Petrozavodsk State University

Department of Mechanization of Agricultural Production

Course "Mechanization of livestock farms"

course project

Mechanization technological processes

on a cattle farm for 216 heads.

Petrozavodsk

Introduction

Object characteristic

1.1 Dimensions of the building

1.2 Materials used

1.3 Content technology

1.4 Diet for cows

1.5 Number of staff

1.6 Daily routine

2. ICC stamps on the farm

2.1 Milk receiver

2.2 Ventilation systems

3. Technological calculations

3.1 Microclimate calculation

4. Structural development

4.1 Feed dispenser

4.2 Description of the invention

4.3 Claims

4.4 Structural analysis

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

The design of livestock buildings should be based on production technologies that ensure high animal productivity.

Livestock farms, depending on the purpose, can be pedigree and commercial. Breeding livestock farms are working to improve breeds and grow highly valuable breeding animals, which are then widely used on commercial farms to produce offspring that are used to replenish the herd. On the commodity produce livestock products for public consumption and for the needs of industry.

Depending on the biological species of animals, cattle farms, pig farms, horse breeding farms, poultry farms, etc. are distinguished. Livestock farming on cattle farms develops in the following main areas: dairy - for milk production, dairy and meat for the production of milk and beef and beef cattle breeding.

Cattle breeding is one of the main branches of animal husbandry in our country. High-value foodstuffs are obtained from cattle. Cattle are the main producer of milk and more than 95% of the production of this valuable product comes from dairy cattle breeding.

The cattle farm includes the main and auxiliary buildings and structures: barns, calves with a maternity ward, a room for keeping young animals, milking and dairy blocks, artificial insemination points, veterinary buildings, feed preparation rooms, walking and fodder yards. In addition, engineering structures, sheds for roughage, manure storage, sheds for storing equipment, and maintenance points are being built on farms.

Gipromselkhoz recommends that the technical characteristics of the livestock complex be determined by three indicators: size, capacity and production capacity. The size of the complex and the farm is set by the average annual number of kept animals. Capacity shows the number of places for keeping animals, and productive capacity farms - the maximum possible output per year milk, live weight, gains.

Object characteristic

Livestock farms are specialized agricultural enterprises designed for raising livestock and producing livestock products. Each farm is a single construction and technological complex, which includes the main and ancillary production, storage and auxiliary buildings and structures.

The main production buildings and structures include animal premises, maternity wards, walking and walking-feeding areas, milking rooms with pre-milking areas and artificial insemination points.

Ancillary production facilities are considered to be premises for veterinary care of animals, truck scales, water supply, sewerage, electricity and heat supply facilities, internal hard-surface driveways and fenced farms.

Storage facilities include feed storage, bedding and inventory, manure storage facilities, platforms or sheds for storing mechanical equipment.

Auxiliary facilities include service and household premises - zootechnical office, dressing rooms, washroom, shower room, toilet.

Dairy farms are designed from semi-detached buildings, in which the premises of the main, ancillary and auxiliary purposes are combined. This is done in order to increase the compactness of building farms, as well as reduce the length of all communications and the area of \u200b\u200benclosing buildings and structures in all cases when this does not contradict the conditions of the technological process and safety, sanitary and fire safety requirements and is expedient for technical and economic reasons. For example, a milking parlor in loose housing is located in a block with cowsheds or between cowsheds, and a pre-milk storage area is placed in front of the entrance to the milking parlour.

The walking and fodder yard and the walking area are designed, as a rule, along the southern wall of the livestock housing. Feeding troughs are recommended to be placed in such a way that when they are loaded, transport does not drive into the walking and fodder yards.

Feed stores and litter are placed in such a way as to provide the shortest path, convenience and ease of mechanization of feed supply. to feeding places, and bedding - in stalls and boxes.

An artificial insemination point is built in the immediate vicinity of the cowsheds or is blocked with a milking department, and the maternity department, as a rule, with a calf. With tethered keeping of livestock using linear milking machines, the conditions for placing farm buildings and structures remain the same as with loose ones, but at the same time, the milking department is replaced by a dairy one, and instead of walking and fodder yards at cowsheds, walking areas for livestock are arranged. Technological connection individual premises and their placement are carried out depending on the technology and method of keeping livestock and the purpose of the buildings.

1.1 Dimensions of the building

The linear dimensions of one barn are: length 84 m, width 18 m. The height of the walls is 3.21 m. The construction volume is 6981 m 3, per head 32.5 m 3. Building area 1755.5 m 2 , per head 8.10 m 2 . Useful area 1519.4 m 2 , per head 7.50 m 2 . The area of the main purpose is 1258.4 m 2, per head 5.8 m 2 The number of livestock places is 216 heads. Bearing structures, floors and roofs do not change. Feeding troughs, tambours, milk block are being reconstructed. The supply chambers and the artificial insemination point are transferred from the stall room to the existing annex.

Dairy, washing, vacuum pumping and utility rooms are arranged at the end of the building. Partially reconstruct the doorways, the floor, attach vestibules. The content of cows is tethered, in stalls measuring 1.7 x 1.2 m.

The cowshed consists of: a stall room, a room for feeding, a room for a manure receiver, an inlet chamber, a washing room, a dairy room, a service room, an inventory room, a vacuum pump room, a bathroom, an arena, a laboratory, a room for storing liquid nitrogen, a room for disinfectants.

1.2 Materials used

Foundation from prefabricated concrete blocks according to GOST 13579-78; the walls are made of silicate modular brick M-100 with a mortar M-250 with a widened seam of mineral slabs; coatings - wooden girders on metal-wooden arches; roofing from corrugated asbestos-cement sheets on a wooden crate; the floor is solid monolithic, made of concrete and covered with wooden shields, in the area of manure channels - lattice; wooden windows according to GOST 1250-81; doors according to GOST 6624-74; 14269-84; 24698-81; wooden gates, double-sided; the ceiling is built of reinforced concrete slabs; fencing machines in the stalls are made of iron pipes; the leash is a metal collar with a chain; feeders concreted

1.3 Content technology

Tethered keeping of dairy cows.

Tethered housing is used in farms that breed mainly livestock. meat breeds, and in recent years it has been introduced into dairy cattle breeding. The following main conditions are necessary for the successful introduction of tie-down housing: a sufficient amount of various feeds for organizing a complete and differentiated feeding of groups of animals in accordance with their productivity; correct division of livestock into groups according to productivity, physiological state, age, etc.; proper organization of milking. Tethered keeping of cows contributes to a significant reduction in labor costs for caring for animals compared to tethered keeping, since it uses mechanization tools more efficiently and the work of livestock breeders is better organized.

Animals are kept indoors on a deep non-removable bedding with a thickness of at least 20-25 cm, b no leash. In the maternity ward, cows are kept in tie-down technology.

Animals are fed in walking and fodder yards or special areas indoors, while the animals have free access to feed. Part of the concentrated feed is fed on the milking grounds during milking. Cows are milked two or three times a day in special milking parlors on stationary milking machines such as "Herringbone", "Tandem" or "Carousel". During milking, the milk is cleaned and cooled in the flow. After 10 days, control milkings are carried out.

Cows are watered at any time of the day from group automatic drinkers (in winter with electric water heating) installed on walking grounds or in buildings.

Manure from the aisles of cowsheds and from walking areas is removed daily by a bulldozer, and from cowsheds with deep non-replaceable litter - once or twice a year with simultaneous removal to the fields or sites for its processing.

The farm must have a schedule of mating and expected calving for all groups of cows. Animals are cleaned in a special room with the necessary equipment.

For strict adherence to the daily routine, the farm must have reliable sources of electricity, cold and hot water. For complex mechanization production processes a system of machines is being developed taking into account the specific operating conditions of the farm and its location area.

1.4 Diet for cows

Cattle are able to consume and digest a large amount of succulent and roughage, that is, feed containing a lot of fiber. Cows can consume 70 kg of feed or more per day. This feature is due to the anatomical structure of the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and the role of microorganisms that multiply in the pancreas of animals.

Efficient use of nutrients is largely determined by the structure of diets, which is understood as the ratio of coarse, succulent and concentrated feed. When rations are saturated with succulent feed, the nutrients of all components included in the diet are digested and used 8-12% better than when they are not enough.

Diet for a cow with a live weight of 500 kg with a daily milk yield of 25 kg table 1.4.1.

Table 1.4.1

1.5 Number of staff

The number of personnel is determined depending on the type of milking machine and the level of mechanization of processes on the farm. Table 1.5.1.

Table 1.5.1

1.6 Daily routine

6.00-6.30 - distribution of c / c.

6.30-7.00 - manure cleaning

7.00-9.00 - milking cows.

9.00-9.30 - washing of equipment and devices.

9.30-10.00 - distribution of hay.

10.00-10.30 - preparation of root crops.

10.30-11.30 - combined fodder steaming.

10.30-14.00 - walking animals.

14.00-14.30 - distribution of silage.

14.30-15.30 - sweeping the aisles.

15.30-16.00 - distribution of root crops.

16.00-17.30 - rest of animals.

16.30-17.00 - preparation of the milk pipeline.

17.00-17.30 - manure cleaning.

17.30-18.00 - distribution of silage.

18.00-20.00 - milking.

20.00-20.30 - washing of dairy equipment.

20.30-21.00 - distribution of hay.

21.00-21.15 - delivery of the shift to the night cattleman.

2. ICC stamps on the farm

2.1 Milk receiver

Milk receivers can be installed both in the corner and on the wall. Suitable for all types of halls, including those with low piping table 2.1.1

Table 2.1.1

2.2 Ventilation systems

Many years of experience show that one of the indispensable conditions for the healthy life of the herd is the creation of a ventilation system on a dairy farm that would correspond with its technical characteristics to the characteristics of the object. A qualitative microclimate has a significant impact on the health of cows and calves, respectively, on all quantitative and qualitative indicators of the state of the herd. Not only temperature and relative humidity data should be taken into account, it is important to comprehensively optimize the components of the microclimate, namely ventilation, heating and cooling systems.

Figure 2.3.6. Roof ventilation

The most energy-saving type of ventilation that uses wind power. Ventilation is carried out by supply valves located on both sides and the roof ridge, without the use of fans.

Figure 2.3.7. Cross ventilation

Operates on the basis of natural ventilation, using the force of the wind when the conditions (direction and speed) of adequate fans are turned off, which saves energy. When, while saving energy, the desired microclimate parameters are not maintained, it is possible to switch to forced ventilation by closing the windows on the side of the fans and connecting side fans that increase their speed in accordance with the incoming air.

Figure 2.3.8. Cross combined ventilation.

Operates on the basis of natural ventilation, using the power of the wind. When, while saving energy, the desired microclimate parameters are not saved, it is possible to switch to forced ventilation, the curtain on the side of the fans is closed and side fans of low power are connected. If necessary, high-power fans are connected.

Figure 2.3.9. Roof diffuse ventilation

Operates on the basis of natural ventilation, using the power of the wind. When, while saving energy, the desired microclimate parameters are not achieved, it is possible to switch to forced ventilation by setting the side windows to the required position, switching to the operation of the exhaust shaft fans.

Figure 2.3.10. tunnel ventilation

Operates on the basis of natural ventilation, using the force of the wind, when the conditions (direction and speed) of adequate fans remain off, which saves energy. When, while saving energy, the desired microclimate parameters are not saved, it is possible to switch to the forced "Tunnel" mode. In this case, all side windows are closed and high-power fans are switched on in stages, thus achieving optimal cooling throughout the entire volume of the room, thanks to the emerging air flow.

The use of this type of ventilation is possible in combination with the previously mentioned options.

Figure 2.3.11

Figure 2.3.12

2.3 Equipping stalls

The design of the stall places should provide the cow with space for comfortable rest and freedom of movement. dimensions are usually standard. Width - from 1.10 m to 1.20 m, length - from 1.80 m to 2.20 m. seamless pipes 60 mm in diameter with an anti-corrosion coating applied by dipping into a hot zinc solution, there is also an alternative option for making stalls from ferrous metal. Galvanizing occurs after all mechanical operations (cutting, bending, drilling), taking into account the experience of European farms.

To optimize the feeding process, fodder grids are installed between the stalls and the feed passage, thanks to which the cows do not interfere with each other when eating. Also, the self-locking mechanism does not allow the animal to lie down at this time - this greatly facilitates the task of veterinary procedures. Thanks to the modular assembly system and the possibility of combining different elements, all farms can be equipped with fodder bars.

2.4 Drinking systems and water heating systems

At any temperature, a cow needs a lot of water. Steel drinking bowls are designed for watering 40-50 cows. The strong water flow of 120 l/min keeps it clean. Drinkers are placed in the barn depending on the number of cows in the group and the placement of the groups themselves.

Drinker length - from 1.00 m to 3.00 m Drinker height - 80 - 100 cm

Drinking bowls are supplied with warm water through a special water heating system. The unit is equipped with a temperature controller and an automatic temperature limiter. The length of the water pipeline is up to 250 m. The unit can be operated at temperatures up to -40º. The body of the circulation pump and platform is made of stainless steel. Ten 3 kW.

3. Technological calculations

3.1 Microclimate calculation

Initial data:

Number of animals - 216 heads

Outside air temperature - - 15 0 С

Relative humidity of outdoor air - 80%

Let us determine the air consumption for removing excess carbon dioxide CO 2 according to the formula 3.2.1:

(3.2.1)

where: K CO2 - the amount of CO 2 emitted by animals m 3 / hour

C 1 - maximum allowable concentration of CO 2 in the air;

Let us determine the air exchange rate according to the formula 3.2.2:

where: V is the volume of the room in m 3 ();

Let's determine the air consumption for moisture removal according to the formula 3.2.3:

(3.2.3)

where: W is the release of moisture inside the room;

W 1 - moisture released by the breath of the animal W1=424 g/hour;

W 2 - moisture released from the drinkers and the floor, W 2 \u003d 59.46 g / hour;

φ 2 , φ 1 - relative humidity of indoor and outdoor air;

m is the number of animals;

Air exchange rate according to formula 3.2.2:

Determination of the amount of heat lost for ventilation according to the formula 3.2.4:

where: t in - air temperature inside the room, t in \u003d 10 0 С;

t n - outdoor air temperature, t n \u003d - 15 0 С;

ρ in - air density, ρ in \u003d 1.248 kg / m;

Determination of the amount of heat lost through the walls of the room according to the formula 3.2.5:

where: K o - heat transfer coefficient per 1 head;

m - the number of goals;

Determination of the amount of heat generated by animals according to the formula 3.2.6:

where: m is the number of animals;

g - the amount of heat released by one animal, is found by the formula 3.2.7:

where: t in - the temperature inside the room;

g m - the rate of heat release per animal;

Determination of the required performance of the heater to determine the space heating according to the formula 3.2.8:

From the calculation it can be seen that the heater is not needed.

Selection and determination of the required number of fans and exhaust shafts according to formula 3.2.9:

where: L is the required air flow;

Q- fan performance;

Sectional area of mines with natural draft according to the formula 3.2.10:

where: V- air velocity, calculated according to the formula 3.2.11:

(3.2.11)

where: h is the height of the exhaust shaft;

The number of exhaust shafts according to the formula 3.2.12:

where: f- cross-sectional area of the exhaust shaft;

3.2 Machine milking of cows and primary milk processing

Daily milk yield per cow according to formula 3.3.1:

where: Pr - average annual milk yield;

Number of machine milking operators to service the milking machine according to formula 3.3.2:

where: m d - number dairy cows in the herd; τ p - manual labor costs for milking one cow;

τ d - the duration of milking the herd;

Number of milking machines serviced by one operator according to the formula 3.3.3:

where: τ m is the time of machine milking of a cow;

Operator productivity according to formula 3.3.4:

The productivity of the milking machine according to the formula 3.3.5:

Productivity of the dairy production line for the primary processing of milk according to the formula 3.3.6:

(3.3.6)

where: С - coefficient of milk supply;

K - the number of dairy cows;

P - average annual milk yield;

Required capacity of the mud space of the separator according to the formula 3.3.7:

(3.3.7)

where: P is the percentage of separate mucus deposition from the total volume of milk passed; τ - duration of continuous operation;

Q m - necessary throughput milk purifier;

The working surface of the plate cooler is found by formula 3.3.8:

(3.3.8)

where: C is the heat capacity of milk;

t 1 - initial temperature of milk;

t 2 - final temperature of milk;

K is the total heat transfer coefficient;

Q cool - the required performance, is found by formula 3.3.9:

Δt cf - arithmetic mean temperature difference, is found by formula 3.3.10:

(3.3.10)

where: Δt max \u003d 27 o C, Δt min \u003d 3 o C

The number of plates in the cooler section according to formula 3.3.11:

where: F 1 - area of one plate;

Based on the data obtained, we select the OM-1 cooler.

3.3 Farm manure removal calculation

The daily output of manure on the farm is found by the formula 3.4 1:

where: g to - the average daily excretion of solid excrement by one animal, kg;

g W - average daily output of liquid excrement by one animal, kg;

g in - average daily water consumption for manure discharge per animal, kg;

g p - the average daily norm of litter per animal, kg;

m is the number of animals on the farm;

Daily output of manure in the pasture period according to the formula 3.4 2:

(3.4 2)

Annual output of manure according to the formula 3.4 3:

where: τ st - the duration of the stall period;

τ p - pasture period;

The area of the manure storage according to the formula 3.4 4:

(3.4 4)

where: h is the height of manure laying;

D xp - duration of manure storage;

q - manure density;

Conveyor performance according to the formula 3.4 5:

where: l is the length of the scraper; h- scraper height;

V is the speed of the chain with scrapers;

q - manure density;

ψ - fill factor;

The duration of the conveyor, during the day according to the formula 3.4 6:

(3.4 6)

where: G * day - daily output of manure from one animal;

The duration of one cycle of manure removal according to the formula 3.4 7:

where: L is the total length of the conveyor;

4. Structural development

4.1 Feed dispenser

The invention relates to feed distributors used in livestock farms and complexes. The feed distributor includes a rectangular hopper (PB) mounted on a fixed frame with unloading windows (VO) in its side walls. Inside (PB) there is a reversible feed conveyor, which is made in the form connected with the eccentric mechanism by means of connecting rods and the bottom (D) on rollers. In (D) transverse slots are made, in which split bars (RP) are placed with the possibility of rotation, which are rigidly fixed on axes, at the ends of which there are rods fixed with pins. The rods enter the hole of the brackets fixed on the longitudinal bars (D). At the edges of the axles opposite the bars, levers are fixed that interact with stops installed on the surface (D) and thereby limit the angle of rotation (RP) when they pass in the aft monolith and comb the feed, and the stops limit the direction of rotation (RP) on each of the halves ( E) towards the side walls (PB). The feed overhang prevention means is made in the form of a set of -shaped longitudinal elements (PE) rigidly fixed above (D), with their base facing towards (D).

Ensuring the issuance of various types of feed with different angles of repose is represented by elliptical rollers. Their axes are connected by a rod by means of telescopic levers and pass through a trunnion fixed on the bunker, in the walls of which slots are made for moving -shaped (PE). The combing working body is made in the form of a spring-loaded two-arm lever (DR.) hinged above (BO) with rakes interacting with split bars (D) and cleaning them from feed. (DR.) is equipped with a spring fixed on the side wall (PB). The drive of the feeder is carried out from the rotary mechanism of the tractor through the cardan and distributing shafts and the gearbox. The design of the device provides the ability to adjust it to different types of feed by changing the -shaped element fixed on the axles, which expands the operational capabilities of the device.1 h. p. f-ly, 6 ill.

4.2 Description of the invention

The invention relates to feed distributors, in particular to distributors of stalk feed for animals, mainly young animals, used in livestock farms and complexes.

Known feeder, including a hopper, one of the walls of which is made in the form of a L-shaped gripper, loading of the feed monolith which is carried out by hitting a self-propelled chassis on a stack with the drive wheels turned across it. By subsequent rotation of the fork with the help of winches and hinged racks, the latter of which are connected to hydraulic cylinders, the feed monolith is turned over into the bunker onto fixed transverse knives and tiered longitudinal knives, which dump portions of feed onto the unloading conveyor. When installing a removable grille on the knives and connecting it to the fork drive, the feed monolith is transported to the place of unloading (Author's certificate 1600654, A 01 K 5/00, 1990).

The disadvantages of this feeder are the complexity of its design and the impossibility of issuing types of feed.

Closest to the proposed feed distributor is a feed distributor, including a hopper with an unloading window, a feeding reversible conveyor made in the form of a bottom connected with an eccentric mechanism with transverse slots in which rotary bars are installed, rigidly fixed on the axes, a combing working body, a means of preventing overhanging feed in the form of a set of -shaped elements rigidly fixed above the bottom, facing the bottom with their base. The angle formed by the -shaped longitudinal element is less than two angles of repose of the feed. The combing working body is made in the form of a spring-loaded two-arm lever with rakes hinged above the unloading window (Author's certificate 1175408, A 01 K 5/02, 1985).

The disadvantage of this feeder is that the angle formed by the -shaped longitudinal elements is rigidly fixed. As a result, this feeder does not have the ability to dispense feed with different angles of repose.

The technical objective of the invention is to ensure the issuance of feed having different angles of repose.

The task is achieved in the feed distributor, containing a hopper with an unloading window, combing the working body, supplying a reversible conveyor made in the form of a bottom connected to an eccentric mechanism, above which there is a means of preventing feed overhang in the form of a set of -shaped elements facing their base to the bottom with by transverse slots in which split rotary bars are installed with the possibility of moving between -shaped elements in the direction of the side walls of the hopper, where, according to the invention, the tops of the -shaped elements are hinged on axes with the possibility of moving the latter in the slots of the side walls of the hopper, and inside the mentioned -shaped elements are installed with the possibility of interacting with their inner surfaces, swivel elliptical rollers, the axes of which are equipped with telescopic levers, pivotally mounted on a common rod mounted on the wall of the hopper with the possibility of reciprocating movement.

In addition, the task is achieved by the fact that the rod is equipped with a lock of its position, which provides the angle of rotation of the ellipsoidal rollers corresponding to the type of feed.

Unlike the prototype in the proposed design, the -shaped elements have the ability to adjust to different types of feed, that is, to change the angle formed by them. The angle is changed using a mechanism that includes elliptical rollers mounted for rotation on axes, which are fixed in the walls of the bunker, telescopic levers, through which the rollers rotate, a rod pivotally connected to the telescopic levers and passing through a trunnion fixed on the bunker wall and acting as a binder.

Figure 1 schematically shows the distributor of feed, a longitudinal section; figure 2 - mechanism for changing the angle of the -shaped elements, node I in figure 1; figure 3 - feed distributor, cross section; figure 4 - placement of rotary split slats on the movable bottom, node II in figure 3; Fig.5 - the same, view A in Fig.3; Fig.6 - fastening rotary split bars on the axes.

The feed distributor includes a rectangular hopper 2 mounted on a fixed frame 1 with unloading windows 3 in its side walls. Inside the hopper 2 there is a reversible feed conveyor 4, which is made in the form of a bottom 8 connected to the eccentric mechanism 5 by means of connecting rods 6 and mounted on rollers 7 with transverse slots 9, in which split bars 10 are placed with the possibility of rotation.

The split bars 10 are rigidly fixed on the axles 11, on the ends of which there are rods 12 fixed with pins 13. The rods 12 enter the hole of the brackets 14 fixed on the longitudinal bars 15 of the bottom 8. Along the edges of the axles 11 against the split bars 10, levers 16 are fixed, interacting with stops 17 mounted on the surface of the bottom 8 and thereby limiting the angle of rotation of the split bars 10 during their passage in the aft monolith and combing the feed, and the stops 17 limit the direction of rotation of the bars 10 on each of the halves of the bottom 8 towards the side walls of the hopper 2. feed is made in the form of a set of -shaped longitudinal elements 18 rigidly fixed above the bottom 8, facing the bottom 8 with its base. through the trunnion 23, fixed on the hopper 2. In the walls of the hopper 2 are made slots 24 to move the -shaped elements 18.

The height of the -shaped elements 18 exceeds the height of the split slats 10. The combing working body is made in the form of a spring-loaded two-arm lever 25 hinged above the unloading window 3 with rakes 26 interacting with the split slats 10 of the bottom 8 and cleaning them from feed. The lever 25 is equipped with a spring 27, fixed on the side wall of the hopper 2. The drive of the feeder is carried out from the rotary mechanism of the tractor through the cardan 28, distributing 29 shafts and gearbox 30.

Feed distributor works as follows.

The rotation from the PTO of the tractor through the cardan 28 and distributing 29 shafts is transmitted to the gearbox 30. Then, through the connecting rods 6, the eccentric mechanism 5 reciprocates the movable bottom 8. When the movable bottom 8 moves, the split bars 10 on one of the halves interact with the loaded into the hopper 2 located on fixed elements 18 by a feed monolith, are introduced into it and rotated on rods 12 axes 11 to the top working position until the levers 16 come into contact with the stops 17, after which the feed is combed out and dragged to the unloading window 3. The output of the bottom with split slats 10 in the unloading window 3 outside the hopper 2 is determined by the eccentricity value.

When the split bars 10 with feed in the unloading windows 3 go beyond the bunker, they interact with the spring-loaded rake 26 and deflect it. In the reverse course, i.e. when moving the bottom 8 in the opposite direction, the split slats 10, when interacting with the feed monolith, rotate on the axes 11 in the opposite direction, occupy a position close to horizontal, and freely move between the -shaped longitudinal elements 18 under the feed monolith, while the feed remaining on the bottom 8 outside the hopper 2 interacts with the spring-loaded tine 26 and is dropped into the feeder. During the reverse course, the described actions are performed on the other half of the movable bottom. The processes are repeated.

During the operation of the feeder, as the combing is carried out, the feed in the hopper 2 on the elements 18 constantly descends to the split bars 10, while the entire feed monolith in the bin 2 remains in place, and energy is spent only on combing and moving the combed out portion.

When operating the feeder with various types feed, which have different angles of repose, you can change the angle of the -shaped elements 18 using elliptical rollers 19. For this, it is necessary to fix the rod 21 in the trunnion 23 with a pin 31, depending on the required angle of repose of the feed. By moving the rod 21, the axes of the elliptical rollers 20 rotate and rotate the rollers 19 themselves, which in turn will change the angle of the -shaped elements 18.

The implementation in this feed distributor of the mechanism for changing the angles formed by -shaped elements makes it possible to distribute feed with different angles of repose of the feed.

4.3 Claims

1. A feed distributor containing a hopper with an unloading window, combing a working body, a feeding reversible conveyor, made in the form of a bottom connected with an eccentric mechanism, above which there is a means of preventing feed overhang in the form of a set of shaped elements facing their base to the bottom with transverse slots, in which split rotary bars are installed with the possibility of moving between the figurative elements in the direction of the side walls of the hopper, characterized in that the tops of the figurative elements are hinged on the axes with the possibility of moving the latter in the slots of the side walls of the hopper, and inside the said figurative elements are installed with the possibility of interacting with their swivel elliptical rollers with inner surfaces, the axes of which are equipped with telescopic levers, pivotally fixed on a common rod mounted on the hopper wall with the possibility of reciprocating movement.

2. Feed dispenser according to claim 1, characterized in that the rod is equipped with a lock of its position, which ensures the angle of rotation of the elliptical rollers corresponding to the type of feed.

4.4 Structural analysis

where: q- daily amount of feed mixture per cow, kg;

m is the number of cows;

A one-time supply of feed to the entire livestock is found by the formula 4.2.2:

where: K p - frequency of feeding;

Consumption of the feeding system according to the formula 4.2.3:

t k - feeding time, s;

kg/s

Consumption of a mobile feeder according to the formula 4.2.4:

(4.2.4)

where: V is the capacity of the bunker, m 3;

g - density of laying feed in the bunker, kg / m 3;

k and - coefficient of use of working time;

φ zap - filling factor of the bunker;

kg/s

The number of feeders is found by the formula 4.2.5:

pieces

The calculated linear density of the feed is determined by the formula 4.2.6:

where: q is the rate of one-time feed distribution per head, kg;

m o - the number of heads per feed place;

l to - the length of the feed-place, m;

kg/m

The required mass of feed in the bunker is determined by the formula 4.2.7:

(4.2.7)

where: q- one-time feed supply, kg per 1 head;

m is the number of heads in a row;

n is the number of rows;

k c - safety factor;

We find the volume of the bunker by the formula 4.2.8:

m 3

Let's find the length of the bunker based on the size of the feed passage and the height of the gate according to the formula 4.2.9:

where: d b - width of the bunker;

h b - the height of the bunker;

Let's find the required speed of the feed conveyor according to the formula 4.2.10:

where: b is the width of the feed monolith in the bunker;

h is the height of the monolith;

v agr - unit speed;

m/s

Let's find the average speed of the longitudinal conveyor according to the formula 4.2.11:

where: k b - coefficient of slipping of the tractor;

k about - coefficient of backlog of food;

m/s

The estimated speed of the unloading conveyor is found by the formula 4.2.13:

(4.2.13)

where: b 1 - the width of the unloading chute, m;

h 1 - the height of the layer of feed at the outlet of the gutter, m;

k sk - feed slip coefficient;

k to - coefficient taking into account volume losses due to the tr-ra chain;

m/s

5. Occupational health and safety

The main condition for the safety of the personnel of livestock farms and complexes is the correct organization of equipment operation.

Working, servicing mechanisms must be instructed in safety regulations and have technical and practical skills for the safe performance of work. Persons servicing the equipment must study the manual for the device and operation of the machines with which they work.

Before starting work, it is necessary to check the correct installation of the machine. It is impossible to start work if a free and safe approach to the machine is not provided.

Rotating parts of machines and drives must be properly guarded. The machine must not be put into operation with the safety guards removed or defective. It is only allowed to repair the machines when the machine is completely stopped and disconnected from the mains.

Normal and safe operation mobile transport and feeders is provided with their technical serviceability, the availability of good access roads and feed passages. During the operation of the conveyor, it is forbidden to stand on the frame of the machine, open the hatches of the casing. For the safety of work when transporting manure with scraper installations, all transmission mechanisms are closed, the electric motor is grounded, and flooring is made at the transition point. It is not allowed to put foreign objects on the installations, to stand on them.

Elimination of all damage to electric drives, control panels, power and lighting networks should be carried out only by an electrician who has a special permit for servicing the electrical network.

Switching on and off the knife switches of distribution points is only allowed with the use of a rubber mat. Vacuum pumps with electric motors and a milking machine control panel are located in separate rooms and grounded. To ensure safety, closed-type starting equipment is used. Electric lamps in damp rooms should have ceramic fittings.

Due to the fact that in recent years the mechanization of labor-intensive processes in animal husbandry has become widespread, it is necessary not only to know the installation and maintenance of mechanisms and machines installed on farms, but also knowledge of the safety regulations for the installation and operation of these machines. Without knowledge of the rules for the production of work and safety measures, it is impossible to increase labor productivity and ensure the safety of working people. Organization and implementation of work on the creation safe conditions work is assigned to the heads of organizations.

For systematic training and familiarization of workers with the rules of safe work, the administration of organizations conducts safety briefings with workers: introductory briefing, briefing at the workplace (primary), daily briefing and periodic (repeated) briefing.

An introductory briefing is carried out with all employees, without exception, upon their admission to work, regardless of the profession, position or nature of the future work. It is carried out in order to familiarize general rules safety, fire safety and first aid methods for injuries and poisonings, with the maximum use of visual aids. At the same time, characteristic accidents at work are analyzed.

After the introductory briefing, each worker is given an accounting card, which is stored in his personal file. Briefing at the workplace is carried out when a newly hired worker is admitted to work, when transferring to another job or when changing the technological process. Briefing at the workplace is carried out by the head of this section (foreman, mechanic). The briefing program at the workplace includes familiarization with the organizational and technical rules for this area of work; requirements for the proper organization and maintenance of the workplace; the device of machines and equipment that are entrusted to serve the worker; familiarization with safety devices, danger zones, tools, rules for transporting goods, safe working methods and safety instructions for this type of work. After that, the head of the site draws up the worker's admission to independent work.

Daily briefing consists in the supervision by administrative and technical workers of the safe conduct of work. If a worker violates safety regulations, administrative and technical workers are obliged to demand a cessation of work, explain to the employee the possible consequences that these violations could lead to, and show safe working methods.

Periodic (or repeated) briefing includes general issues of introductory briefing and briefing at the workplace. It is held 2 times a year. If cases of violation of safety regulations were discovered at the enterprise, then additional periodic instructing of workers should be carried out.

For labor safety bad influence provide unsatisfactory sanitary and hygienic working conditions. Sanitary and hygienic working conditions provide for the creation of a normal air-thermal regime at the workplace, compliance with the regime of work and rest, creation of conditions for personal hygiene in production and use individual funds protection from external influences on the human body, etc.

The creation of a normal air-thermal regime in livestock buildings is of particular importance. Slots, loosely closed doors and windows create drafts, heat is not retained in the room and a normal microclimate is not maintained. As a result of unsatisfactory ventilation, air humidity increases. All this affects the body and causes colds. Therefore, livestock buildings for the autumn-winter period must be insulated, windows inserted, cracks sealed, ventilation equipped.

5.1 Safety measures for the operation of machinery and equipment of livestock buildings

Persons who have studied the manual for the device and operation of the equipment are allowed to work on the maintenance of machinery and equipment, knowing the rules safety, fire safety and first aid rules for electric shock. It is strictly forbidden to allow unauthorized persons to work with the equipment.

All work related to the technical maintenance and troubleshooting of the equipment is carried out only after the engine is disconnected from the mains. It is forbidden to work on the equipment with the protective guards removed. Before starting the unit, it is necessary to make sure that all components and control devices are in good condition. In the event of a malfunction of any node, it is not allowed to start the machine.

The vacuum unit with a magnetic starter must be located in a special isolated room, which should not contain foreign objects and flammable substances. When using strong detergents and disinfectants, rubber gloves, boots and rubberized aprons should be used.

Do not place any objects in the area of operation of the scrapers and conveyor chains. During the operation of the conveyors, it is forbidden to stand on the sprockets and chain. Operation of conveyors with bent and broken scrapers is prohibited. You can not be in the mine or rod overpass during the operation of the trolley for the removal of manure.

All electric power plants and starting equipment must be grounded. The insulation of the cable and wires of electric power plants must be protected from mechanical damage.

The pipeline connecting the autodrinkers is grounded at the extreme and middle points directly at the autodrinkers, and when entering the buildings, the water supply is supplied with a dielectric insert with a length of at least 50 cm

Conclusion

After making calculations for the farm, for convenience, you can summarize all the data obtained in Table 7.1 and, if necessary, compare with any similar cattle farm. Also, according to the data obtained, it is possible to outline the forthcoming scope of work on the preparation of fodder and bedding.

Table 7.1

Name	For one cow	per farm
1	2	3	4
2	Milk
3	per day, kg	28	11200
4	per year, t	8,4	3360
5	Total
6	drinking, l	10	4000
7	milking, l	15	6000
8	manure flush, l	1	400
9	feed preparation, l	80	32000
10	just a day	106	42400
11	bedding
12	per day, kg	4	1600
13	per year, t	1,5	600
14	Stern
15	hay, kg	10	4000
16	hay per year, t	3,6	1440
17	silo, kg	20	8000
18	silage per year, t	7,3	2920
19	tubers, kg	10	4000
20	root crops per year, t	3,6	1440
21	conc. feed, kg	6	2400
22	conc. feed per year, t	2,2	880
23	Manure
24	per day, kg	44	17600
25	per year, t	15,7	6280
26	Biogas
27	per day, m3
28	per year, m3

1. Hygiene of farm animals. In 2 books. Book 1 under. ed. / A.F. Kuznetsova and M.V. Demchuk. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1992. - 185 p.

2. Mechanization of livestock farms. Under the general editorship /N.R. Mammadov. - M.: Higher School, 1973. - 446 p.

3. Technology and mechanization of animal husbandry. Proc. for the beginning prof. education. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: IRPO; Ed. Center "Academy", 2000. - 416s.

4. Mechanization and electrification of animal husbandry / L.P. Kortashov, V.T. Kozlov, A.A. Avakiev. - M.: Kolos, 1979. - 351s.

5. Vereshchagin Yu.D. Machinery and equipment / Yu.D. Vereshchagin, A.N. Cordial. - M.: Higher school, 1983. - 144 p.

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Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Altai State Agrarian University

Faculty of Engineering

Department: mechanization of animal husbandry

Settlement and explanatory note

In the discipline "Mechanization and technology of animal husbandry"

Theme: Mechanization livestock farm

Is done by a student

Agarkov A.S.

Checked:

Borisov A.V.

Barnaul 2015

ANNOTATION

In this term paper calculations of the number of livestock breeding enterprises for a given capacity are given, a set of main production buildings for accommodating animals is made.

The main attention is paid to the development of the scheme of mechanization of production processes, the choice of means of mechanization on the basis of technological and technical and economic calculations.

INTRODUCTION

At present, a large number of livestock farms and complexes operate in agriculture, which will be the main producers of agricultural products for a long time to come. In the process of operation, tasks arise for their reconstruction in order to introduce the latest achievements of science and technology, and increase the efficiency of the industry.

If earlier on collective farms and state farms there were 12-15 dairy cows per worker, 20-30 heads of fattening cattle, now with the introduction of machines and new technologies these figures can be significantly increased. livestock farming place mechanization

Reconstruction and introduction of the system of machines into production requires specialists to have knowledge in the field of mechanization of animal husbandry, the ability to use this knowledge in solving specific problems.

1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MASTER PLAN

When developing master plans for agricultural enterprises, the following should be provided for:

a) planning linkage with the residential and public sector;

b) location of enterprises, buildings and structures in compliance with the respective minimum distances between them;

c) protection measures environment from pollution by industrial emissions;

d) the possibility of construction and commissioning of agricultural enterprises in the operation of start-up complexes or queues.

The zone of agricultural enterprises consists of the following sites: a) production;

b) storage and preparation of raw materials (feed);

c) storage and processing of production waste.

The orientation of one-story buildings for keeping livestock with a width of 21 m, with proper development, should be meridional (longitudinal axis from north to south).

Walking grounds and walking and fodder yards are not recommended to be placed on the north side of the premises.

Veterinary institutions (with the exception of veterinary checkpoints), boiler houses, open-type manure storage facilities are built on the leeward side in relation to livestock buildings and structures.

The feed shop is located at the entrance to the territory of the enterprise. In close proximity to the feed shop there is a warehouse for concentrated feed and storage for root crops, silage, etc.

Walking grounds and walking and fodder yards are located near the longitudinal walls of the building for keeping livestock; if necessary, it is possible to organize walking and fodder yards in isolation from the building.

Feed and bedding stores are built in such a way as to provide the shortest paths, convenience and ease of mechanization of the supply of bedding and feed to the places of use.

Crossing on the sites of agricultural enterprises of transport flows of finished products, feed and manure is not allowed.

The width of driveways at the sites of agricultural enterprises is calculated from the conditions of the most compact placement of transport and pedestrian routes.

Distances from buildings and structures to the edge of the carriageway of highways are accepted as 15 m. Distances between buildings are within 30-40 m.

1.1 Calculation of the number of cattle places on the farm

The number of cattle places for cattle enterprises of dairy, meat and meat reproductive areas is calculated taking into account the coefficients.

1.2 Farm area calculation

After calculating the number of cattle places, determine the area of the farm, m 2:

Where M is the number of heads on the farm, head

S - specific area per head.

S=1000*5=5000 m2

2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MECHANIZATION OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES

2.1 Feed preparation

The initial data for the development of this issue are:

a) the number of farm animals by groups of animals;

b) the diet of each group of animals.

The daily ration for each group of animals is compiled in accordance with zootechnical standards and the availability of feed on the farm, as well as their nutritional value.

Table 1

The daily ration for dairy cows of live weight is 600 kg., with an average daily milk yield of 20 liters. milk with a fat content of 3.8-4.0%.

Type of feed	The amount of feed	The diet contains
		Protein, G
Mixed grass hay
Corn silage
Bean-grass haylage
Roots
Mix of concentrates
Salt

table 2

Daily ration for dry, fresh and deep-calving cows.

Type of feed	Amount in the diet,	The diet contains
		Protein, G
Mixed grass hay
Corn silage
Roots
Mix of concentrates

Salt

Table 3

Daily ration for heifers.

Calves of the prophylactic period are given milk. The rate of feeding milk depends on the live weight of the calf. Approximate daily allowance is 5-7 kg. Gradually replace whole milk with diluted milk. The calves are given special compound feed.

Knowing the daily ration of animals and their livestock, we calculate the required productivity of the feed shop, for which we calculate the daily ration of feed of each type according to the formula:

Substituting the table data into the formula, we get:

1. Mixed grass hay:

q days hay = 650*5+30*5+60*2+240*1+10*1+10*1=3780kg.

2. Corn silage:

q day silage =650*12+30*10+60*20+240*18+10*2+10*2=13660 kg.

q day haylage \u003d 650 * 10 + 30 * 8 \u003d 6740 kg

5. Mixture of concentrates:

q day concentrates =650*2.5+30*2+60*2.5+240*3.7+10*2+10*2=2763 kg

q day straw =650*2+30*2+60*2+240*1+10*1+10*1=1740 kg

7. Additives

q days of addition =650*0.16+30*0.16+60*0.22+240*0.25+10*0.2+10*0.2=222 kg

Based on formula (1), we determine the daily productivity of the feed shop:

Q day =? q days i ,

where n is the number of groups of animals on the farm,

q day i - daily diet of animals.

Q days \u003d 3780 + 13660 + 6740 + 2763 + 1740 + 222 \u003d 28905? 29 tons

The required performance of the feed shop is determined by the formula:

Q tr \u003d Q day / (T slave * d),

where T slave - the estimated time of operation of the feed shop for the issuance of feed for one feeding, h; T slave \u003d 1.5-2.0 hours;

d - frequency of feeding animals, d=2-3.

Q tr \u003d 29/2 * 3 \u003d 4.8t / h

Based on the results obtained, we choose a feed shop, etc. 801-323 with a capacity of 10 t/h. The feed shop includes the following production lines:

1. Line of silage, haylage, straw. Feeder KTU - 10A.

2. Line of root crops: dry feed hopper, conveyor, grind - stone trap, washing of dosed feed.

3. Feed line: dry feed hopper, conveyor - concentrated feed dispenser.

4. Also includes a belt conveyor TL - 63, a scraper conveyor TC - 40.

Table 4

Technical characteristics of the feeder

Indicators	Feeder KTU - 10A
Load capacity, kg
Delivery during unloading, t/h
Speed, km/h

Transport
Body volume, m 2
Price list, p

2.2 Mechanization of feed distribution

The distribution of feed on livestock farms can be carried out according to two schemes:

1. The delivery of feed from the feed shop to the livestock building is carried out by mobile means, the distribution of feed inside the premises - stationary,

2. Delivery of feed to the livestock premises and their distribution inside the premises - by mobile technical means.

For the first feed distribution scheme, it is necessary to select, according to the technical characteristics, the number of stationary feed dispensers for all livestock premises of the farm in which the first scheme is used.

After that, they begin to calculate the number of mobile feed delivery vehicles, taking into account their features and the possibility of loading stationary feeders.

It is possible to use the first and second schemes on one farm, then the required productivity of the in-line production line for distributing feed for the whole farm is calculated using the formula

29/(2*3)=4.8 t/h.

where - the daily need for feed of all kinds at the rate of t section - the time allotted according to the daily routine of the farm for the distribution of a single feed requirement to all animals, t section = 1.5-2.0 hours; d - frequency of feeding, d = 2-3.

Estimated actual productivity of one feeder is determined by the formula

where G to - the load capacity of the feeder, t, it is taken for the selected type of feeder; t p - duration of one flight, h.

where t s, t in - the time of loading and unloading the feeder, h;

t d - the time of movement of the feeder from the feed shop to the livestock building and back, h.

Unloading time:

Loading time: h

Supply of technical equipment at loading t/h

where L Cp is the average distance from the place of loading the feeder to the livestock premises, km; Vsr - average speed of movement of the feeder on the territory of the farm with and without cargo, km/h.

The number of feeders of the selected brand is determined by the formula

Round up the value and get 1 feeder

2. 3 Water supply

2.3.1 Determining the need for water on the farm

The need for water on the farm depends on the number of animals and the water consumption rates established for livestock farms, which are given in Table 5.

Table 5

We find the average water consumption on the farm using the formula:

where n 1, n 2, …, n n , - number of consumers i-th species, head.;

q 1, q 2 ... q n - the daily rate of water consumption by one consumer, l.

Substituting into the formula, we get:

Q cf day \u003d 0.001 (650 * 90 + 30 * 40 + 60 * 25 + 240 * 20 + 10 * 15 + 10 * 40) \u003d 66.5 m 3

Water on the farm is not consumed evenly throughout the day. The maximum daily water consumption is determined as follows:

Q m day \u003d Q cf day * b 1,

where b 1 - coefficient of daily unevenness, b 1 =1.3.

Q m day \u003d 1.3 * 66.5 \u003d 86.4 m 3

Fluctuations in water consumption on the farm by hours of the day take into account the coefficients of hourly unevenness, b 2 = 2.5.

Q m h \u003d (Q m day * b 2) / 24.

Q m 3 h \u003d (86.4 * 2.5) / 24 \u003d 9 m 3 / h.

The maximum flow rate per second is calculated by the formula:

Q m 3 s \u003d Q m 3 h / 3600,

Q m c \u003d 9 / 3600 \u003d

2.3.2 Calculation of the external water supply network

The calculation of the external water supply network is reduced to determining the length of the pipes and the pressure loss in them according to the scheme corresponding to the master plan of the farm adopted in the course project.

Water supply networks can be dead-end and ring.

Dead-end networks for the same object have a shorter length, and, consequently, a lower construction cost, which is why they are used on livestock farms (Fig. 1.).

Rice. 1. Scheme of a dead end network:1 - Koropenetrated 200heads; 2-calf house; 3 - Milking and milk block; 4 -Dairy; 5 - Milk reception

The pipe diameter is determined by the formula:

Accept

where is the velocity of water in the pipes, .

The head loss is divided into length loss and local resistance loss. The loss of pressure along the length is due to the friction of water against the walls of the pipes, and the loss in local resistance is due to the resistance of taps, gate valves, turns of branches, narrowings, etc. The head loss along the length is determined by the formula:

3 /s

where is the coefficient of hydraulic resistance, depending on the material and diameter of the pipes;

pipeline length, m;

water consumption in the area, .

The value of losses in local resistances is 5 - 10% of the losses along the length of external water pipes,

Plot 0 - 1

Accept

/With

Plot 0 - 2

Accept

/With

2.3.3 Selecting a water tower

The height of the water tower should provide the necessary pressure at the most remote point (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Determining the height of the water tower

The calculation is made according to the formula:

where there is a free head for consumers when using automatic drinking bowls. At a lower pressure, water slowly enters the bowl of the autodrinker, at a higher pressure, it splashes. If there is a residential building on the farm, the free pressure is assumed to be equal for a one-story building - 8 m, two-story - 12 m.

the sum of losses at the most remote point of the water supply, m.

if the terrain is flat, the geometric difference between the leveling marks at the fixing point and at the location of the water tower.

The volume of the water tank is determined by the required supply of water for domestic and drinking needs, firefighting measures and the control volume according to the formula:

where is the volume of the tank, ;

control volume, ;

volume for fire fighting measures, ;

water supply for household and drinking needs, ;

The supply of water for household and drinking needs is determined from the condition of uninterrupted water supply to the farm during 2 h in the event of an emergency power outage according to the formula:

The control volume of the water tower depends on the daily water consumption on the farm, the water consumption schedule, the pumping capacity and frequency of pumping.

With known data, the schedule of water consumption during the day and the mode of operation of the pumping station, the regulating volume is determined using the data in Table. 6.

Table 6

Data for the selection of control tanks for water towers

After receiving, select the water tower from the following row: 15, 25, 50.

We accept.

2.3.4 Selecting a pumping station

To lift water from the well and supply it to the water tower, water jet installations, submerged centrifugal pumps are used.

Water jet pumps are designed to supply water from mine and bore wells with a casing pipe diameter of at least 200 mm, up to 40 m. Centrifugal submersible pumps are designed to supply water from boreholes with a pipe diameter of 150 mm and higher. Developed head - from 50 m before 120 m and higher.

After choosing the type of water-lifting installation, the brand of the pump is selected according to performance and pressure.

The performance of the pumping station depends on the maximum daily water demand and the mode of operation of the pumping station and is calculated by the formula:

where is the operating time of the pumping station, h, which depends on the number of shifts.

The total head of the pumping station is determined according to the scheme (Fig. 3) according to the following formula:

where is the total head of the pump, m;

distance from the axis of the pump to the lowest water level in the source;

immersion value of the pump or suction intake valve;

the sum of losses in the suction and discharge pipelines, m.

where is the sum of the pressure losses at the most remote point of the water supply, m;

the sum of the pressure losses in the suction pipe, m. In the course project can be neglected.

where is the height of the tank, m;

installation height of the water tower, m;

difference of geodetic marks from the axis of the pump installation marks of the foundation of the water tower, m.

By found value Q and H choose brand of pump

Table 7

Technical characteristics of submersible centrifugal pumps

Rice. 3. Determination of the pressure of the pumping station

2 .4 Mechanization of manure cleaning and disposal

2.4.1 Calculation of the need for manure removal agents

The cost of a livestock farm or complex and, consequently, the cost of products significantly depends on the adopted technology for cleaning and disposal of manure. Therefore, much attention is paid to this problem, especially in connection with the construction of large industrial-type livestock enterprises.

The amount of manure in (kg) obtained from one animal is calculated by the formula:

where is the daily excretion of feces and urine by one animal, kg(Table 8);

daily norm of litter per animal, kg(Table 9);

coefficient taking into account the dilution of excrement with water: with a conveyor system.

Table 8

Daily excretion of feces and urine

Table 9

The daily norm of litter (according to S.V. Melnikov),kg

daily output (kg) manure from the farm is found by the formula:

where is the number of animals of the same type of production group;

the number of production groups on the farm.

annual output (t) find by the formula:

where is the number of days of manure accumulation, i.e. duration of the stall period.

The moisture content of bedless manure can be found from the expression, which is based on the formula:

where is the humidity of excrement (for cattle - 87 % ).

For the normal operation of mechanical means of removing manure from the premises, the following condition must be met:

where is the required performance of the manure cleaner under specific conditions, t/h;

hourly performance of the technical tool according to the technical characteristics, t/h.

The required performance is determined by the expression:

where is the daily output of manure in this livestock building, t;

accepted frequency of manure cleaning;

time for one-time cleaning of manure;

coefficient taking into account the unevenness of the one-time amount of manure to be cleaned;

the number of mechanical means installed in this room.

According to the obtained required performance, we select the conveyor TSN - 3B.

Table 10

Technical characteristics of manurepicking conveyor TSN- 3B

2.4.2 Calculation of vehicles for the delivery of manure to the manure storage

First of all, it is necessary to resolve the issue of the method of manure delivery to the manure storage: by mobile or stationary technical means. For the selected method of manure delivery, the number of technical means is calculated.

Stationary means of manure delivery to the manure storage are selected according to their technical characteristics, mobile technical means - on the basis of the calculation. The required performance of mobile technical means is determined:

where is the daily output of manure from the entire livestock of the farm, t;

operating time of technical means during the day.

The actual estimated performance of the technical means of the selected brand is determined:

where is the carrying capacity of the equipment, t;

duration of one flight, h.

The duration of one flight is determined by the formula:

where is the loading time of the vehicle, h;

unloading time, h;

time in motion with and without load, h.

If manure is transported from each livestock building that does not have a storage tank, then it is necessary to have one trolley for each room, and the actual productivity of the tractor with the trolley is determined. In this case, the number of tractors is calculated as follows:

We accept 2 MTZ-80 tractors and 2 2-PTS-4 trailers for manure removal.

2.4.3 Calculation of manure processing processes

To store bedding manure, hard-surfaced areas equipped with slurry collectors are used.

The storage area for solid manure is determined by the formula:

where is the volumetric mass of manure, ;

manure height.

The manure first enters the sections of the quarantine storage, the total capacity of which must ensure the reception of manure for 11…12 days. Therefore, the total storage capacity is determined by the formula:

where is the storage accumulation duration, day.

Multi-section quarantine storages are most often made in the form of hexagonal cells (sections). These cells are assembled from reinforced concrete slabs with a length 6 m, width 3m installed vertically. The capacity of this section is 140 m 3 , so the number of sections is found from the ratio:

sections

The capacity of the main manure storage should ensure the holding of manure for the period necessary for its disinfection (6…7 months). In construction practice, tanks with a capacity of 5 thousand m 3 (diameter 32 m, height 6 m). Based on this, you can find the number of cylindrical storages. Storage facilities are equipped with pumping stations for unloading tanks and bubbling manure.

2 .5 Ensuring microclimate

In livestock buildings, there is more heat, moisture and gas production, and in some cases the amount of heat generated is sufficient to meet heating needs in winter.

In prefabricated reinforced concrete structures with ceilings without attics, the heat generated by animals is not enough. The issue of heat supply and ventilation in this case becomes more complicated, especially for areas with outdoor air temperature in winter. -20°C and below.

2.5.1 Classification of ventilation devices

For the ventilation of livestock buildings, a significant number of various devices. Each of the ventilation units must meet the following requirements: maintain the necessary air exchange in the room, be as cheap as possible in the device, operation and widely available in management, do not require additional labor and time for regulation.

Ventilation units are divided into supply, air supply, exhaust, exhaust air and combined, in which air is supplied to the room and exhausted from it by the same system. Each of the ventilation systems according to structural elements can be divided into window, flow-target, pipe horizontal and pipe vertical with an electric motor, heat exchange (heater) and automatic action.

When choosing ventilation units, it is necessary to proceed from the requirements of uninterrupted supply of animals with clean air.

With the frequency of air exchange, natural ventilation is selected, with forced ventilation without heating the supply air and with forced ventilation with heating of the supply air.

The rate of hourly air exchange is determined by the formula:

where is the air exchange of the livestock building, m 3 /h(air exchange by humidity or by content);

room volume, m 3 .

2.5.2 Natural air ventilation

Ventilation by natural air movement occurs under the influence of wind (wind pressure) and due to temperature differences (thermal pressure).

The calculation of the necessary air exchange of the livestock premises is carried out according to the maximum allowable zoohygienic standards for the content of carbon dioxide or air humidity in the premises for different types animals. Since the dryness of the air in livestock buildings is of particular importance for creating resistance to diseases and high productivity in animals, it is more correct to calculate the volume of ventilation according to the norm of air humidity. The volume of ventilation calculated from humidity is higher than that calculated from carbon dioxide. The main calculation must be carried out by air humidity, and the control one by the content of carbon dioxide. Air exchange by humidity is determined by the formula:

where is the amount of water vapor emitted by one animal, g/h;

the number of animals in the room;

allowable amount of water vapor in the room air, g/m 3 ;

moisture content in the outdoor air at the moment.

where is the amount of carbon dioxide released by one animal for an hour;

the maximum allowable amount of carbon dioxide in the room air;

carbon dioxide content in fresh (supply) air.

The required cross-sectional area of the exhaust ducts is determined by the formula:

where the speed of air movement when passing through a pipe is a certain temperature difference, .

Meaning V each case can be determined by the formula:

where is the height of the channel;

indoor air temperature;

air temperature outside the room.

The performance of a channel having a cross-sectional area will be equal to:

The number of channels is found by the formula:

channels

2 .5.3 Space heating calculation

Optimum ambient temperature improves the performance of people, as well as increases the productivity of animals and birds. In rooms where the optimum temperature and humidity are maintained by biological heat, there is no need to install special heating devices.

When calculating the heating system, the following sequence is proposed: choosing the type of heating system; determination of heat losses of a heated room; determination of the need for thermal appliances.

For livestock and poultry premises, air heating, low-pressure steam with a temperature of devices up to 100°C, water temperature 75…90° С, electrically heated floors.

The heat flow deficit for heating the livestock building is determined by the formula:

Since it turned out to be a negative number, heating is not required.

where the heat flux passing through the enclosing building structures, J/h;

the flow of heat lost with the exhaust air during ventilation, J/h;

accidental loss of heat flow, J/h;

the flow of heat given off by animals, J/h.

where is the heat transfer coefficient of the enclosing building structures, ;

area of surfaces losing heat flow, m 2 ;

air temperature indoors and outdoors, respectively, °С.

The heat flux lost with the exhaust air during ventilation:

where is the volumetric heat capacity of air.

The heat flux emitted by animals is equal to:

where the heat flux released by one animal of a given species, J/h;

the number of animals of this species in the room, Goal.

Random heat flux losses are taken in the amount 10…15% from, i.e.

2 .6 Mechanization of cow milking and primary milk processing

The choice of means of mechanization of milking of cows is determined by the method of keeping cows. When tethered, it is recommended to milk cows according to the following technological schemes:

1) in stalls using linear milking machines with the collection of milk in a milking pail;

2) in stalls using linear milking machines with the collection of milk;

3) in milking parlors or on sites using milking machines such as "Carousel", "Herringbone", "Tandem".

Milking machines for a livestock farm are selected based on their technical characteristics, which indicate the number of cows served.

The number of milkers, based on the allowable load by the number of livestock served, is found by the formula:

N op =m d.s. /m d \u003d 650/50 \u003d 13

where m d.s. - the number of dairy cows on the farm;

m d - the number of cows when milking in the milk pipeline.

Based on the total number of dairy cows, I accept 3 milking machines UDM-200 and 1 AD-10A

Productivity of the production line of milking Q d.c. we find it like this:

Q d.c. \u003d 60N op * z / t d + t p \u003d 60 * 13 * 1 / 3.5 + 2 \u003d 141 cows / h

where N op - Number of machine milking operators;

t d - the duration of milking the animal, min;

z is the number of milking machines serving one milker;

t p - time spent on manual operations.

The average duration of milking one cow, depending on its productivity, min.:

T d \u003d 0.33q + 0.78 \u003d 0.33 * 8.2 + 0.78 \u003d 3.5 min

Where q is a one-time milk yield of one animal, kg.

q=M/305c

where M is the productivity of a cow for lactation, kg;

305 - duration of location days;

c - the frequency of milking per day.

q=5000/305*2=8.2 kg

Total annual amount of milk subject to primary processing or processing, kg:

M year \u003d M cf * m

M cf - the average annual milk yield of a forage cow, kg / year

m is the number of cows on the farm.

M year \u003d 5000 * 650 \u003d 3250000 kg

M max day \u003d M year * K n * K s / 365 \u003d 3250000 * 1.3 * 0.8 / 365 \u003d 9260 kg

Maximum daily milk yield, kg:

M max times \u003d M max days / c

M max times =9260/2=4630 kg

Where q - the number of milkings per day (c = 2-3)

Productivity of the production line for machine milking of cows and milk processing, kg/h:

Q p.l. = M max times / T

Where T is the duration of a single milking of a herd of cows, hours (T \u003d 1.5-2.25)

Q p.l. = 4630/2=2315 kg/h

Hourly loading of the production line for the primary processing of milk:

Q h \u003d M max times / T 0 \u003d 4630/2 \u003d 2315

We select 2 coolant tanks type DXOX type 1200, Maximum volume = 1285 liters.

3 . PROTECTION OF NATURE

Man, displacing natural biogeocenoses and laying down agrobiocenoses with his direct and indirect influences, violates the stability of the entire biosphere.

In an effort to get as many products as possible, a person influences all components of the ecological system: soil, air, water bodies, etc.

In connection with the concentration and transfer of animal husbandry to an industrial basis, livestock complexes have become the most powerful source of environmental pollution in agriculture.

When designing farms, it is necessary to provide for all measures to protect nature in countryside from increasing pollution, which should be considered one of the most important tasks of hygienic science and practice, agricultural and other specialists dealing with this problem, including preventing animal waste from entering fields outside the farm, limiting the amount of nitrates in liquid manure, using liquid manure and wastewater to obtain non-traditional types of energy, use treatment facilities, use manure storage facilities that exclude the loss of nutrients in manure; exclude the entry of nitrates to the farm through feed and water.

A comprehensive program of planned ongoing activities aimed at protecting the environment in connection with the development of industrial animal husbandry is shown in Figure No. 3.

Rice. four. Measures for the protection of the external environment at various stages of technological processeslarge livestock complexes

CONCLUSIONS ON THE PROJECT

This 1000 tie-down farm specializes in milk production. All processes for the use and care of animals are almost completely mechanized. Due to mechanization, labor productivity increased and became easier.

The equipment was taken with a margin, i.e. does not operate at full capacity, and its cost is high, payback within a few years, but with rising milk prices, the payback period will decrease.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Zemskov V.I., Fedorenko I.Ya., Sergeev V.D. Mechanization and technology of livestock production: Proc. Benefit. - Barnaul, 1993. 112s.

2. V.G. Koba., N.V. Braginets and others. Mechanization and technology of livestock production. - M.: Kolos, 2000. - 528 p.

3. Fedorenko I.Ya., Borisov A.V., Matveev A.N., Smyshlyaev A.A. Equipment for milking cows and primary processing of milk: Textbook. Barnaul: Publishing house of AGAU, 2005. 235p.

4. V.I. Zemskov “Design of production processes in animal husbandry. Proc. allowance. Barnaul: AGAU Publishing House, 2004 - 136p.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

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INTRODUCTION

Equipment with automatic tying of cows OSP-F-26o is designed for automatic self-tying, as well as group and individual tying of cows, supplying them with water during stall keeping and milking in buckets or a milk pipe, and mainly it is used in the combined keeping of animals for feeding them from feeders in stalls and milking in parlors using high-performance herringbone and tandem milking equipment.

1. EQUIPMENT FOR KEEPING ANIMALS

Combined stall equipment for cows OSK-25A. This equipment is mounted in stalls in front of the feeders. It ensures keeping cows in stalls according to zootechnical requirements, fixing individual animals when untying the entire group of cows, as well as supplying water from the water main to automatic drinkers and serves as a support for attaching milk and vacuum wires to milking units.

The equipment (Fig. 1) consists of a frame to which a water pipe is connected; racks and fences connected by clamps; brackets for attaching milk and vacuum wires; automatic drinkers; tether chains and untether mechanism.

Each of the 13 individual automatic drinkers (PA-1A, PA-1B or AP-1A) is attached to the rack bracket with two bolts and connected to the latter through a branch pipe and an elbow. The plumbing bracket with a rubber gasket is pressed against the rack. The design of the equipment provides for the use of plastic drinking bowls AP-1A. To attach metal automatic drinkers PA-1A or PA-1B, an additional metal stand is installed between the rack bracket and the drinker.

The harness consists of a vertical and a female chain. The release mechanism includes separate sections with welded pins and a drive lever fixed with a bracket.

The operator of machine milking serves the equipment.

To tie a cow, the chain must be removed. Using the female and vertical chains, wrap around the neck of the cow, depending on the size of the neck, pass the end of the vertical chain through the corresponding ring of the female chain and put it on the pin again.

Rice. 1. Prefabricated stall equipment for cows OSK-25A:

1 - frame; 2 - automatic drinker; 3 - leash

To untie a group of cows, you need to release the drive lever from the bracket and turn the untie mechanism. The vertical chains fall off the pins, slip through the rings of the female chains and free the cows. If it is not necessary to untie the animals, the ends of the vertical chains are put on the opposite ends of the pins.

Technical characteristics of equipment OSK-25A

Number of cows:

subject to simultaneous untying up to 25

placed in section 2

Number of drinkers:

for two cows 1

included 13

Stall width, mm 1200

Weight, kg 670

Equipment with automatic leash of cows OSP-F-26. it

equipment (Fig. 2) is intended for automatic self-tying, as well as group and individual untying of cows, supplying them with water during stall keeping and milking in buckets or a milk pipe, and mainly it is used in combined keeping of animals for feeding them from feeders in stalls and milking in milking parlors using high-performance herringbone and tandem milking equipment.

Rice. 2. Equipment with automatic leash for cows OSP-F-26:

1 - rack; 2 - leash

When milking cows in stalls, a mount for milk and vacuum wires is provided. Unlike prefabricated stall equipment OSK-25A, self-fixation of cows in stalls is provided on equipment OSP-F-26, while labor costs for animal maintenance are reduced by more than 60%.

In each stall, at a height of 400 - 500 mm from the floor, a trap with a fixing plate is installed on the front wall of the feeder. All plates are fixed on a common rod, which can be set to two positions using a lever: “fixation” and “unlocking”. A collar with a chain pendant and a rubber weight attached to its end is put on the cow's neck. In the “fixed” position, the plates overlap the window of the closed guide. When approaching the feeder, the cow lowers her head into it, the chain suspension of the collar with a weight, sliding along the guides, falls into the trap, and the cow is tied. If the lever is moved to the “unlocked” position, the weight can be freely pulled out of the trap, and the cow is untied. If it is necessary to untie an individual cow, the weight is carefully removed from the trap by hand.

OSP-F-26 equipment is produced in the form of blocks connected during installation. In addition to the elements of an automatic harness, it includes a water supply system with automatic drinkers, a bracket for attaching milk and vacuum wires.

Elements of automatic harness can also be mounted on the stall equipment OSK-25A during the reconstruction of small farms, if the technical condition allows it to be operated for a sufficiently long time.

Technical characteristics of the OSP-F-26 equipment

Number of places for animals up to 26

Number of drinkers 18

Stall width, mm 1000 - 1200

Height of traps above the floor, mm 400 - 500

Overall dimensions of one block, mm 3000x1500x200

Weight (total), kg 629

Equipment for keeping cows in short stalls. Ta

some stall (Fig. 3) has a length of 160-165 cm and consists of limiters 6 and 3, manure canal 9, feeders 1 and tie tie 10.

Rice. 3. Short stall with a tie for cows:

1 - feeder; 2 - swivel pipe for fixing animals;

3 - arched front limiter; 4 - front rack of the stall;

5 - vacuum milk line; 6 - direct front limiter;

7 - side dividers of stalls; 8 - stall; 9 - manure channel; 10 - leash; 11 - bracket for mounting the swivel pipe

The limiters are made in the form of arcs - short (70 cm) and long (120 cm), preventing the transverse movement of the animal in the stall and preventing injury to the udder of a neighboring cow during rest. For the convenience of milking, a short limiter is installed opposite the valves of the vacuum and milk pipelines. 5.

Moving animals back is limited by a ledge above the manure grate and a leash, and forward movement is limited by a straight or blown-shaped pipe. The arc retainer contributes to the convenient location of the animal in the stall and allows free access to the feeder and drinker. Such a retainer must take into account the dimensions of the animal vertically and horizontally.

To fix the animals on a leash in front of the feeder at a height of 55-60 cm from the floor level, a swivel pipe is attached to the front posts using brackets. The distance from it to the front pillars is 45 cm. Hooks are welded to the pipe, with which the links of the tie leash are connected, which are constantly located on the animal's neck. When fixing the cow, the hooks are set in a position in which the chain is held on the pipe. To release the animal, the pipe is turned, and the chains fall off the hooks. The swivel pipe prevents the feed from being thrown out of the feeder. The tie chain is 55-60 cm long.

2. ANIMAL FEEDING EQUIPMENT

For animal feeding farms a complex of small-sized non-energy-intensive multi-operation machines and equipment is provided, with the help of which the following technological operations are performed: loading and unloading operations and transportation of feed to the farm or feed shop, as well as within the farm; storage and grinding of components of feed mixtures; preparation of balanced feed mixtures, transportation and distribution to animals.

Universal unit PFN-0.3. This unit (Fig. 4) is mounted on the basis of a T-16M or SSH-28 self-propelled chassis and is designed to mechanize forage harvesting, as well as for loading and unloading operations and transporting goods both inside the farm and in the field. It consists of a self-propelled chassis 3 with body 2 and attachment 1 with hydraulic drive of working bodies.

The unit can work with a set of working bodies: when harvesting fodder, it is a mounted or front mower, a rake-tedder and a rake for picking up hay, a mounted tedder, a hay or straw stacker; during loading and unloading operations - this is a set of grippers, front bucket, clamshell forks. The machine operator, using interchangeable working bodies and a hydraulically controlled hitch, performs loading and unloading operations with any cargo and feed on the farm.

Rice. 4. Universal unit PFN-0.3:

1 - hinged device with hydraulic drive; 2 - body; 3 - self-propelled chassis

Technical characteristics of the unit PFN-0.3

Load capacity with grab, kg 475

Maximum breakout force, kN 5.6

Loading cycle time, s 30

Productivity, t/h, when loading with forks:

manure 18.2

silo 10.8

sand (bucket) 48

Capture width by a ladle, m 1,58

Weight of the machine with a set of working bodies, kg 542

Unit movement speed, km/h 19

Universal self-loader SU-F-0.4. Self-loader SU-F-0.4 is designed for mechanization of manure removal from walking areas and cleaning of the territory of livestock farms. It can also be used for the delivery of bedding materials, fodder root crops from storage facilities for processing or for distribution, cleaning feed passages from feed residues, loading and delivering any loose and small-sized materials for intra-farm transportation, lifting piece and packaged goods when loading into general purpose vehicles . It includes a tractor self-propelled chassis 1 (fig. 5) with tipper body 2, equipped with a hitch 3 and front bucket 4.

Using the chassis hydraulics, the machine operator lowers the loader bucket to the surface of the site and, by moving the chassis forward, picks up the material until the bucket is full. Then, using hydraulics, it raises the bucket above the chassis body and turns back to dump the material into the body. The cycles of selection and loading of the material are repeated until the body is completely filled. To load a body with an automatically opening front side, the same hydraulic cylinder of the self-propelled chassis is used as for lifting the bucket. By reversing the hydraulic cylinder rod bearings, the bucket can be switched to bulldozer mode for clearing areas and feed passages and to forward tilt material unloader mode.

Rice. 5. Universal self-loader SU-F-0.4:

1 - self-propelled chassis T-16M; 2 - dump body; 3 - hitch with hydraulic drive; 4 - bucket

Thanks to the rigid design of attachments, a reliable selection of the loaded material is achieved.

It is possible to retrofit the self-loader with a hinged rotating brush for cleaning the farm area.

Technical characteristics of the self-loader SU-F-0.4

Load capacity, kg:

dump platform1000

Productivity in manure cleaning with its transportation

at 200 m, t/h up to 12

Capture width, mm1700

Bucket capacity, kg, when loading:

root crops250

Ground clearance, mm400

Movement speed, km/h:

when taking material up to 2

with a fully loaded body up to 8

Lifting height in the bucket of piece cargo, mdo 1.6

The smallest turning radius, m 5.2

Overall dimensions, mm:

length with lowered bucket 4870

height with raised bucket 2780

width 1170

Attachment weight, kg 550

Forage loader-distributor PRK-F-0.4-5. It is used for loading and unloading operations, distribution of feed and cleaning of manure from manure passages and from sites on small and atypical farms. Depending on the specific operating conditions, with the help of a loader-distributor, the following operations are performed: self-loading into the body of the feeder of silage and haylage located in storage areas (trenches, piles); silage, haylage, root crops and crushed stalked feed and feed mixtures loaded with other means; transportation of feed to the place where animals are kept; its distribution during the movement of the unit; issuance of stationary feeders into receiving chambers and bunkers; loading various agricultural goods into other vehicles, as well as their unloading; cleaning roads and sites; cleaning of manure from manure passages of livestock farms; self-loading and unloading of bedding material.

The moisture content of silage should be 85%, haylage - 55%, green mass - 80%, roughage - 20%, feed mixture - 70%. Fractional composition: green and dried mass of feed with a cutting length of up to 50 mm - at least 70% by weight, roughage with a cutting length of up to 75 mm - at least 90%.

The unit can be operated outdoors (on paddocks and fattening grounds) and in livestock buildings at a temperature of -30 ... +45 0 C. Distribution of feed, unloading of bedding and cleaning of manure is carried out at a positive temperature of the material.

For the passage of the unit, traffic lanes with a width of at least 2 m and a height of up to 2.5 m are required.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Belekhov I.P., Clear A.S. Mechanization and automation of animal husbandry. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1991.,

2. Konakov A.P. Equipment for small livestock farms. Tambov: TSNTI, 1991.

3. Agricultural machinery for intensive technologies. Catalog. - M.: AgroNIITEIITO, 1988.

4. Equipment for small farms and family contracts in animal husbandry. Catalog. -M.: Gosagroprom, 1989.

Ministry Agriculture RF

Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

Altai State Agrarian University

DEPARTMENT: MECHANIZATION OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

SETTLEMENT AND EXPLANATORY NOTE

BY DISCIPLINE

"TECHNOLOGY OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTS

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY"

INTEGRATED MECHANIZATION OF LIVESTOCK

FARMS - Cattle

Fulfilled

student 243 gr

Stergel P.P.

checked

Aleksandrov I.Yu

BARNAUL 2010

ANNOTATION

In this course work, a selection of the main production buildings for the accommodation of animals of a standard type was made.

INTRODUCTION

Improving the level of product quality and ensuring that its quality indicators comply with the standards is the most important task, the solution of which is unthinkable without the presence of qualified specialists.

In this course work, calculations of cattle places on a farm, the choice of buildings and structures for keeping animals, the development of a master plan scheme, the development of mechanization of production processes, including:

Designing the mechanization of feed preparation: daily rations for each group of animals, the number and volume of feed storage facilities, the productivity of the feed shop.

Designing the mechanization of feed distribution: the required performance of a production line for the distribution of feed, the choice of a feeder, the number of feeders.

Farm water supply: determining the need for water on the farm, calculating the external water supply network, choosing a water tower, choosing pumping station.

Mechanization of cleaning and disposal of manure: calculation of the need for means of manure removal, calculation Vehicle for the delivery of manure to the manure storage;

Ventilation and heating: calculation of ventilation and space heating;

Mechanization of milking cows and primary processing of milk.

Calculations of economic indicators are given, questions on nature protection are stated.

1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MASTER PLAN OUTLINE

1 LOCATION OF PRODUCTION ZONES AND ENTERPRISES

The density of building sites by agricultural enterprises is regulated by the data. tab. 12.

The minimum building density is 51-55%

Walking and fodder yards or walking grounds are located at the longitudinal walls of the building for keeping livestock.

Feed and bedding stores are built in such a way as to provide the shortest paths, convenience and ease of mechanization of the supply of bedding and feed to the places of use.

The width of passages at the sites of agricultural enterprises is calculated from the conditions of the most compact placement of transport and pedestrian routes, engineering networks, dividing lanes, taking into account possible snow drift, but it should not be less than fire, sanitary and veterinary distances between opposing buildings and structures.

Landscaping should be provided for in areas free of buildings and coatings, as well as along the perimeter of the enterprise site.

2. Selection of buildings for keeping animals

The number of stalls for a dairy cattle enterprise, 90% of the cows in the herd structure, is calculated taking into account the coefficients given in table 1. p. 67.

Table 1. Determining the number of cattle places in the enterprise

Based on the calculations, we select 2 cowsheds for 200 heads of tethered content.

New-calves and deep-calves with calves of the prophylactic period are in the maternity ward.

3. Preparation and distribution of feed

On the cattle farm, we will use the following types of feed: mixed grass hay, straw, corn silage, haylage, concentrates (wheat flour), root crops, table salt.

The initial data for the development of this issue are:

farm population by animal group (see section 2);

rations of each group of animals:

1 Design of feed preparation mechanization

Having developed the daily rations for each group of animals and knowing their livestock, we proceed to the calculation of the required productivity of the feed shop, for which we calculate the daily feed ration, as well as the number of storage facilities.

1.1 WE DETERMINE THE DAILY DIET OF FEED OF EACH TYPE ACCORDING TO THE FORMULA

q days i =

m j - livestock j - of that group of animals;

a ij - the amount of food i - of that species in the diet of j - of that group of animals;

n is the number of groups of animals on the farm.

Mixed hay:

qday.10 = 4∙263+4∙42+3∙42+3 45=1523 kg.

Corn silage:

qday 2 = 20∙263+7.5 42+12 42+7.5 45=6416.5 kg.

Bean-grass haylage:

qday 3 = 6 42+8 42+8 45=948 kg.

Spring wheat straw:

qday.4 = 4∙263+42+45=1139 kg.

Wheat flour:

qday 5 = 1.5∙42 + 1.3 45 + 1.3∙42 + 263 2 = 702.1 kg.

Salt:

qday 6 = 0.05∙263+0.05∙42+ 0.052∙42+0.052∙45 = 19.73 kg.

1.2 DETERMINING THE DAILY PRODUCTIVITY OF THE FEEDER

Q days = ∑ q days.

Q days =1523+6416.5+168+70.2+948+19.73+1139=10916 kg

1.3 DETERMINING THE REQUIRED PRODUCTIVITY OF THE FEEDER

Q tr. = Q days /(T work. ∙d)

where T slave. - estimated time of operation of the feed shop for the issuance of feed for one feeding (lines for the issuance of finished products), hours;

T slave = 1.5 - 2.0 hours; We accept T slave. = 2h; d is the frequency of feeding animals, d = 2 - 3. We accept d = 2.

Q tr. \u003d 10916 / (2 2) \u003d 2.63 kg / h.

We select the feed mill TP 801 - 323, which provides the calculated productivity and the accepted feed processing technology, p. 66.

Delivery of feed to the livestock premises and their distribution inside the premises is carried out by a mobile technical device PMM 5.0

3.1.4 WE DETERMINE THE REQUIRED PRODUCTION LINE OF FEED DISTRIBUTION IN THE GENERAL FOR THE FARM

Q tr. = Q days /(t section ∙d)

where t section - time allotted according to the daily routine of the farm for the distribution of feed (lines for the distribution of finished products), hours;

t section = 1.5 - 2.0 hours; We accept t section \u003d 2 hours; d is the frequency of feeding animals, d = 2 - 3. We accept d = 2.

Q tr. = 10916/(2 2)=2.63 t/h.

3.1.5 we determine the actual performance of one feeder

Gk - load capacity of the feeder, t; tr - duration of one flight, h.

Q r f \u003d 3300 / 0.273 \u003d 12088 kg / h

t r. \u003d t s + t d + t in,

tr \u003d 0.11 + 0.043 + 0.12 \u003d 0.273 h.

where tz, tv - loading and unloading time of the feeder, t; td - the time of movement of the feeder from the feed shop to the livestock building and back, h.

3.1.6 determine the loading time of the feeder

tз= Gк/Qз,

where Qz is the supply of technical equipment during loading, t/h.

tc=3300/30000=0.11 h.

3.1.7 determine the time of movement of the feeder from the feed shop to the livestock building and back

td=2 Lavg/Vavg

where Lav is the average distance from the place where the feeder is loaded to the livestock building, km; Vsr - average speed of movement of the feeder on the territory of the farm with and without cargo, km/h.

td=2*0.5/23=0.225 h.

tv \u003d Gk / Qv,

where Qv is the supply of the feeder, t/h.

tv=3300/27500=0.12 h.v= qday Vr/a d,

where a is the length of one feeding place, m; Vр - calculated feeder speed, m/s; qday - daily diet of animals; d - frequency of feeding.

Qv \u003d 33 2 / 0.0012 2 \u003d 27500 kg

3.1.7 Determine the number of feeders of the selected brand

z \u003d 2729/12088 \u003d 0.225, we accept - z \u003d 1

2 WATER SUPPLY

2.1 DETERMINING THE AVERAGE DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION ON THE FARM

The need for water on the farm depends on the number of animals and the water consumption standards established for livestock farms.

Q average day = m 1 q 1 + m 2 q 2 + … + m n q n

where m 1 , m 2 ,… m n - the number of each type of consumers, heads;

q 1 , q 2 , ... q n - the daily rate of water consumption by one consumer, (for cows - 100 l, for heifers - 60 l);

Q average day = 263∙100+42∙100+45∙100+42∙60+21 20=37940 l/day.

2.2 DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION

Q m .days = Q average day ∙α 1

where α 1 \u003d 1.3 - coefficient of daily unevenness,

Q m .day \u003d 37940 1.3 \u003d 49322 l / day.

Fluctuations in water consumption on the farm by hours of the day are taken into account by the coefficient of hourly unevenness α 2 = 2.5:

Q m .h = Q m .day∙ ∙α 2 / 24

Q m .h \u003d 49322 ∙ 2.5 / 24 \u003d 5137.7 l / h.

2.3 DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM SECOND FLOW OF WATER

Q m .s \u003d Q t.h / 3600

Q m .s \u003d 5137.7 / 3600 \u003d 1.43 l / s

2.4 CALCULATION OF THE EXTERNAL WATER NETWORK

The calculation of the external water supply network is reduced to determining the diameters of the pipes and the pressure loss in them.

2.4.1 DETERMINING THE PIPE DIAMETER FOR EACH SECTION

where v is the speed of water in the pipes, m/s, v = 0.5-1.25 m/s. We accept v = 1 m/s.

section 1-2 length - 50 m.

d = 0.042 m, we accept d = 0.050 m.

2.4.2 DETERMINE HEAD LOSS IN LENGTH

h t =

where λ is the coefficient of hydraulic resistance, depending on the material and diameter of the pipes (λ = 0.03); L = 300 m - pipeline length; d - pipeline diameter.

h t \u003d 0.48 m

2.4.3 DETERMINING THE LOSS VALUE IN LOCAL RESISTANCE

The value of losses in local resistances is 5 - 10% of the losses along the length of external water pipes,

h m = = 0.07∙0.48= 0.0336 m

head loss

h \u003d h t + h m \u003d 0.48 + 0.0336 \u003d 0.51 m

2.5 SELECTING A WATER TOWER

The height of the water tower must provide the necessary pressure at the most remote point.

2.5.1 DETERMINING THE HEIGHT OF THE WATER TOWER

H b \u003d H sv + H g + h

where H sv - free head at consumers, H sv \u003d 4 - 5 m,

accept H sv = 5 m,

H g - the geometric difference between the leveling marks at the fixing point and at the location of the water tower, H g \u003d 0, since the terrain is flat,

h - the sum of the pressure losses at the most remote point of the water supply,

H b \u003d 5 + 0.51 \u003d 5.1 m, we accept H b \u003d 6.0 m.

2.5.2 DETERMINING THE VOLUME OF THE WATER TANK

The volume of the water tank is determined by the necessary supply of water for domestic and drinking needs, firefighting measures and the control volume.

W b \u003d W p + W p + W x

where W x - water supply for household and drinking needs, m 3;

W p - volume for fire prevention measures, m 3;

W p - regulating volume.

The supply of water for household and drinking needs is determined from the condition of uninterrupted water supply to the farm for 2 hours in case of an emergency power outage:

W x \u003d 2Q incl. = 2∙5137.7∙10 -3 = 10.2 m

On farms with a population of more than 300 heads, special fire tanks are installed, designed to extinguish a fire with two fire jets for 2 hours with a water flow of 10 l / s, therefore W p \u003d 72000 l.

The regulating volume of the water tower depends on the daily water consumption, table. 28:

W p \u003d 0.25 ∙ 49322 ∙ 10 -3 \u003d 12.5 m 3.

W b \u003d 12.5 + 72 + 10.2 \u003d 94.4 m 3.

We accept: 2 towers with a tank volume of 50 m 3

3.2.6 SELECTING A PUMP STATION

We choose the type of water-lifting installation: we accept a centrifugal submersible pump for supplying water from boreholes.

2.6.1 DETERMINING THE CAPACITY OF THE PUMPING STATION

The performance of the pumping station depends on the maximum daily water demand and the mode of operation of the pumping station.

Q n \u003d Q m .day. /T n

where T n is the operating time of the pumping station, h. T n \u003d 8-16 hours.

Q n \u003d 49322/10 \u003d 4932.2 l / h.

2.6.2 DETERMINING THE TOTAL HEAD OF THE PUMPING STATION

H \u003d H gv + h in + H gn + h n

where H is the total head of the pump, m; Hgw - distance from the axis of the pump to the lowest water level in the source, Hgw = 10 m; h in - the value of the pump immersion, h in \u003d 1.5 ... 2 m, we take h in \u003d 2 m; h n - the sum of losses in the suction and discharge pipelines, m

h n \u003d h sun + h

where h is the sum of pressure losses at the most remote point of the water supply; h sun - the sum of the pressure losses in the suction pipeline, m, can be neglected

farm carrying performance equipment

H gn \u003d H b ± H z + H p

where H p - tank height, H p = 3 m; Nb - installation height of the water tower, Nb = 6m; H z - difference of geodetic marks from the axis of the pump installation to the foundation mark of the water tower, H z = 0 m:

H gn \u003d 6.0+ 0 + 3 \u003d 9.0 m.

H \u003d 10 + 2 + 9.0 + 0.51 \u003d 21.51 m.

According to Q n \u003d 4932.2 l / h \u003d 4.9322 m 3 / h., H \u003d 21.51 m. we select the pump:

We take the pump 2ETsV6-6.3-85.

Because the parameters of the selected pump exceed the calculated ones, then the pump will not be fully loaded; therefore, the pumping station must operate in automatic mode (as water flows).

3 MANURE MANURE

The initial data in the design of a technological line for the cleaning and disposal of manure are the type and number of animals, as well as the method of their maintenance.

3.1 CALCULATION OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR MANURE REMOVAL

The cost of a livestock farm or complex and, consequently, the cost of products significantly depends on the adopted technology for cleaning and disposal of manure.

3.1.1 DETERMINING THE QUANTITY OF MANURE MASS RECEIVED FROM ONE ANIMAL

G 1 = α(K + M) + P

where K, M - daily excretion of feces and urine by one animal,

P - daily norm of litter per animal,

α - coefficient taking into account the dilution of excrement with water;

Daily excretion of feces and urine by one animal, kg:

Dairy = 70.8kg.

Dry = 70.8kg

Fresh = 70.8 kg

Heifers = 31.8kg.

Calves = 11.8

3.1.2 DETERMINING THE DAILY MANURE OUTPUT FROM THE FARM

G days =

m i - the number of animals of the same type of production group; n is the number of production groups on the farm,

G days = 70.8∙263+70.8∙45+70.8∙42+31.8∙42+11.8 21=26362.8 kg/h ≈ 26.5 t/day.

3.1.3 DETERMINING THE ANNUAL MANURE OUTPUT FROM THE FARM

G g \u003d G day ∙D∙10 -3

where D is the number of days of manure accumulation, i.e. the duration of the stall period, D = 250 days,

G g \u003d 26362.8 ∙ 250 ∙ 10 -3 \u003d 6590.7 t

3.3.1.4 HUMIDITY OF UNLITED MANURE

W n =

where W e is the humidity of excrement (for cattle - 87%),

W n = = 89%.

For the normal operation of mechanical means of removing manure from the premises, the following condition must be met:

Qtr ≤ Q

where Q tr - the required performance of the manure cleaner in specific conditions; Q - hourly productivity of the same product according to the technical characteristics

where G c * - daily output of manure in the livestock building (for 200 head),

G c * \u003d 14160 kg, β \u003d 2 - the accepted frequency of manure cleaning, T - time for one-time manure cleaning, T \u003d 0.5-1 h, we accept T \u003d 1 h, μ - coefficient taking into account the unevenness of the one-time amount of manure to be cleaned, μ = 1.3; N - the number of mechanical means installed in this room, N \u003d 2,

Qtr = = 2.7 t/h.

We choose the conveyor TSN-3, OB (horizontal)

Q \u003d 4.0-5.5 t / h. Because Q tr ≤ Q - the condition is met.

3.2 CALCULATION OF VEHICLES FOR DELIVERY OF MANURE TO THE MANURE STORAGE FACILITY

Delivery of manure to the manure storage will be carried out by mobile technical means, namely the MTZ - 80 tractor with the trailer 1-PTS 4.

3.2.1 DETERMINING THE REQUIRED PERFORMANCE OF MOBILE HARDWARE

Q tr. = G days /T

where G days. =26.5 t/h. - daily output of manure from the farm; T \u003d 8 hours - the operating time of the technical means,

Q tr. = 26.5/8 = 3.3 t/h.

3.2.2 WE DETERMINE THE ACTUAL ESTIMATED PERFORMANCE OF THE TECHNICAL TOOL OF THE SELECTED BRAND

where G = 4 t is the carrying capacity of the technical means, i.e. 1 - PTS - 4;

t p - duration of one flight:

t p \u003d t s + t d + t in

where t c = 0.3 - loading time, h; t d \u003d 0.6 h - the time of movement of the tractor from the farm to the manure storage and back, h; t in = 0.08 h - unloading time, h;

t p \u003d 0.3 + 0.6 + 0.08 \u003d 0.98 h.

4/0.98 = 4.08 t/h.

3.2.3 WE CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF MTZ - 80 TRACTORS WITH A TRAILER

z \u003d 3.3 / 4.08 \u003d 0.8, we accept z \u003d 1.

3.2.4 CALCULATE THE STORAGE AREA

To store bedding manure, hard-surfaced areas equipped with slurry collectors are used.

The storage area for solid manure is determined by the formula:

S=G g /hρ

where ρ is the volumetric mass of manure, t / m 3; h is the height of manure laying (usually 1.5-2.5m).

S \u003d 6590 / 2.5 ∙ 0.25 \u003d 10544 m 3.

4 ENVIRONMENT

A significant number of different devices have been proposed for the ventilation of livestock buildings. Each of the ventilation units must meet the following requirements: maintain the necessary air exchange in the room, be, possibly, cheap in design, operation and widely available in management.

When choosing ventilation units, it is necessary to proceed from the requirements of uninterrupted supply of animals with clean air.

With the air exchange rate K< 3 выбирают естественную вентиляцию, при К = 3 - 5 - принудительную вентиляцию, без подогрева подаваемого воздуха и при К >5 - forced ventilation with heated supply air.

Determine the frequency of hourly air exchange:

K \u003d V w / V p

where V w is the amount of moist air, m 3 / h;

V p - the volume of the room, V p \u003d 76 × 27 × 3.5 \u003d 7182 m 3.

V p - the volume of the room, V p \u003d 76 × 12 × 3.5 \u003d 3192 m 3.

C is the amount of water vapor emitted by one animal, C = 380 g/h.

m - the number of animals in the room, m 1 =200; m 2 =100 g; C 1 - allowable amount water vapor in the room air, C 1 \u003d 6.50 g / m 3,; C 2 - moisture content in the outdoor air in this moment, C 2 \u003d 3.2 - 3.3 g / m 3.

accept C 2 = 3.2 g / m 3.

V w 1 \u003d \u003d 23030 m 3 / h.

V w 2 = = 11515 m 3 / h.

K1 \u003d 23030/7182 \u003d 3.2 because K > 3,

K2 = 11515/3192 = 3.6 K > 3,

Vco 2 = ;

P is the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by one animal, P = 152.7 l/h.

m - the number of animals in the room, m 1 =200; m 2 =100 g; P 1 - the maximum allowable amount of carbon dioxide in the air of the room, P 1 \u003d 2.5 l / m 3, table. 2.5; P 2 - the content of carbon dioxide in fresh air, P 2 \u003d 0.3 0.4 l / m 3, we take P 2 \u003d 0.4 l / m 3.

V1co 2 = = 14543 m 3 / h.

V2co 2 \u003d \u003d 7271 m 3 / h.

K1 = 14543/7182 = 2.02 To< 3.

K2 = 7271/3192 = 2.2 To< 3.

The calculation is carried out according to the amount of water vapor in the barn, we use forced ventilation without heating the air supplied.

4.1 VENTILATION WITH ARTIFICIAL AIR PROMOTION

Calculation of ventilation with artificial induction of air is carried out at an air exchange rate of K> 3.

3.4.1.1 DETERMINING THE FAN SUPPLY

de K in - the number of exhaust channels:

K in \u003d S in / S to

S to - the area of one exhaust channel, S to \u003d 1 × 1 \u003d 1 m 2,

S in - the required cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe exhaust duct, m 2:

V is the speed of air movement when passing through a pipe of a certain height and at a certain temperature difference, m/s:

V =

h- channel height, h = 3 m; t vn - air temperature inside the room,

t ext = + 3 o C; t nar - air temperature outside the room, t nar \u003d - 25 ° C;

V = = 1.22 m/s.

V n \u003d S to ∙V ∙ 3600 \u003d 1 ∙ 1.22 ∙ 3600 \u003d 4392 m 3 / h;

S in1 \u003d \u003d 5.2 m 2.

S in2 \u003d \u003d 2.6 m 2.

K in1 \u003d 5.2 / 1 \u003d 5.2 accept K in \u003d 5 pcs,

K in2 \u003d 2.6 / 1 \u003d 2.6 accept K in \u003d 3 pcs,

= 9212 m 3 / h.

Because Q in1< 8000 м 3 /ч, то выбираем схему с одним вентилятором.

= 7677 m 3 / h.

Because Q v1 > 8000 m 3 / h, then with several.

4.1.2 DETERMINING THE PIPELINE DIAMETER

where V t is the air velocity in the pipeline, V t \u003d 12 - 15 m / s, we accept

V t \u003d 15 m / s,

= 0.46 m, we accept D = 0.5 m.

= 0.42 m, we accept D = 0.5 m.

4.1.3 DETERMINING THE HEAD LOSS FROM FRICTION RESISTANCE IN A STRAIGHT ROUND PIPE

where λ is the coefficient of resistance to air friction in the pipe, λ = 0.02; L pipeline length, m, L = 152 m; ρ - air density, ρ \u003d 1.2 - 1.3 kg / m 3, we accept ρ \u003d 1.2 kg / m 3:

H tr = = 821 m,

4.1.4 DETERMINE HEAD LOSS FROM LOCAL RESISTANCE

where ∑ξ is the sum of local resistance coefficients, tab. 56:

∑ξ = 1.10 + 0.55 + 0.2 + 0.25 + 0.175 + 0.15 + 0.29 + 0.25 + 0.21 + 0.18 + 0.81 + 0.49 + 0 .25 + 0.05 + 1 + 0.3 + 1 + 0.1 + 3 + 0.5 = 10.855,

h ms = = 1465.4 m.

4.1.5 TOTAL HEAD LOSS IN THE VENTILATION SYSTEM

H \u003d H tr + h ms

H \u003d 821 + 1465.4 \u003d 2286.4 m.

We select two centrifugal fans No. 6 Q in \u003d 2600 m 3 / h, from the table. 57.

4.2 CALCULATION OF ROOM HEATING

Hourly air exchange rate:

where, V W - air exchange of the livestock building,

- the volume of the room.

Air exchange by humidity:

m 3 / h

where, - air exchange of water vapor (Table 45, );

Permissible amount of water vapor in the room air;

Mass of 1m 3 dry air, kg. (tab.40)

The amount of saturating moisture vapor per 1 kg of dry air, g;

Maximum relative humidity, % (tab. 40-42);

- moisture content in the outdoor air.

Because To<3 - применяем естественную циркуляцию.

Calculation of the amount of required air exchange by the content of carbon dioxide

m 3 / h

where R m - the amount of carbon dioxide released by one animal within an hour, l/h;

P 1 - the maximum allowable amount of carbon dioxide in the air of the room, l / m 3;

P 2 \u003d 0.4 l / m 3.

m 3 / h.

Because To<3 - выбираем естественную вентиляцию.

Calculations are carried out at K=2.9.

Sectional area of the exhaust channel:

, m 2

where, V is the speed of air movement when passing through the pipe m / s:

where, channel height.

indoor air temperature.

air temperature from outside the room.

m 2.

The performance of a channel having a cross-sectional area:

Number of channels

3.4.3 Space heating calculation

4.3.1 Calculation of space heating for a barn with 200 heads

Heat flow deficit for space heating:

where, heat transfer coefficient of enclosing building structures (tab. 52);

where, volumetric heat capacity of air.

J/h

3.4.3.2 Calculation of heating of a barn with 150 cows

Heat flow deficit for space heating:

where is the heat flow passing through the enclosing building structures;

the heat flux lost with the removed air during ventilation;

random loss of heat flow;

the flow of heat released by animals;

where, heat transfer coefficient of enclosing building structures (tab. 52);

area of surfaces losing heat flow, m 2: wall area - 457; window area - 51; goal area - 48; attic floor area - 1404.

where, volumetric heat capacity of air.

J/h

where, q \u003d 3310 J / h is the heat flux released by one animal (Table 45).

Random losses of heat flow are accepted in the amount of 10-15% of .

Because the heat flow deficit turned out to be negative, then heating the room is not required.

3.4 Mechanization of cow milking and primary milk processing

Number of machine milking operators:

PCS

where, the number of dairy cows on the farm;

pcs. - the number of heads per operator when milking into the milk pipeline;

We accept 7 operators.

6.1 Primary milk processing

Production line performance:

kg/h

where, coefficient of seasonality of milk supply;

Number of dairy cows on the farm;

average annual milk yield per cow, (tab. 23) /2/;

Multiplicity of milking;

milking duration;

kg/h

Choice of cooler according to the heat exchange surface:

m 2

where, heat capacity of milk;

initial milk temperature;

end temperature of milk;

overall heat transfer coefficient, (tab. 56);

mean logarithmic temperature difference.

where temperature difference between milk and coolant at the inlet, outlet, (tab. 56).

Number of plates in the cooler section:

where, the area of the working surface of one plate;

We accept Z p \u003d 13 pcs.

We select a thermal apparatus (according to tab. 56) of the OOT-M brand (Feed 3000l / h., Working surface 6.5m 2).

Cold consumption for milk cooling:

where - coefficient taking into account heat losses in pipelines.

We select (tab. 57) the AB30 refrigeration unit.

Ice consumption for milk cooling:

kg.

where, specific heat of melting of ice;

heat capacity of water;

4. ECONOMIC INDICATORS

Table 4 Calculation of the book value of farm equipment

Production process and applied machines and equipment	Machine brand	power	number of cars	list price of the machine	Charges on cost: installation (10%)	book value
						one machine	All cars
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
FEED PREPARATION INDOOR FEED DISTRIBUTION
1. FEEDER
2. FEEDER
TRANSPORT OPERATIONS ON THE FARM
1. TRACTOR
2. TRAILER
MANURE CLEANING
1. TRANSPORTER
WATER SUPPLY
1. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
2. WATER TOWER
MILKING AND PRIMARY PROCESSING OF MILK
1. PLATE HEATING APPARATUS
2. WATER COOLING. CAR
3. MILKING PLANT

Table 5. Calculation of the book value of the building part of the farm.

room	Capacity, head.	Number of premises on the farm, pcs.	Book value of one premises, thousand rubles	Total book value, thousand rubles	Note
Main production buildings:
1 barn
2 Milk block
3 Maternity ward
Auxiliary premises
1 insulator
2 Vetpunkt
3 Hospital
4 Block of office premises
5 feed shop
6Vet.sanitary checkpoint

Storage for:




5 Concentrated feed

Network engineering:
1 Plumbing
2Transformer substation
Improvement:
1 Green spaces

Fences:
					Rabitz
2 walking areas
hard coating

Annual operating costs:

where, A - depreciation and deductions for current repairs and maintenance of equipment, etc.

Z - the annual wage fund of the farm staff.

M is the cost of materials consumed during the year related to the operation of equipment (electricity, fuel, etc.).

Depreciation deductions and deductions for current repairs:

where B i - book value of fixed assets.

Depreciation rate of fixed assets.

The rate of deductions for the current repair of fixed assets.

Table 6. Calculation of depreciation and deductions for current repairs

Group and type of fixed assets.	Book value, thousand rubles	General depreciation rate, %	The rate of deductions for current repairs,%	Depreciation deductions and deductions for current repairs, thousand rubles
Buildings, structures
Vaults
Tractor (trailers)
Machinery and equipment rub. Where - - annual volume of milk, kg; The price of one kg. milk, rub/kg; Annual profit: 5. NATURE PROTECTION Man, displacing all natural biogeocenoses and laying agrobiogeocenoses with his direct and indirect influences, violates the stability of the entire biosphere. In an effort to get as many products as possible, a person has an impact on all components of the ecological system: on the soil - through the use of a complex of agrotechnical measures including chemicalization, mechanization and reclamation, on atmospheric air - chemicalization and industrialization of agricultural production, on water bodies - due to a sharp increase in the amount agricultural effluents. In connection with the concentration and transfer of animal husbandry to an industrial basis, livestock and poultry complexes have become the most powerful source of environmental pollution in agriculture. It has been established that livestock and poultry complexes and farms are the largest sources of pollution of atmospheric air, soil, water sources in rural areas, in terms of power and scale of pollution are quite comparable with the largest industrial facilities - factories, combines. When designing farms and complexes, it is necessary to timely provide for all measures to protect the environment in rural areas from increasing pollution, which should be considered one of the most important tasks of hygienic science and practice, agricultural and other specialists dealing with this problem. 6. CONCLUSION If we judge the level of profitability of a livestock farm for 350 heads with a tie-down, then by the obtained value of the annual profit it can be seen that it is negative, this indicates that milk production at this enterprise is unprofitable, due to high depreciation deductions and low productivity of animals. Increasing profitability is possible by breeding highly productive cows and increasing their number. Therefore, I believe that it is not economically justified to build this farm due to the high book value of the building part of the farm. 7. LITERATURE 1. V.I. Zemskov; V.D. Sergeev; I.Ya. Fedorenko "Mechanization and technology of livestock production" V.I. Zemskov "Design of production processes in animal husbandry"

Produced recently by our industry, it is intended for the complex mechanization of farms both with tethered stall and loose keeping of animals. Based on the level of farm equipment milking machines and others equipment for livestock farms projects for the construction of livestock buildings are also being developed. Theoretical calculations and practical experience show that it is economically expedient to create farms with a population of at least 200 cows. The existing mechanization is mainly calculated on the equipment of such farms (for example, milk pipeline for 200 heads), however, it can also be successfully used in barns for 100 heads (other types milk pipeline, milking platform "Christmas tree").

The water supply of most farms is carried out by equipping wells with a depth of 50 to 120 m, with casing pipes with a diameter of 150-250 mm. Water from wells is supplied by submerged deep electric pumps of the UETsV type. The type of pump and its performance are selected depending on the depth, diameter of the well and the required amount of water for the farm. Water towers installed near wells are used as a reservoir for receiving and accumulating water. The most convenient and easy to use all-metal tower of the Rozhkovsky system. Its capacity (15 cubic meters) provides uninterrupted water supply to the farm (up to 2000 heads) with periodic pumping and filling the tower with water from the well. At present, towerless water pumps, small-sized and with full automation of control, are increasingly being used.

For watering cows in barns with tethered content, the following is used dairy farm equipment: single-cup valve individual drinkers T1A-1, one for every two cows. The drinking bowl has the small sizes, it is convenient in service. With loose keeping of animals, drinkers AGK-4 with electric heating are widely used. They are installed on open walking areas at the rate of one per 50-100 heads. The AGK-4 drinker provides water heating and maintaining the temperature up to 14-18 ° at frost up to 20 °, consuming about 12 kW / h of electricity per day. For watering animals on walking grounds and pastures in the summer, a group automatic drinker AGK-12 should be used, which serves 100-150 heads. For watering animals on pastures and summer camps, 10-15 km away from water sources, it is advisable to use the PAP-10A automatic drinker. It is mounted on a single-axle trailer with pneumatic tires, has 10 drinkers, a water tank and a pump powered by the tractor's PTO. In addition to its direct purpose, the drinker can be used for pumping water with a pump installed on it. Drinking bowl PAP-10A is aggregated with a tractor "Bela-Rus", it provides water to a herd of 100-120 cows.

Feeding animals with tethered content is also carried out with the help of dairy farm equipment, in particular - mobile or stationary feeders. In tethered cowsheds with feed passages up to 2.0 m wide, it is advisable to use a feed dispenser - a PTU-10K tractor trailer - for distributing feed into flies. This feeder is aggregated with all brands of Belarus tractors. It has a body capacity of 10 cu. m and productivity on distribution from 6 to 60 kg per 1 shoulder strap, m feeders. The cost of the feed dispenser is quite high, so dairy farm equipment it is most advantageous to use it on farms with 400-600 cows or on two or three closely spaced farms.

If the farm uses ground ensiling or laying silage in trenches with entrances, then it is most convenient to load silage and straw into the PTU-10K feed dispenser using a PSN-1M silage mounted loader. The loader separates the silage or straw from the heap or stack, crushes and delivers the crushed mass to the body of the feeder or to other vehicles. The loader is aggregated with MTZ-5L and MTZ-50 tractors; it is powered by the power take-off shaft and hydraulics of the tractor. The loader is equipped with a BN-1 bulldozer hitch, which serves to rake up the remains of silage and straw, as well as for other chores. The loader is operated by one tractor operator, with a capacity of up to 20 tons of silage and up to 3 tons of straw per hour.

In those cases when the silage mass is stored in buried storages, pits or sectional trenches, it is advisable to use the EPV-10 electrified intermittent loader instead of the PSN-1M loader. It is a gantry crane with an inclined beam, but which moves the carriage with a vibrating grab. The capacity of the loader is about 10 tons per hour, served by one worker. The advantage of the EPV-10 electrified loader is that it can be used to extract manure from buried manure storages, replacing the working body. Its capacity for unloading manure is 20-25 t/h.

If the barn has a low ceiling (less than 2.5 m) or insufficient width of the feed aisle between the feeders (less than 2 m), it is advisable to use a stationary transporter - the TVK-80A feed dispenser to distribute feed in the stalls. It is installed along the entire length of the barn for one row of cows along the feeding front. The receiving loading part of the conveyor is located in a special room, and its loading is carried out with the conveyor turned on from the trailed tractor feeder PTU-10K. Feed-dispensing sensors TVK-80 and PTU-10K operate simultaneously in the specified mode. The rate of distribution of feed to animals is regulated by changing the feed rate of its feed distributor PTU-10K.

With loose housing for feeding on a walking area, a mobile feeder is most effective, although in some cases, in particular, when animals are kept in boxes, the TVK-80A feeder can also be successfully used. In summer, mowing, chopping and loading of green mass into the PTU-10K trailed feeder is carried out by the KIR-1.5 mower-chopper, in autumn-winter time silage and straw are loaded into the feeder by the PSN-1M mounted loader.

Two types of milking machines are used for milking cows in tethered housing: "Milking set 100", DAS-2 and DA-ZM for milking in buckets and do-ill installation"Daugava" for milking into the milk pipeline, "Milking set 100" is designed for a barn for 100 heads. It consists of 10 Volga milking machines, vacuum equipment, a device for washing milking machines, an OOM-1000A milk cleaner-cooler with a frigator box, a TMG-2 milk collection and storage tank, a VET-200 electric water heater, OTSNSh milk pumps -5 and UDM-4-ZA. The milking kit provides milking, primary processing and storage of milk, so it is advisable to use it for equipment milking machines remote cowsheds, where it is necessary to store milk for one or two milkings for a short time. The load on the milkmaid when using the kit is 22-24 cows.

For farms located in close proximity to dairies; drain points or transport highways, the DAS-2 milking machine is recommended or milking machine YES-ZM. The DAS-2 milking machine is equipped with a two-stroke milking machine "Maiga", vacuum equipment, a device for washing milking machines and a cabinet for storing replaceable rubber. Milking machine DA-ZM contains the same equipment, but is equipped with three-stroke milking machines "Volga" or mobile milking machines. PDA-1. Milking with portable machines increases labor productivity by 1.5-2.0 times and greatly facilitates the work of milkmaids compared to manual milking. However, when using portable milking machines, manual labor is not completely excluded. Manually transfer milking machines with buckets from cow to cow, and also carry milked milk. Therefore, on farms with more than 100 cows, the costs of manual milking operations, including those associated with working with milking machines, increase somewhat, and therefore it is more expedient to use Daugava milking machines with a milk pipeline, through which one person can milk up to 36-37 cows.

The milking machine "Daugava" is produced in two versions: "Molokoprovod-100" for equipping farms for 100 cows and "Molokoprovod-200" for farms for 200 cows. The set of the milking machine "Molokoprovod-100" includes 8 two-stroke milking machines "Maiga", a glass milk pipeline with a device for measuring milk during control milking, a device for circulating washing of milking machines and a milk pipeline, a vacuum equipment, milk cooler, bath for washing dairy equipment, milk pumps OTSNSh-5 and UDM-4-ZA, water centrifugal pump, water heater VET-200. Milking machine "Molokoprovod-200" has the same units, but with milk pipeline designed to serve 200 cows. In addition to the listed equipment, which is available in each installation of the "Milk Pipeline", the set includes equipment supplied at the request of the farm. For example, for farms that do not have sources of cold water, a refrigeration unit MHU-8S of a compression type can be supplied, the refrigerant in which is freon. The refrigeration capacity of the unit is 6200 kcal/h, which, if cold accumulation is possible, provides cooling of 4000 liters of milk per day to a temperature of 8°C. The use of a refrigeration unit allows you to improve the quality of milk due to its timely cooling equipment for dairy farms.

Also, at the request of farms, for farms where it is necessary to store milk of one or two milk yields for a short time, a TMG-2 tank is supplied. If such a tank is not needed, then the milking machine is equipped with two or four vacuumized tanks with a capacity of 600 liters each. In this case, the milk diaphragm pump UDM-4-ZA is excluded from the kit. The use of the "Milk pipeline" in comparison with milking in portable buckets, in addition to facilitating labor, improves the quality of milk, since milk FROM the cow's udder to the milk tank goes through pipes and is isolated from the environment. When using a milk pipeline, it is necessary to regularly rinse it after milking (using a device for circulating washing) with warm water and solutions of detergents and disinfectants: powder A and powder B. The collection of applications and the sale of these chemical detergents is carried out by the All-Union associations "Soyuzzoovetsnab" and Soyuzselkhoztechnika.

In many farms, during the summer, cows are kept on pastures. If the pastures are located in the immediate vicinity of the farm, it is advisable to carry out milking on the farm with the same milking machine that is used in winter. However, pastures are often remote from farms, so it is not profitable to drive cattle for milking to the farm. In this case, a pasture milking unit UDS-3 is used. This milking machine has two sections, each with four walk-through machines, 8 Volga milking machines, a milk pipeline, a cooler, a milk pump and equipment that provides water heating, electric lighting, udder washing and milk cooling, the vacuum pump of the milking unit is driven by action in pasture conditions from a gasoline engine, but it also has an electric motor, from which it can work in the presence of electricity. Serve milking machine 2-3 milkmaids, productivity of the milking machine 55-60 cows per hour.

To remove manure from premises with tethered livestock, as well as from pigsties and calves with group cage keeping of pigs and calves, they also use equipment for livestock farms: conveyors TSN-2 and TSN-3.06. The horizontal and inclined part of the TSN-2 conveyor consists of one spatial chain, which is driven by a drive mechanism from an electric motor. The TSN-Z.OB conveyor consists of a horizontal part with a drive and an inclined part also with its own drive. This design allows, if necessary, to use each part of the conveyor independently. The use for manure cleaning greatly facilitates the work of cattlemen and increases their productivity, allowing you to combine manure cleaning with other work on the farm. To clean manure with loose content from walking areas and from premises, tractors of various types with bulldozer attachments (BN-1, D-159, E-153 and others) are used. In some farms, mainly in the northwestern regions of the country, electrified trolleys VNE-1.B are used to transport manure from the barn to the manure storage.

Application equipment for livestock farms on farms gives a significant reduction in labor costs for production. So, only about 6 man-hours are spent on 1 quintal of milk. In the Kalinin collective farm, Dinskoy district, Krasnodar Territory, the introduction of complex mechanization on a farm with a livestock of 840 cows made it possible to release 76 people for other work. Labor costs using equipment for livestock farms for the production of 1 centner of milk decreased from 21 to 6 man-hours, and the cost of 1 centner of milk decreased from 11.2 to 8.9 rubles. One more example. On the Mayak collective farm, Dunaevets district, Khmelnytsky region, before the introduction of complex mechanization on the farm, one milkmaid served 12-13 cows, the cost of keeping 100 cows with partial mechanization of processes was 31.7 thousand rubles . per year, the cost of 1 centner of milk was 12.8 rubles. After the implementation of the application equipment for livestock farms production processes, each milkmaid began to serve an average of 26 cows, the cost of maintaining 100 cows decreased to 26.5 thousand rubles. per year, the cost of 1 centner of milk decreased to 10.8 rubles.

THE BELL

Introduction

1.3 Content technology

1.4 Diet for cows

2.1 Milk receiver

2.3 Equipping stalls

2.4 Drinking systems and water heating systems

3.1 Microclimate calculation

3.2 Machine milking of cows and primary milk processing

3.3 Farm manure removal calculation

4.1 Feed dispenser

4.2 Description of the invention

4.3 Claims

4.4 Structural analysis

5. Occupational health and safety

Conclusion

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2.3.2 Calculation of the external water supply network

The calculation of the external water supply network is reduced to determining the length of the pipes and the pressure loss in them according to the scheme corresponding to the master plan of the farm adopted in the course project.

Water supply networks can be dead-end and ring.

Dead-end networks for the same object have a shorter length, and, consequently, a lower construction cost, which is why they are used on livestock farms (Fig. 1.).

Rice. 1. Scheme of a dead end network:1 - Koropenetrated 200heads; 2-calf house; 3 - Milking and milk block; 4 -Dairy; 5 - Milk reception

The pipe diameter is determined by the formula:

Accept

where is the velocity of water in the pipes, .

3 /s

where is the coefficient of hydraulic resistance, depending on the material and diameter of the pipes;

pipeline length, m;

water consumption in the area, .

The value of losses in local resistances is 5 - 10% of the losses along the length of external water pipes,

Plot 0 - 1

Accept

/With

Plot 0 - 2

Accept

/With

2.3.3 Selecting a water tower

The height of the water tower should provide the necessary pressure at the most remote point (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Determining the height of the water tower

The calculation is made according to the formula:

the sum of losses at the most remote point of the water supply, m.

if the terrain is flat, the geometric difference between the leveling marks at the fixing point and at the location of the water tower.

The volume of the water tank is determined by the required supply of water for domestic and drinking needs, firefighting measures and the control volume according to the formula:

where is the volume of the tank, ;

control volume, ;

volume for fire fighting measures, ;

water supply for household and drinking needs, ;

The supply of water for household and drinking needs is determined from the condition of uninterrupted water supply to the farm during 2 h in the event of an emergency power outage according to the formula:

The control volume of the water tower depends on the daily water consumption on the farm, the water consumption schedule, the pumping capacity and frequency of pumping.

With known data, the schedule of water consumption during the day and the mode of operation of the pumping station, the regulating volume is determined using the data in Table. 6.

Table 6

Data for the selection of control tanks for water towers

After receiving, select the water tower from the following row: 15, 25, 50.

We accept.

2.3.4 Selecting a pumping station

To lift water from the well and supply it to the water tower, water jet installations, submerged centrifugal pumps are used.

Water jet pumps are designed to supply water from mine and bore wells with a casing pipe diameter of at least 200 mm, up to 40 m. Centrifugal submersible pumps are designed to supply water from boreholes with a pipe diameter of 150 mm and higher. Developed head - from 50 m before 120 m and higher.

After choosing the type of water-lifting installation, the brand of the pump is selected according to performance and pressure.

The performance of the pumping station depends on the maximum daily water demand and the mode of operation of the pumping station and is calculated by the formula:

where is the operating time of the pumping station, h, which depends on the number of shifts.

The total head of the pumping station is determined according to the scheme (Fig. 3) according to the following formula:

where is the total head of the pump, m;

distance from the axis of the pump to the lowest water level in the source;

immersion value of the pump or suction intake valve;

the sum of losses in the suction and discharge pipelines, m.

where is the sum of the pressure losses at the most remote point of the water supply, m;

the sum of the pressure losses in the suction pipe, m. In the course project can be neglected.

where is the height of the tank, m;

installation height of the water tower, m;

difference of geodetic marks from the axis of the pump installation marks of the foundation of the water tower, m.

By found value Q and H choose brand of pump

Table 7

Technical characteristics of submersible centrifugal pumps

Rice. 3. Determination of the pressure of the pumping station

2 .4 Mechanization of manure cleaning and disposal

2.4.1 Calculation of the need for manure removal agents

The amount of manure in (kg) obtained from one animal is calculated by the formula:

where is the daily excretion of feces and urine by one animal, kg(Table 8);

daily norm of litter per animal, kg(Table 9);

coefficient taking into account the dilution of excrement with water: with a conveyor system.