrapers fixed to it 4, driving station 2, tension 3 and rotary 5 devices. The chain is driven by an electric motor through a V-belt transmission and a gearbox.

https://pandia.ru/text/77/494/images/image016_38.jpg" width="427" height="234 src=">

Rice. 2.9. Scraper US-F-170:

1, 2 - drive and tension stations; 3- slider; 4, 6 scrapers; 5 -chain; 7 - guide rollers; 8 - rod

https://pandia.ru/text/77/494/images/image018_25.jpg" width="419" height="154 src=">

Rice. 2.11. Technology system UTN-10A units:

1 - scraper tapovkaUS-F-170(US-250); 2- hydraulic drive station; 3 - manure storage; 4 - manure pipeline; 5 -hopper; 6 - pump; 7 - manure conveyor KNP-10

Screw and centrifugal pumps type NSh, NCI, NVTs used for unloading and pumping liquid manure through pipelines. Their productivity is in the range from 70 to 350 t/h.

The TS-1 scraper is designed for pig farms. It is installed in a manure channel, which is covered with slatted floors. The plant consists of transverse and longitudinal conveyors. Main Assembly units conveyors: scrapers, chains, drive. On the TS-1 installation, a scraper of the “Carriage” type is used. The drive, consisting of a gearbox and an electric motor, informs the scrapers of reciprocating motion and protects them from overloads.

Manure from livestock buildings to processing and storage sites is transported by mobile and stationary means.

Unit ESA-12/200A(Fig. 2.12) is designed for shearing 10 ... 12 thousand sheep per season. It is used to equip stationary, mobile or temporary shearing stations for 12 jobs.

The process of shearing and primary processing of wool on the example of the KTO-24/200A kit is organized as follows: the kit equipment is placed inside the shearing station. A flock of sheep is driven into pens adjacent to the premises of the shearing point. The feeders catch the sheep and bring them to the shearers' workstations. Each shearer has a set of tokens indicating the number of the workplace. After shearing each sheep, the shearer places the fleece on the conveyor along with the token. At the end of the conveyor, an auxiliary worker puts the fleece on the scales and, according to the number of the token, the accountant writes down the mass of the fleece separately for each shearer in the statement. Then, on the table for classifying wool, it is divided into classes. From the classifying table, the wool enters the box of the appropriate class, from where it is sent for pressing into bales, after which the bales are weighed, marked and sent to the finished product warehouse.

Shearing machine "Runo-2" designed for shearing sheep on remote pastures or farms that do not have a centralized power supply. It consists of a shearing machine driven by a high-frequency asynchronous electric motor, a converter powered by the on-board network of a car or tractor, a set of connecting wires and a carrying case. Provides simultaneous operation of two shearing machines.

Power consumption of one shearing machine 90 W, voltage 36 V, current frequency 200 Hz.

Shearing machines MSO-77B and high-frequency MSU-200V are widely used at shearing stations. MSO-77B are designed for shearing sheep of all breeds and consists of a body, a cutting device, eccentric, pressure and articulated mechanisms. The body serves to connect all the mechanisms of the machine and is sheathed with cloth to protect the shearer's hand from overheating. The cutting device is the working body of the machine and serves to cut the wool. It works on the principle of scissors, the role of which is performed by knife blades and combs. The knife cuts the wool by making a forward movement along the comb 2300 double strokes per minute. The grip width of the machine is 77 mm, weight is 1.1 kg. The drive of a knife is carried out by a flexible shaft from the external electric motor through the eccentric mechanism.

The MSU-200V high-frequency shearing machine (Fig. 2.13) consists of an electric shearing head, an electric motor and a power cord. Its fundamental difference from the MSO-77B machine is that the three-phase asynchronous electric motor with a squirrel-cage rotor is made as a single unit with the shearing head. Electric motor power W, voltage 36 V, current frequency 200 Hz, rotor speed electric motor-1. The current frequency converter IE-9401 converts the industrial current with a voltage of 220/380 V into a high-frequency current - 200 or 400 Hz with a voltage of 36 V, which is safe for the work of maintenance personnel.

For sharpening the cutting pair, a single-disk grinding apparatus TA-1 and a finishing apparatus DAS-350 are used.

Preservation "href="/text/category/konservatciya/" rel="bookmark">preservation grease. Previously removed parts and components are installed in place, making the necessary adjustments. Check the performance and interaction of mechanisms by briefly starting the machine and running it in idle mode move.

Pay attention to the reliability of grounding of body metal parts. Apart from general requirements when preparing for the use of specific machines, the features of their design and operation are taken into account.

In units with a flexible shaft, the shaft is first attached to the electric motor, and then to the shearing machine. Pay attention to the fact that the rotor shaft can be easily rotated by hand and does not have axial and radial runout. The direction of rotation of the shaft must correspond to the direction of rotation of the shaft, and not vice versa. The movement of all elements of the shearing machine must be smooth. The motor must be fixed.

The performance of the unit is checked by turning it on for a short time during idle operation.

When preparing for the operation of the wool conveyor, pay attention to the belt tension. The tensioned belt must not slip on the drive drum of the conveyor. When preparing for the work of grinding units, scales, tables for classifying, a wool press, attention is paid to the performance of individual components.

The quality of sheep shearing is judged by the quality of the resulting wool. First of all, this is an exception to the re-shearing of wool. Re-shearing of wool is obtained by loosely pressing the comb of the shearing machine to the body of the sheep. In this case, the machine cuts the wool not near the skin of the animal, but above and thereby shortens the length of the fiber. Repeated shearing leads to a cut that clogs the fleece.

MICROCLIMATE IN LIVESTOCK ROOMS

ZOOTECHNICAL AND SANITARY-HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS

The microclimate of livestock premises is a combination of physical, chemical and biological factors inside the premises that have a certain effect on the animal organism. These include: temperature, humidity, speed and chemical composition of air (the content of harmful gases in it, the presence of dust and microorganisms), ionization, radiation, etc. The combination of these factors can be different and affect the body of animals and birds both positively and and negative.

Zootechnical and sanitary-hygienic requirements for keeping animals and poultry are reduced to maintaining microclimate indicators within the established norms. Microclimate standards for various types of premises are given in Table 2.1.

The microclimate of livestock buildings tab. 2.1

Creating an optimal microclimate is a production process that consists in regulating microclimate parameters by technical means until such a combination is obtained in which environmental conditions are most favorable for the normal course of physiological processes in the animal's body. It should also be taken into account that unfavorable indoor microclimate parameters also negatively affect the health of people serving animals, causing them to reduce labor productivity and quickly become tired, for example, excessive air humidity in stall rooms with a sharp decrease in outside temperature leads to increased condensation of water vapor on structural elements of a building, causes decay of wooden structures and at the same time makes them less permeable to air and more heat-conducting.

The change in the parameters of the microclimate of the livestock premises is affected by: fluctuations in the temperature of the outside air, depending on the local climate and season; inflow or loss of heat through the building material; accumulation of heat given off by animals; the amount of water vapor, ammonia and carbon dioxide released, depending on the frequency of manure removal and the condition of the sewer; the condition and degree of lighting of the premises; technology of keeping animals and birds. Big role play the design of doors, gates, the presence of vestibules.

Maintaining an optimal microclimate reduces the cost of production.

METHODS FOR CREATING REGULATORY MICROCLIMATE PARAMETERS

To maintain an optimal microclimate in rooms with animals, they must be ventilated, heated or cooled. Control ventilation, heating and cooling should be automatic. The amount of air removed from the room is always equal to the amount of incoming air. If an exhaust unit is operating in the room, then the flow of fresh air occurs in an unorganized manner.

Ventilation systems are divided into natural, forced with a mechanical air stimulator and combined. Natural ventilation occurs due to the difference in air densities inside and outside the room, as well as under the influence of wind. Forced ventilation (with a mechanical stimulator) is divided into forced ventilation with and without heating of the supplied air, exhaust and forced-exhaust.

As a rule, the optimal air parameters in livestock buildings are supported by a ventilation system, which can be exhaust (vacuum), supply (pressure) or supply and exhaust (balanced). Exhaust ventilation, in turn, can be with natural air draft and with a mechanical stimulator, and natural ventilation can be tubeless and pipe. Natural ventilation usually works satisfactorily in the spring and autumn seasons, as well as at outdoor temperatures up to 15 °C. In all other cases, the air must be injected into the premises, and in the northern and central regions it must be additionally heated.

The ventilation unit usually consists of an electric motor fan and a ventilation network, which includes an air duct system and devices for air intake and exhaust. The fan is designed to move air. The activator of air movement in it is the impeller with blades, enclosed in a special casing. According to the value of the developed total pressure, the fans are divided into low (up to 980 Pa), medium (980 ... 2940 Pa) and high (294 Pa) pressure devices; according to the principle of action - on centrifugal and axial. In livestock buildings, low and medium pressure fans are used, centrifugal and axial, general purpose and roof, right and left rotation. The fan is made in various sizes.

In livestock buildings, the following types of heating are used: stove, central (water and steam low pressure) and air. Air heating systems are the most widely used. The essence of air heating is that the air heated in the heater is admitted into the room directly or through the air duct system. Air heaters are used for air heating. The air in them can be heated by water, steam, electricity or products of burning fuel. Therefore, heaters are divided into water, steam, electric and fire. Heating electric heaters of the SFO series with tubular finned heaters are designed to heat air to a temperature of 50 °C in air heating, ventilation, artificial climate systems and in drying plants. The set temperature of the leaving air is maintained automatically.

EQUIPMENT FOR VENTILATION, HEATING, LIGHTING

Automated sets of equipment "Climate" are designed for ventilation, heating and air humidification in livestock buildings.

The set of equipment "Climate-3" consists of two supply ventilation and heating units 3 (Fig. 2.14), air humidification systems, supply air ducts 6 , exhaust fan kit 7 , control stations 1 with sensor panel 8.

Ventilation and heating unit 3 heats and supplies atmospheric air, humidifies if necessary.

The air humidification system includes a pressure tank 5 and a solenoid valve that automatically adjusts the degree and humidity of the air. The supply of hot water to the heaters is regulated by a valve 2.

Sets of supply and exhaust units PVU-4M, PVU-LM are designed to maintain the air temperature and its circulation within the specified limits during the cold and transitional periods of the year.

Rice. 2.14. Equipment "Climate-3":

1 - control station; 2-control valve; 3 - ventilation and heating units; 4 - solenoid valve; 5 - pressure tank for water; 6 - air ducts; 7 -exhaust fan; 8 - sensor

Electric air heaters of the SFOC series with a capacity of 5-100 kW are used for air heating in supply ventilation systems of livestock buildings.

Fan heaters type TV-6 consist of a centrifugal fan with a two-speed electric motor, a water heater, a louvre block and an actuator.

Fire heat generators TGG-1A. TG-F-1.5A, TG-F-2.5G, TG-F-350 and furnace units TAU-0.75, TAU-1.5 are used to maintain an optimal microclimate in livestock and other premises. The air is heated by the combustion products of liquid fuel.

Ventilation unit with heat recovery UT-F-12 is designed for ventilation and heating of livestock buildings using the heat of exhaust air. Air-thermal (air curtains) allow you to maintain the parameters of the microclimate in the winter in the room when opening the gates of large cross-section for the passage of vehicles or animals.

EQUIPMENT FOR HEATING AND IRRADIATION OF ANIMALS

When growing a highly productive livestock of animals, it is necessary to consider their organisms and environment as a whole, the most important component of which is radiant energy. The use of ultraviolet irradiation in animal husbandry to eliminate solar starvation of the body, infrared local heating of young animals, as well as light regulators that provide a photoperiodic cycle of animal development, showed that the use of radiant energy makes it possible to significantly increase the safety of young animals without large material costs - the basis for the reproduction of livestock. Ultraviolet irradiation has a positive effect on the growth, development, metabolism and reproductive functions of farm animals.

Infrared rays have a beneficial effect on animals. They penetrate 3...4 cm deep into the body and contribute to increased blood flow in the vessels, thereby improving metabolic processes, activating the body's defenses, significantly increasing the safety and weight gain of young animals.

As sources of ultraviolet radiation in installations, erythemal luminescent mercury arc lamps of the LE type are of the greatest practical importance; bactericidal, mercury arc lamps type DB; high-pressure arc mercury tubular lamps of the DRT type.

Mercury-quartz lamps of the PRK type, erythemal fluorescent lamps of the EUV type, and bactericidal lamps of the BUV type are also sources of ultraviolet radiation.

The PRK mercury-quartz lamp is a quartz glass tube filled with argon and a small amount of mercury. Quartz glass transmits visible and ultraviolet rays well. Inside the quartz tube, at its ends, tungsten electrodes are mounted, on which a spiral is wound, covered with an oxide layer. During lamp operation, an arc discharge occurs between the electrodes, which is a source of ultraviolet radiation.

The erythemal fluorescent lamps of the EUV type have a device similar to the LD and LB fluorescent lamps, but differ from them in the composition of the phosphor and the type of tube glass.

Bactericidal lamps of the BUV type are arranged similarly to fluorescent ones. They are used for air disinfection in the maternity wards of cattle, pigsties, poultry houses, as well as for disinfecting walls, floors, ceilings and veterinary instruments.

For infrared heating and ultraviolet irradiation of young animals, the IKUF-1M installation is used, consisting of a control cabinet and forty irradiators. The irradiator is a rigid box-shaped structure, at both ends of which infrared lamps IKZK are placed, and between them - an ultraviolet erythema lamp LE-15. A reflector is installed above the lamp. The ballast of the lamp is mounted on top of the irradiator and is closed with a protective cover.

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution of higher professional education

Abstract

"Mechanization of small livestock farms"

Fulfilled course student

faculty

Checked:

Introduction 3

1. Equipment for keeping animals. four

2. Animal feeding equipment. 9

Bibliography. fourteen

INTRODUCTION

Equipment with automatic tying of cows OSP-F-26o is designed for automatic self-tying, as well as group and individual tying of cows, supplying them with water during stall keeping and milking in buckets or a milk pipe, and mainly it is used in the combined keeping of animals for feeding them from feeders in stalls and milking in parlors using high-performance herringbone and tandem milking equipment.

1. EQUIPMENT FOR KEEPING ANIMALS

Combined stall equipment for cows OSK-25A. This equipment is mounted in stalls in front of the feeders. It ensures keeping cows in stalls according to zootechnical requirements, fixing individual animals when untying the entire group of cows, as well as supplying water from the water main to automatic drinkers and serves as a support for attaching milk and vacuum wires to milking units.

The equipment (Fig. 1) consists of a frame to which a water pipe is connected; racks and fences connected by clamps; brackets for attaching milk and vacuum wires; automatic drinkers; tether chains and untether mechanism.

Each of the 13 individual automatic drinkers (PA-1A, PA-1B or AP-1A) is attached to the rack bracket with two bolts and connected to the latter through a branch pipe and an elbow. The plumbing bracket with a rubber gasket is pressed against the rack. The design of the equipment provides for the use of plastic drinking bowls AP-1A. To attach metal automatic drinkers PA-1A or PA-1B, an additional metal stand is installed between the rack bracket and the drinker.

The harness consists of a vertical and a female chain. The release mechanism includes separate sections with welded pins and a drive lever fixed with a bracket.

The operator of machine milking serves the equipment.

To tie a cow, the chain must be removed. Using the female and vertical chains, wrap around the neck of the cow, depending on the size of the neck, pass the end of the vertical chain through the corresponding ring of the female chain and put it on the pin again.

Rice. 1. Prefabricated stall equipment for cows OSK-25A:

1 - frame; 2 - automatic drinker; 3 - leash

To untie a group of cows, you need to release the drive lever from the bracket and turn the untie mechanism. The vertical chains fall off the pins, slip through the rings of the female chains and free the cows. If it is not necessary to untie the animals, the ends of the vertical chains are put on the opposite ends of the pins.

Technical characteristics of equipment OSK-25A

Number of cows:

subject to simultaneous untying up to 25

placed in section 2

Number of drinkers:

for two cows 1

included 13

Stall width, mm 1200

Weight, kg 670

Equipment with automatic leash of cows OSP-F-26. it

equipment (Fig. 2) is intended for automatic self-tying, as well as group and individual untying of cows, supplying them with water during stall keeping and milking in buckets or a milk pipe, and mainly it is used in combined keeping of animals for feeding them from feeders in stalls and milking in milking parlors using high-performance herringbone and tandem milking equipment.

Rice. 2. Equipment with automatic leash for cows OSP-F-26:

1 - rack; 2 - leash

When milking cows in stalls, a mount for milk and vacuum wires is provided. Unlike prefabricated stall equipment OSK-25A, self-fixation of cows in stalls is provided on equipment OSP-F-26, while labor costs for animal maintenance are reduced by more than 60%.

In each stall, at a height of 400 - 500 mm from the floor, a trap with a fixing plate is installed on the front wall of the feeder. All plates are fixed on a common rod, which can be set to two positions using a lever: “fixation” and “unlocking”. A collar with a chain pendant and a rubber weight attached to its end is put on the cow's neck. In the “fixed” position, the plates overlap the window of the closed guide. When approaching the feeder, the cow lowers her head into it, the chain suspension of the collar with a weight, sliding along the guides, falls into the trap, and the cow is tied. If the lever is moved to the “unlocked” position, the weight can be freely pulled out of the trap, and the cow is untied. If it is necessary to untie an individual cow, the weight is carefully removed from the trap by hand.

OSP-F-26 equipment is produced in the form of blocks connected during installation. In addition to the elements of an automatic harness, it includes a water supply system with automatic drinkers, a bracket for attaching milk and vacuum wires.

Elements of automatic harness can also be mounted on the stall equipment OSK-25A during the reconstruction of small farms, if the technical condition allows it to be operated for a sufficiently long time.

Technical characteristics of the OSP-F-26 equipment

Number of places for animals up to 26

Number of drinkers 18

Stall width, mm 1000 - 1200

Height of traps above the floor, mm 400 - 500

Overall dimensions of one block, mm 3000x1500x200

Weight (total), kg 629

Equipment for keeping cows in short stalls. Ta

some stall (Fig. 3) has a length of 160-165 cm and consists of limiters 6 and 3, manure canal 9, feeders 1 and tie tie 10.

Rice. 3. Short stall with a tie for cows:

1 - feeder; 2 - swivel pipe for fixing animals;

3 - arched front limiter; 4 - front rack of the stall;

5 - vacuum milk line; 6 - direct front limiter;

7 - side dividers of stalls; 8 - stall; 9 - manure channel; 10 - leash; 11 - bracket for mounting the swivel pipe

The limiters are made in the form of arcs - short (70 cm) and long (120 cm), preventing the transverse movement of the animal in the stall and preventing injury to the udder of a neighboring cow during rest. For the convenience of milking, a short limiter is installed opposite the valves of the vacuum and milk pipelines. 5.

Moving animals back is limited by a ledge above the manure grate and a leash, and forward movement is limited by a straight or blown-shaped pipe. The arc retainer contributes to the convenient location of the animal in the stall and makes it possible free access to the feeder and drinker. Such a retainer must take into account the dimensions of the animal vertically and horizontally.

To fix the animals on a leash in front of the feeder at a height of 55-60 cm from the floor level, a swivel pipe is attached to the front posts using brackets. The distance from it to the front pillars is 45 cm. Hooks are welded to the pipe, with which the links of the tie leash are connected, which are constantly located on the animal's neck. When fixing the cow, the hooks are set in a position in which the chain is held on the pipe. To release the animal, the pipe is turned, and the chains fall off the hooks. The swivel pipe prevents the feed from being thrown out of the feeder. The tie chain is 55-60 cm long.

2. ANIMAL FEEDING EQUIPMENT

For feeding animals on farms, a complex of small-sized non-energy-intensive multi-operational machines and equipment is provided, with the help of which the following technological operations are performed: loading and unloading and transporting feed to the farm or feed workshop, as well as within the farm; storage and grinding of components of feed mixtures; preparation of balanced feed mixtures, transportation and distribution to animals.

Universal unit PFN-0.3. This unit (Fig. 4) is mounted on the basis of a T-16M or SSH-28 self-propelled chassis and is designed to mechanize forage harvesting, as well as for loading and unloading operations and transporting goods both inside the farm and in the field. It consists of a self-propelled chassis 3 with body 2 and attachment 1 with hydraulic drive of working bodies.

The unit can work with a set of working bodies: when harvesting fodder, it is a mounted or front mower, a rake-tedder and a rake for picking up hay, a mounted tedder, a hay or straw stacker; during loading and unloading operations - this is a set of grippers, front bucket, clamshell forks. The machine operator, using interchangeable working bodies and a hydraulically controlled hitch, performs loading and unloading operations with any cargo and feed on the farm.

Rice. 4. Universal unit PFN-0.3:

1 - hinged device with hydraulic drive; 2 - body; 3 - self-propelled chassis

Technical characteristics of the unit PFN-0.3

Load capacity with grab, kg 475

Maximum breakout force, kN 5.6

Loading cycle time, s 30

Productivity, t/h, when loading with forks:

manure 18.2

silo 10.8

sand (bucket) 48

Capture width by a ladle, m 1,58

Weight of the machine with a set of working bodies, kg 542

Unit movement speed, km/h 19

Universal self-loader SU-F-0.4. Self-loader SU-F-0.4 is designed for mechanization of manure removal from walking areas and cleaning of the territory of livestock farms. It can also be used for the delivery of bedding materials, fodder root crops from storage facilities for processing or for distribution, cleaning feed passages from feed residues, loading and delivering any loose and small-sized materials for intra-farm transportation, lifting piece and packaged goods when loading into general purpose vehicles . It includes a tractor self-propelled chassis 1 (fig. 5) with tipper body 2, equipped with a hitch 3 and front bucket 4.

Using the chassis hydraulics, the machine operator lowers the loader bucket to the surface of the site and, by moving the chassis forward, picks up the material until the bucket is full. Then, using hydraulics, it raises the bucket above the chassis body and turns back to dump the material into the body. The cycles of selection and loading of the material are repeated until the body is completely filled. To load a body with an automatically opening front side, the same hydraulic cylinder of the self-propelled chassis is used as for lifting the bucket. By reversing the hydraulic cylinder rod bearings, the bucket can be switched to bulldozer mode for clearing areas and feed passages and to forward tilt material unloader mode.

Rice. 5. Universal self-loader SU-F-0.4:

1 - self-propelled chassis T-16M; 2 - dump body; 3 - hitch with hydraulic drive; 4 - bucket

Thanks to the rigid design of attachments, a reliable selection of the loaded material is achieved.

It is possible to retrofit the self-loader with a hinged rotating brush for cleaning the farm area.

Technical characteristics of the self-loader SU-F-0.4

Load capacity, kg:

dump platform1000

Productivity in manure cleaning with its transportation

at 200 m, t/h up to 12

Capture width, mm1700

Bucket capacity, kg, when loading:

root crops250

Ground clearance, mm400

Movement speed, km/h:

when taking material up to 2

with a fully loaded body up to 8

Lifting height in the bucket of piece cargo, mdo 1.6

The smallest turning radius, m 5.2

Overall dimensions, mm:

length with lowered bucket 4870

height with raised bucket 2780

width 1170

Attachment weight, kg 550

Forage loader-distributor PRK-F-0.4-5. It is used for loading and unloading operations, distribution of feed and cleaning of manure from manure passages and from sites on small and atypical farms. Depending on the specific conditions operation with the help of a loader-distributor, the following operations are performed: self-loading into the body of the feeder of silage and haylage located in storage places (trenches, piles); silage, haylage, root crops and crushed stalked feed and feed mixtures loaded with other means; transportation of feed to the place where animals are kept; its distribution during the movement of the unit; issuance of stationary feeders into receiving chambers and bunkers; loading various agricultural goods into other vehicles, as well as their unloading; cleaning roads and sites; cleaning of manure from manure passages of livestock farms; self-loading and unloading of bedding material.

The moisture content of silage should be 85%, haylage - 55%, green mass - 80%, roughage - 20%, feed mixture - 70%. Fractional composition: green and dried mass of feed with a cutting length of up to 50 mm - at least 70% by weight, roughage with a cutting length of up to 75 mm - at least 90%.

The unit can be operated outdoors (on paddocks and fattening grounds) and in livestock buildings at a temperature of -30 ... +45 0 C. Distribution of feed, unloading of bedding and cleaning of manure is carried out at a positive temperature of the material.

For the passage of the unit, traffic lanes with a width of at least 2 m and a height of up to 2.5 m are required.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Belekhov I.P., Clear A.S. Mechanization and automation of animal husbandry. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1991.,

2. Konakov A.P. Equipment for small livestock farms. Tambov: TSNTI, 1991.

3. Agricultural machinery for intensive technologies. Catalog. - M.: AgroNIITEIITO, 1988.

4. Equipment for small farms and family contracts in animal husbandry. Catalog. -M.: Gosagroprom, 1989.

Igor Nikolaev

Reading time: 5 minutes

A A

It's no secret that animal husbandry is one of the most important sectors of the economy, which provides the country's population with valuable and high-calorie foods (milk, meat, eggs, and so on). In addition, livestock enterprises produce raw materials for the manufacture of light industry products, in particular such types as shoes, clothing, fabrics, furniture and other things necessary for every person.

Do not forget that it is agricultural animals that produce organic fertilizers for the crop industry in the course of their life. Agriculture. Therefore, increasing the volume of livestock products is, while minimizing capital investments and unit costs, the most important goal and task for the agriculture of any state.

AT modern conditions The main factor in the growth of productivity in the first place is the introduction of automation, mechanization, energy-saving and other innovative intensive technologies in animal husbandry.

Due to the fact that animal husbandry is a very labor-intensive branch of agricultural production, it becomes necessary to use modern achievements in science and technology in the field of automation and mechanization of production processes in animal husbandry. This direction is obvious and a priority for the purposes of increasing the profitability and efficiency of livestock enterprises.

At the moment in Russia, at large agricultural enterprises with a high degree of mechanization, labor costs for the production of a unit of livestock products are two to three times less than the average for the entire industry, and the cost is one and a half to two times lower than the same industry average. And, although in general the level of mechanization in the industry is quite high, it is still significantly lower than the level of mechanization in developed countries, and therefore this level needs to be increased.

For example, only about 75 percent of dairy farms use integrated production mechanization; among enterprises producing beef, such mechanization of animal husbandry is used in less than 60 percent of farms, and complex mechanization in pig breeding covers about 70 percent of enterprises.

The high labor intensity in the livestock industry in our country is still preserved, and this has an extremely negative effect on the cost of production.

For example, the share of manual labor in dairy cattle breeding is at the level of 55 percent, and in such areas of animal husbandry as sheep breeding and reproductive shops of pig breeding enterprises, this share is at least 80 percent. At small agricultural enterprises, the level of automation and mechanization of production is generally very low and, on average, two to three times worse than in the whole industry as a whole.

For example, let's give some figures: with a herd of up to 100 animals, only 20 percent of all farms are comprehensively mechanized, and with a population of up to 200 animals, this figure is at the level of 45 percent.

What are the reasons for such a low level of mechanization of the Russian livestock industry?

Specialists single out, on the one hand, a low percentage of profitability in this industry, which does not allow livestock enterprises to purchase imported modern machinery and equipment for animal husbandry, and on the other hand, the domestic industry cannot currently offer livestock breeders modern facilities complex automation and mechanization, which would not be inferior to world analogues.

Experts believe that this state of affairs can be corrected if the domestic industry masters the production of standard livestock breeding complexes of a modular design, which would have a high level of robotization, automation and computerization. It is the modular design of such complexes that would unify the design different types equipment, thereby ensuring their interchangeability, which will greatly facilitate the process of equipping old and creating new ones and re-equipping existing livestock complexes, significantly reducing the amount of operating costs for them.

However, such an approach is impossible without targeted state support represented by the relevant ministries. Currently, alas, the necessary actions in this direction government agencies not yet taken.

What technological processes can and should be automated?

In animal husbandry, the production process is a long chain of different technological processes, works and operations that are associated with breeding, subsequent maintenance and fattening and, finally, the slaughter of agricultural livestock.

The following technological processes can be distinguished in this chain:

1. feed preparation;
2. watering and feeding animals;
3. manure removal and its subsequent processing;
4. collection of received products (shearing wool, collecting eggs, and so on),
5. slaughter of fattened animals for meat;
6. mating livestock for the purpose of obtaining offspring;
7. various kinds of work on the creation and subsequent maintenance of the microclimate necessary for animals in the premises, and so on.

Simultaneous mechanization and automation of animal husbandry cannot be absolute. Some work processes can be fully automated, replacing manual labor with robotic and computerized mechanisms. Other types of work can only be mechanized, that is, only a person can perform them, but using more modern and productive equipment for animal husbandry as an auxiliary tool. Very few types of livestock work currently require completely manual labor.

Feeding process

One of the most labor-intensive livestock production processes is the preparation and subsequent distribution of feed, as well as the process of watering animals. It is this part of the work that accounts for up to 70 percent of the total labor costs, which, of course, makes their mechanization and automation a paramount task. It is worth saying that it is quite easy to replace manual labor with the work of computers and robots in this part of the technological chain in most livestock industries.

Currently, there are two types of mechanization of feed distribution: stationary feed distributors and mobile (mobile) mechanisms for the distribution of feed. In the first case, the equipment is a belt, scraper or other type of conveyor controlled by an electric motor. In a stationary distributor, feed is supplied by unloading it from a special hopper directly onto a conveyor, which delivers food to special animal feeders. The principle of operation of the mobile distributor is to move the feed hopper itself directly to the feeders.

Which type of feed dispenser is suitable for a particular enterprise is determined by making some calculations. Basically, these calculations consist in the fact that it is necessary to calculate the profitability of the introduction and maintenance of both types of distributors and find out which one is more profitable to serve in premises of a specific configuration and for a specific type of animal.

Milking machine

The process of mechanizing the watering of animals is an even more straightforward task, since water is a liquid and easily transports itself under the action of gravity along the gutters and pipes of the drinking system. To do this, you just need to create at least a minimum angle of inclination of the pipe or gutter. In addition, water can be easily transported using electric pumps through a pipeline system.

manure removal

In the second place in terms of labor costs (after feeding) in animal husbandry is the process of cleaning manure. Therefore, the task of mechanizing such production processes is also extremely important, since such work has to be performed in large volumes and quite often.

Modern livestock complexes can be equipped with various types of mechanized and automated systems to remove manure. The choice of a specific type of equipment directly depends on the type of farm animals, on the principle of their maintenance, on the configuration and other specific features of the production facility, as well as on the type and volume of bedding material.

To obtain the maximum level of mechanization and automation of this technological process, it is desirable (or rather, necessary) to select specific equipment in advance and even at the stage of construction of the production facility to provide for the use of the selected equipment. Only in this case will it be possible to implement complex mechanization of the livestock enterprise.

There are currently two methods for cleaning manure: mechanical and hydraulic. Systems of a mechanical type of action are:

1. bulldozer equipment;
2. installations of cable-scraper type;
3. scraper conveyors.

Hydraulic manure removal systems are classified according to the following features:

1.by driving force they are:

• gravity (manure mass moves itself under the action of gravity forces along an inclined surface);
• forced (the movement of manure occurs due to the influence of an external coercive force, for example, a water flow);
• combined (part of the way the manure mass moves by gravity, and part - under the action of a coercive force).

2. According to the principle of operation, such installations are divided into:

• continuous action (round-the-clock removal of manure as it arrives);
• periodic action (removal of manure occurs after its accumulation to a certain level or simply at specified time intervals).

3. According to the type of their design, manure removal devices are divided into:

Integrated automation and dispatching

In order to increase the efficiency of livestock production and to minimize the level of labor costs per unit of this product, it is not necessary to limit ourselves only to the introduction of mechanization, automation and electrification at individual stages of the technological process.

The current level of development of technologies and scientific developments already today makes it possible to achieve full automation of many types of industrial production. In other words, it is possible to fully automate the entire production cycle (from the moment of acceptance of raw materials to the stage of packaging of finished products) using a robotic line, which is under the constant control of either one dispatcher or several engineering specialists.

It is worth saying that the specifics of such production as animal husbandry does not currently allow achieving an absolute level of automation of all production processes without exception. However, this level should be strived for as a kind of “ideal”.

At present, such equipment has already been developed that makes it possible to replace individual machines with in-line production lines.

Such lines cannot yet completely control the entire the production cycle, but they already allow to achieve full mechanization of the main technological operations.

Achieving a high level of automation and control in production lines allows complex working bodies and advanced systems of sensors and alarms. The large-scale use of such technological lines will make it possible to abandon manual labor and reduce the number of personnel, including operators of individual mechanisms and machines. They will be replaced by supervisory control and process control systems.

In the event of the transition of Russian animal husbandry to the most modern level of mechanization and automation of technological processes, operating costs in the livestock industry will decrease several times.

Means of mechanization of enterprises

Perhaps the hardest work in the livestock industry can be considered the work of pigs, cattlemen and milkmaids. Can this work be made easier? At present, it is already possible to give an unequivocal answer - yes. With the development of agricultural technology, the share of manual labor in animal husbandry gradually began to decline, began to apply modern ways mechanization and automation. There are more and more automated and mechanized dairy farms and automatic poultry houses, which now look more like a scientific laboratory or a food processing plant, as all the staff work in white coats.

Of course, the means of automation and mechanization greatly facilitate the work of people employed in animal husbandry. However, the use of these tools requires the livestock breeders to possess a large amount of specialized knowledge. Employees of an automated enterprise must not only be able to maintain existing mechanisms and machines, know the processes of their adjustment and adjustment. It will also require knowledge in the field of principles of the impact of the applied mechanisms on the body of chickens, pigs, cows and other farm animals.

How to use a milking machine so that cows give milk, how to process feed using a machine in such a way as to increase the return of meat, milk, eggs, wool and other products, how to adjust air humidity, temperature and lighting in the production premises of the enterprise in such a way as to ensure best growth animals and avoid their disease - all this knowledge is necessary for a modern livestock breeder.

In this regard, the issue of training qualified personnel for work at modern livestock enterprises with high level automation and mechanization of production processes.

Machinery and equipment in animal husbandry

Let's start with a dairy farm. One of the main machines at this enterprise is a milking machine. Milking cows by hand is very hard work. For example, a milkmaid must do up to 100 finger pressures in order to milk one liter of milk. With the help of modern milking machines, the process of milking cows is completely mechanized.

The operation of these devices is based on the principle of sucking milk from the cow's udder using rarefied air (vacuum) created by a special vacuum pump. The main part of the milking mechanism consists of four teat cups that are put on the teats of the udder. With the help of these cups, milk is sucked into a milk can or into a special milk pipeline. Through such a pipeline, raw milk is fed to a filter for cleaning or a cleaning centrifuge. After that, the raw material is cooled in coolers and pumped into the milk tank.

If necessary, raw milk is driven through a separator or pasteurizer. Cream is separated in the separator. Pasteurization kills all germs.

Modern milking machines (DA-3M, "Maiga", "Volga"), with their proper operation, increase labor productivity by three to eight times and make it possible to avoid diseases of cows.

The best results in practice have been achieved in the field of mechanization of water supply for livestock enterprises.

From mine or drilling or wells, water is delivered to farms using water jets, electric pumps or conventional centrifugal pumps. This process occurs automatically, it is only necessary to check the pumping unit itself weekly and carry out a routine inspection. If there is a water tower on the farm, the operation of the machine depends on the level of water in it. If there is no such tower, a small air-water tank is installed. When water is supplied, the pump compresses the air in the tank, as a result of which the pressure rises. When it reaches the maximum, the pump automatically turns off. When the pressure drops to the set minimum level, the pump automatically turns on. In cold weather, the water in the drinkers is heated with electricity.

To mechanize the distribution of feed, screw, scraper or belt conveyors are used.

In poultry farming, swinging and vibrating and swinging conveyors are used for the same purposes. Pig-breeding enterprises successfully use hydromechanical and pneumatic installations, as well as self-propelled feeders on electric traction. On farms dairy direction scraper-type conveyors are used, as well as trailed or self-propelled feed distributors.

Feed distribution is fully automated at poultry and pig-breeding enterprises.

Control devices with a clock mechanism turn on feed dispensers according to a predetermined program, and then, after issuing a certain amount of feed, turn them off.

It lends itself well to mechanization of feed preparation.

The industry produces various types of machines for grinding coarse and wet feed, for crushing grain and other types of dry feed, for grinding and washing root crops, for the production of grass meal, for creating various kinds of feed mixtures and animal feed, as well as machines for drying, yeast or steaming fodder.

To facilitate work on livestock farms, the mechanization of the process of cleaning litter and manure helps.

For example, in pig farms, animals are kept on bedding, which is changed only when the group of fattened vines changes. At the place where the pigs are fed, the manure is washed off from time to time with a jet of water into a special conveyor. From the pigsties, this conveyor delivers the manure mass to the underground collector, from there it is unloaded either onto a dump truck, or onto a tractor trailer, or using a compressed air pneumatic installation, and the manure is delivered to the fields. The pneumatic installation is automatically switched on by the clock mechanism according to a predetermined program.

Poultry farming enterprises are automated and mechanized most comprehensively. In addition to such processes as feed distribution, watering and cleaning of litter, they are automated: turning on and off the light, heating and ventilation, opening and closing the manholes of the paddock. Also, the process of collecting, sorting and subsequent packaging of eggs is automated at poultry farms. Chickens are carried in specially prepared nests, from where they are then rolled out onto the assembly conveyor belt, which will lay them on the sorting table. On this table, eggs are sorted by weight or size and laid out in a special container.

A modern automated poultry farm can be serviced by two people: an electrician and a livestock specialist-operator-technologist.

The first is responsible for setting up and adjusting the machine and mechanisms and for the technical care of this equipment. The second one conducts zootechnical observations and draws up programs for the operation of automata and machines.

Also, the domestic industry produces various kinds of equipment for heating and ventilation of industrial premises of the livestock sector: electric heaters, heat generators, steam boilers, fans, and so on.

The high level of automation and mechanization of livestock enterprises can significantly reduce the cost of production by reducing labor costs (reducing the number of personnel) and by increasing the productivity of birds and animals. And this will reduce retail prices.

Summarizing the above, we repeat that the automation and mechanization of the livestock complex makes it possible to turn heavy manual labor into technological and industrialized work, which should blur the line between peasant labor and work in industry.