Introduction

While working, a person interacts with the environment, where there are a number of factors that affect his health and performance. From environmental factors - working conditions - and depend on health, and performance, and attitude to work, and the results of human labor. Working conditions in agricultural production differ sharply from working conditions in industry and construction. Agricultural production is carried out over a large area, which is associated with the movement of people, machines, materials, etc. over long distances. As a rule, the same people perform different jobs and in different conditions, in the open. It is not uncommon for weather conditions to change abruptly and unexpectedly during a working day. Road conditions are also changing.

To perform various works in agriculture, a large number of various machines and mechanisms are used, including self-propelled machines and machines using electrical energy and to drive them into action, and to carry out the technological process. Machine-tractor units are also used, which are serviced by workers during movement. The movement of machine-tractor units and especially transport units and vehicles in countryside occurs over rough terrain and quite often off-road. Very often, workers perform work far from the main bases, field camps and even settlements. Often, mechanics perform work alone.

For various reasons (changing conditions, seasonality of work, etc.), it is necessary to change the methods of performing work and the entire technological process, to rearrange workers from performing one technological operation to another, from servicing one machine to servicing another, from one mechanized or electrified unit to another, etc. Often, machine-tractor units are serviced by a group of people: a tractor driver and 2-4 seeders. Under these conditions, the slightest relaxation or omission on labor protection issues on the part of specialists and managers can lead to the occurrence of industrial injuries and occupational diseases.

Machinery and equipment on livestock farms

Machines and equipment used on livestock farms may be operated by persons at least 16 years of age who are familiar with the device and operating rules of the machines and who have been instructed in safety at work. The exception is refrigeration units, which are allowed to be serviced by persons not younger than 18 years of age.

Mechanic or other service staff when working with mechanization on the farm, a number of safety measures must be observed.

If the machine is installed on a cement floor, then wooden gratings are laid on it to prevent hypothermia of the feet of the worker. Workplaces located at a height of 1 m from the floor level are protected by a barrier at least 1 m high with a lower side board 15 cm wide. Metal platforms and stairs must have metal corrugations. Instructions for safe maintenance are posted at the locations of the machines.

Before starting work, they check the technical condition of the machine and, first of all, the reliability of grounding and the serviceability of the entire electrical network, the presence and serviceability of safety covers and guards for chain, cardan, belt and gear drives. Then make sure that the mechanisms rotating at high speed are properly balanced, the lifting devices are in good order, the bolted connections are tightened as expected.

Before inspection, repair and other work requiring the opening of protective covers and covers of working chambers, when the machine is stopped for a long time, drive belts are removed from the pulleys. Before adjusting the cutting and crushing units of the machine, the working bodies are reliably braked from involuntary, accidental turning. Before the machine is put into operation, it is checked whether there are any foreign objects, tools, inventory, etc. left on the conveyors, in the receiving buckets. If there are foreign objects on them, they will fall. For other machines, before turning on the engine, the working bodies are manually turned by the pulley.

Before starting the machine, be sure to give a signal.

During operation of the machine, it is impossible to carry out its maintenance and adjustments, to tighten the bolted connections. It is forbidden to touch rotating and moving mechanisms and gears, open inspection hatches, leave the machine unattended. If any malfunctions are found in the electrical network or electrical equipment, an electrician is called. If the malfunction occurs at night when the fitter is not present, you must stop the machine without trying to fix the problem yourself.

The workplace is cleaned at the end of the shift. The wet floor is sprinkled with sand, slag, and other similar material.

Do not push processed food with your hands. It is dangerous to stand at the chopper against the direction of the mass ejection.

When crushing chambers, pipes or cyclones are clogged, the machine is stopped for cleaning. In this case, not only the magnetic starter of the drive is turned off, but also the circuit breaker of the line supplying electricity to it.

Newly installed machines and equipment, as well as after repairs or a long break in work, are allowed to start up only after preliminary running-in and obtaining permission for this from the chief engineer of the economy or an engineer for the mechanization of labor-intensive processes in animal husbandry.

Cardan, chain, gear and belt drives, couplings must be protected by a reliable fence, which, for ease of maintenance or repair, is made folding or easily removable. Start buttons, knife switches, levers are arranged so that it is convenient to use them and the possibility of accidental switching on is excluded.

Feed machines. They have drive and feed mechanisms, working bodies that rotate at high speed and have great inertia, as a result of which they do not immediately stop after the general drive of the machine is turned off.

In grinders-crushers of feed, the greatest danger is represented by the working bodies. The IRT-165 roughage chopper has a working body in the form of a rotor with a large number of hammers and sharp blades attached to it. cutting edges. In IGK-3OB, the working body is a disk pin apparatus; the chopper "Volgar-5" has a cutting drum with spiral L-shaped knives. For feed crushers KDU-2, DB-5, the working body is made in the form of a rotor with a set of hammers. In IKS-5M and IKM-5 machines, root crops are crushed by a crushing drum.

To exclude injuries from the working bodies of machines, you need to regularly check the reliability of fastening hammers, knives, be extremely careful when sharpening knives.

When servicing crushers, the danger of an accident arises due to poor balancing of the working disk, unreliable fastening of knives and hammers to it. The crusher must not be put into operation with the safety covers of the drive chains and couplings removed.

In poor lighting conditions dark time days of work is prohibited. When grinding succulent feeds with their ejection through the side mouth of the crushing chamber, it is impossible to be in the plane of rotation of the rotor.

It is not allowed to feed feed by hand under the pressing drum, open the cover of the crushing chamber, inspect and clean the magnetic barrier and the neck of the receiving hopper, as well as the cyclone sluice gate until the machine stops completely. At the KDU-2 crusher, when inspecting and adjusting the cutting drum knives, a wooden block is placed under the conveyor so that it does not fall.

Do not use your hands to level the feed on the feed conveyor. It is forbidden to put your hands or use any objects through the hatch of the cyclone.

When grinding wet feed, there must be a reflective hood above the crusher's ejection neck.

In root crop grinders, it is possible to eliminate the clogging of the washing screw of the grinding drum, the hanging of root crops in the washing hopper only when the switch on the line supplying electricity to the magnetic starter of the machine is off, even if the starter is turned off.

When working on root and tuber grinders, do not put your hands into the receiving hopper, clean them or any objects with the outlets for the crushed product and the drain hole for ejecting dirt. It is forbidden to stand in front of the ejection window, even if the machine is idling.

Ready feed is unloaded only after the steam supply is turned off and condensate is discharged so as not to get burned. It is forbidden to bend over the loading hatch of the mixer when opening the lid after steaming the feed, to climb into the mixer through the loading hatch.

In agriculture, water-heating boilers are used for heating needs. They are mounted according to the factory instructions, and boilers of higher pressure - in accordance with the current rules of Gosgortekhnadzor.

Boilers are allowed to be serviced by persons who have completed a training course on their design and operation, who have studied fire safety rules and are familiar with standard instruction for personnel of boiler houses, approved by Gosgortekhnadzor. Personnel who service gas-fired boilers must receive additional training and become familiar with burner designs and methods for the safe combustion of gases.

During the operation of the boilers, the current Rules for the Design and Safe Operation of Hot Water and Steam Boilers with a pressure not exceeding 0.07 MPa, approved by Gosgortekhnadzor, are observed.

Each steam boiler is equipped with a pressure gauge, an index glass to control the water level and a safety device (water lock). On the pressure gauge dial, a red line is drawn through the division corresponding to the highest allowable working pressure. Pressure gauges are annually checked in the bodies of the State Standard.

When servicing boiler plants with a pressure of up to 0.07 MPa, they monitor control and nutritional devices: pressure gauge readings, water levels in the boiler on a water-indicating glass and two steam-water sampling taps (one on the line of the highest permissible water level, the other on the lower level), alarm on the maximum working pressure of steam in the boiler (hydraulic seal or safety valves), feed and check valves that prevent the return of water from the boiler, a drain valve to release water, a steam shut-off valve designed to release steam and a feed pump that serves to supply the boiler water.

In the absence or malfunction of at least one of these devices, the boiler must not be put into operation so that an accident or explosion does not occur.

Before starting the boiler-steamer, check the serviceability of the pipeline, safety valves, water gauge valves, and other equipment.

When the boiler is operating, it must be ensured that the pressure gauge needle does not go beyond the red line drawn through the division corresponding to the highest allowable working pressure. Regularly, at least twice per shift, pressure gauges, water-indicating glass and steam-water-test taps are blown, and the water level in the water-indicating glass is monitored.

If, during operation, the pressure in the boiler rises above the permissible level, despite a decrease in draft, cessation of blowing and increased power supply, or if the water level drops below the permissible level and continues to fall, despite the supply of the boiler, it is necessary to immediately stop it and inform the person responsible for the boiler room. The same is done in case of failure of all nutritional or water-indicating devices, in the event of cracks, bulges in the main elements of the boiler (drum, flame tube, fire box, tube grate), when the elements of the boiler glow red-hot, burning soot, vibration, knocking, explosions in chimneys.

It is impossible to work in case of violation of the tightness of fuel lines and equipment, loose connection of the burner body with the boiler, faulty chimneys, electric motors and starting equipment. It is forbidden to work with abnormal combustion of fuel due to a violation of the burner adjustment. Do not use gasoline as a fuel or add it even in small quantities to other fuels. It is unacceptable to use rubber hoses and couplings for connecting fuel lines. The operating unit must not be left unattended by service personnel.

During the operation of hot water boilers of the KV type, there are accidents with injury to the operating personnel. This happens most often due to an excess of steam pressure in the steam-water space and the inoperability of safety valves, or due to the loss of water and the inclusion of make-up when the furnace has not cooled down.

If the stoker operator allowed such a drop in the water level when the flame tubes were exposed, then in case of replenishment, the incoming water falls on them, intense vaporization occurs, the safety valves do not cope with their functions, the pressure in the boiler exceeds the safe one, an explosion occurs, people suffer.

In livestock complexes and farms, to improve the nutritional value of roughage, they are chemically treated: calcined, yeasted, with urea (urea), milk of lime is added.

The feed is processed by these means under the guidance of a specialist, workers who have passed medical checkup, special training and good knowledge of the rules for handling chemicals. Persons under 18 years of age, pregnant and lactating women are not allowed to chemically process feed.

Releases chemicals and monitors their storage by a worker who has undergone special training.

Machines and devices for the distribution of feed. Trailed tractor feeders are used on farms of large cattle having a feed passage width of at least 2 m. The drive of these feeders is carried out from the PTO of a wheeled tractor.

When using feeders KTU-10, it is forbidden to work on turns with a slope of more than 15°. Do not turn the tractor relative to the longitudinal axis of the machine at an angle of 45° or more.

It is forbidden to push the feed and clean the hopper while the loader is running. It is not allowed to transport people in the loader bunker. At the ZSK-10 loader, in order to avoid sudden spontaneous lowering of the unloading auger, it is necessary to regularly check the fastening of the hydraulic cylinder lever system.

On farms with insufficient width of feed aisles, stationary feeders such as TVK-80A, RKS-3000M, etc. are used for distributing feed. , scrapers and drive station from the remnants of feed. Pay attention to the health of the fences and the tension of the chains, the strength of the connections and the reliability of the ground, the condition of the electric drive. Only an electrician with a safety group of at least three is allowed to repair faulty electrical equipment.

Make sure that there are no foreign objects on the conveyor. When conveyors and other mechanisms are running, it is impossible to check the condition of the working bodies with your hands or carry out repairs. It is forbidden to overload machines and operate conveyors with broken scrapers, loose traction chain, without reliable grounding. Do not put the equipment into operation if the protective covers on the mechanisms are removed. Before starting and stopping the conveyor, a conditional signal is given

When installing TVK-80A distributors, sections are securely and strictly rectilinearly fixed on the foundation, leaving a passage between the feeders with a width of at least 1 m.

There should be no protrusions at the joints of the floor boards of the feeder, the bolts for fastening the boards are installed with nuts outward, the long ends of the bolts are sawn off and cleaned. The sections of the feeders are tightly bolted through all the holes in the squares. In places of passages for personnel maintenance, ladders must be installed.

To start and stop the conveyor when servicing stationary TVK-80A feeders, two-way remote control must be provided. Fences are made on the drive chains of power stations. The tension of the conveyor and drive rollers of the chains is regulated only when the feeder is stopped.

At the RKS-3000M feeder, it is impossible to clean the openings of the feeder by hand, and when the conveyor is stopped, devices are used for this.

The operator servicing the pneumatic feeder must work in overalls and, as necessary, in protective glasses. It is forbidden to repair any malfunctions when there is pressure in the feed system.

When servicing belt-cable feeders with mixer-dispensers, care must be taken, especially when cleaning the drive drums from adhering feed. This is done with an elongated wooden spatula, making sure that the hands do not fall under the moving belt and drum. In places of transverse passages, transitional floorings with steps are installed above the feeder belt. When operating feeders of an oscillating type with an eccentric mechanism, one should not stand close to the ends of the oscillating chute, allow the weakening of the drive mechanisms. Before starting, check the fastening of all connections and give a signal to turn on the machine.

Water lifting installations. Before starting operation, water-lifting installations check the presence and serviceability of protective fences, couplings, gear and belt drives, fastening of pumps and motors to support frames and foundations.

Particular attention is paid to electrical safety. The housings of the electric motor and pump are grounded, all junctions of electrical wires are insulated.

In case of detection of any malfunctions, the operation of the water-lifting installation is stopped, and a stencil is hung on the switch, prohibiting its inclusion. It is possible to transfer the drive belt from the idle pulley to the working one and vice versa only with a special device that ensures the safety of the operating personnel.

At water-lifting installations, it is impossible to allow an increase in pressure in the tank in excess of that established by the instructions. Devices on the tank can be removed and mounted only when the pump is turned off and there is no pressure in the tank.

When using automatic water-lifting installations, a number of safety measures are observed. Do not allow the pressure in the tank to rise above 0.4 MPa. The tank, pump unit, pressure switch and control station are grounded. The motor terminals are insulated and closed with a coupling, and the shaft well with a lid.

The condition of the equipment and mechanisms of the pumping station is checked simultaneously by a mechanic and an electrician. The presence of voltage in the network is established only with the help of devices. Any inspection or repair of the installation is carried out only in the event of a complete power outage. It is forbidden to open the cover of the control station if there is voltage at the input.

When operating water-lifting installations such as VU-5-30A, VU-7-65 and others, they are guided by the rules technical operation installations with voltage up to 1000 V.

You can go down into the wells only in a hose gas mask and only after checking the absence of harmful gases in them. At least two workers are assigned to work in the well, provided with a life belt with a safety rope. One of them works in the well, the other watches him.

Milking equipment. When servicing milking machines (of all types), machines and equipment of dairy farms, it is prohibited: to operate the milk-vacuum wire if there are flaws (cracks, glass chips) in individual glass pipes; replace heat-resistant pipes with simple glass ones; store in engine room kerosene, gasoline, other flammable substances.

To facilitate the work of milkmaids when milking in portable buckets, it is necessary to have devices for transporting and lifting flasks.

When servicing milking machines, it is forbidden to enter the group machine if there are cows in it, stand in doors, passages, enter the milking parlor (to the site) when cows are let in or out of it.

At the end of milking, all milking machines and milk lines are thoroughly washed with a special cleaning solution. When preparing it, use by individual means protection (glasses, rubber gloves, boots, rubberized apron). No maintenance or troubleshooting should be carried out while the milking machine is in operation. If there is a need for such work, turn off the electricity and hang a stencil on the switch: “Do not turn it on! People are working!

The system of milk-vacuum wires is tested for tightness in the complete absence of cows in the room. When connecting the hot water pipeline to the milk vacuum line for flushing the system, the taps must be closed and the hoses must be securely put on the ends of the nozzles of the milk vacuum line.

When operating the universal milking machine UDS-3A, the following basic safety measures are observed. The power unit operating from an external power supply is grounded. When starting the engine, do not wind the starter cord around your hand. If an emergency situation has arisen (sharp noises in the engine, vacuum pump), immediately stop the engine.

It is possible to pour fuel into the fuel tank only when the engine is not running after it has cooled down sufficiently.

Refrigeration units. For cooling and storage of milk in farms, the TOM-2A cooling tank is most widely used. Before starting operation, the case is grounded. After turning on the package switch and the white signal lamp lights up, perform any operations according to maintenance or repair work forbidden. In addition, when operating tanks for cooling and storing milk, all safety measures related to installations that use freon are observed.

During the operation of milk pasteurizers, the work is periodically monitored safety valve. Shut-off valves are installed on the pipelines for the inlet and outlet of steam.

The pasteurizing-cooling plant must not be overloaded and the brine cooling line must not be allowed to freeze. If the milk supply has stopped, immediately close the shut-off valves for steam, brine and turn off the hot water pump. In the event of a power outage, immediately turn off the steam and turn off all electric motors.

During the operation of the pasteurization plant, it is ensured that the steam pressure in the pasteurizer cylinder does not exceed 0.05 MPa. Before starting the steam, open the air cock in the upper cylinder.

For the safe operation of pasteurizers with a displacement drum, it is necessary to have a reliable zeroing of the electrical equipment and the pressure reducing valve on the supply steam line must be adjusted to the maximum allowable steam pressure. Start steam is carried out gradually. It is forbidden to increase the working pressure of the steam in the jacket of the pasteurizer installed above. To avoid burns from steam or hot surfaces, open the pasteurizer lid with extreme caution. The drum is installed and removed only with a puller. The basic safety requirements for the operation of long-term pasteurization baths are similar to those for the operation of pasteurizers with a displacement drum.

Persons who have undergone special instruction are allowed to service refrigeration units of the MCU, knowing the rules safety precautions for refrigeration units operating on freon-12, having a certificate for servicing units of this type.

The administration of the farm is obliged by order (decision of the board) to appoint from the technical staff a person responsible for the safe operation of the installations.

The refrigeration unit is allowed to operate only if the manometers and pressure-vacuum gauges installed on it are in good order and have the seals of the State Verifier in accordance with the standards. These devices are verified at least once a year and after each repair.

Passages near machines and devices must always be free, and the floors must be in good condition. The refrigeration unit must not be operated if its control devices are faulty or the seals are missing.

Manometers and pressure-vacuum meters are checked at least once a year and after each repair. Each pressure gauge should have a red line corresponding to the limiting pressure. The installation site of the device must be well lit. Only in the event of an accident, the service personnel have the right to break the seal from the shut-off valves, in all other cases - the responsible mechanic.

Freon leakage is determined with a halogen lamp, and ammonia leakage is determined with special chemical paper indicators.

It is allowed to open freon compressors, apparatuses and pipelines only in goggles, ammonia - in gas masks with a KD brand box and rubber gloves after the refrigerant pressure drops to atmospheric and remains so for half an hour. Do not open devices with wall temperatures below +30 °C. No smoking.

It is possible to illuminate the internal parts of compressors and apparatuses only with portable lamps with a voltage of not more than 12V or with electric pocket and rechargeable torches. Refrigerating cylinders, condensers, evaporators and other vessels must comply with the rules for the operation of pressure vessels.

When filling the system with refrigerant, it is forbidden to exceed the pressure on the discharge side of more than 0.9 MPa (9 kgf / cm2) for freon and 1.2 MPa (12 kgf / cm2) for ammonia, and on the suction side, respectively, more than 0.4 MPa ( 4 kgf/cm2) and 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/cm2). At the same time, it is forbidden to heat the cylinders with any heat source. Do not leave refrigerant cylinders connected to the refrigeration unit after filling the system with freon or ammonia.

Cylinders with refrigerant are stored in a specially designated room. Do not place them near a heat source, unprotected from exposure to sunlight. Carrying cylinders on the shoulders is prohibited. To do this, the farm must have special carts.

Welding and soldering of apparatuses or pipelines is carried out only after the removal of the refrigerant from them and connection with the atmosphere. These works are carried out with open windows and doors or when the exhaust fan is running continuously.

Safety valves of apparatuses and vessels are regulated at the beginning of opening at a pressure on the discharge side of 1.8 MPa (18 kgf / cm 2), on the suction side - 1.2 MPa (12.5 kgf / cm 2). They are checked for serviceability twice a year. Caps and enclosing devices are sealed by a mechanic, about which he makes a note in the logbook.

The system is cleaned of oil and other contaminants by blowing air with a temperature not exceeding +100 ° C and a pressure not exceeding 0.6 MPa (6 kgf / cm 2) or gaseous ammonia with a temperature up to +130 ° C. In the premises where the piping system is being purged, no one can be, except for the members of the team performing this work.

You should be careful not to get liquid freon on the skin and in the eyes. With a high content of gas in the room, open windows and doors for ventilation.

Manure removal and cleaning machines. When operating on air-removing conveyors, the following safety requirements must be met. The drive gearbox with an electric motor is installed on a concrete base. Electrical wiring to it is carried out in a steel sealed pipe, the motor housing is grounded. All drive, tension and transmission mechanisms of the conveyor are protected by casings. The deepening (pit) of the manure receiver of the inclined conveyor is covered with a wooden shield, the drive unit and the hatch are protected with railings made of steel pipes not less than 1.6 m high. The conveyor chutes in the aisles and at the gates are covered with solid wooden shields. To start and stop the manure conveyor, two-way, remote control is provided: turning on and off with duplicate buttons mounted in opposite parts of the room. The conveyor is turned on by the person responsible for its operation, having previously made sure that there are no foreign objects on it and giving a prearranged signal.

The horizontal conveyor is switched on after the start of the inclined conveyor. In winter, before starting, make sure that the scrapers of the inclined conveyor are not frozen to the casing. To reduce freezing, the inclined conveyor should run for another 5 minutes after the horizontal one is turned off. At start buttons manure-cleaning installations hang out signs with warning inscriptions: “It is strictly forbidden for unauthorized persons to turn on the installation (conveyor)!”, “Be careful when working with the machine!” etc. It is forbidden to: tension the chains, perform adjustment and repair work, lubricate the swivel sprockets while the conveyor is in operation, stand on the inclined boom to adjust the tension of the inclined conveyor chain (this must be done while standing on a ladder), stand on the chains and sprockets while the conveyor is in operation , let animals in and out into the room with the conveyor running. It must be ensured that foreign objects (forks, shovels, etc.) do not fall on the manure conveyor. In the event of an accidental power outage, shut down all conveyors and installations immediately.

On a number of farms, tractors with bulldozers are used to clean manure. Moving along the middle manure passage, they collect and push the accumulated manure through the gate. Only experienced tractor operators are allowed to do this work.

Manure must be removed in certain time set by the agenda. It is forbidden to enter the premises on a tractor and remove manure during milking, release and admission of cows. In rooms with tie keeping during manure removal, animals should be on a walk or in stalls on a leash. In rooms with loose housing, manure is removed after the animals leave for the milking parlor or for a walk.

When removing manure with a bulldozer, the tractor must move along the aisle in a straight line at a speed not exceeding 4.5 ... 5.0 km / h. There should be no people or animals in the aisles.

The exhaust pipe of the tractor is equipped with a spark arrestor. After cleaning, the room is ventilated.

Safety of maintenance of manure storages, wells and slurry collectors. Works at these facilities are classified as increased danger, as they are associated with the risk of severe injury. The main causes of accidents during the performance of various works at these facilities are gas poisoning, people falling into open or unprotected manholes, fires and explosions. Persons over the age of 18 are allowed to work. The brigade must include at least three people, including the foreman.

Before starting work, a temporary fence is installed, on which a two-sided warning safety sign “Other Hazards” is hung out with an inscription similar to the following: “Caution! Open hatch”, and with the onset of darkness, red lamps are lit. Then, with a long metal probe (rod), the presence and serviceability of brackets and ladders are checked. Before work, check the presence of gases in the wells, the absence of oxygen. It is better to do this with an LBVK lamp. To do this, it is filled with gasoline and checked for leaks. Light a lamp on the surface before descending into the well. In the well, the flame in it is very carefully observed through a mirror reflector. An increase in the flame indicates the presence of explosive gases, a decrease indicates a lack of oxygen. Accumulated gases are removed by natural ventilation for 20 minutes or forced ventilation for 10 minutes.

The worker descends into the well in a gas mask with a hose length of not more than 10 m, in a rescue belt, with a signal rescue rope and a set of spark-proof tools made of lead, brass, and bronze necessary for work. Red copper tools are prohibited. From time to time, a person working in a well should give a signal with a signal rope, indicating that his state of health is normal.

The life belt is regularly inspected. It is not allowed to use it if there is any damage to the belt itself, belt, shoulder straps, buckles and other parts of it. The suitability of the signal and rescue rope is determined by inspection and testing. A load of 200 kg is hung on it for 15 minutes, after which it is considered suitable if it does not have any damage. The date of the test is put on the waist belt. Do not use a wet rope; its length should be at least 2 m more than the depth of the well.

Shearing units. When working with them, pay attention to the reliability of grounding and the integrity of the insulation of the wires. You can not work on a damp earthen floor. Wooden shields are necessarily placed under the feet, the grinder is grounded. When sharpening, the worker must stand on a wooden grate or shield. It is forbidden to work with a grinding disc with a thickness of less than 8 mm.

Wool is pressed after sheep shearing, usually on a PGSH-1B press. It must be grounded. Periodically, salted water is poured into the ground electrode. After each shutdown of the electric motor or in the event of a sudden power outage, the control levers are moved to the neutral position, and in the event of a sudden power outage, the circuit breaker is turned off.

Putting a bag on the camera and tying bales while the electric motor is running is prohibited. Do not lean on the walls of the press, stand on its frame, open the lid and load the wool while moving the chamber or press plate.

At the end of the movement of the plate or chamber, the control levers are immediately returned to the neutral position.

To generate electricity and AC power for electric shearing units, the SNT-12A station is used, which is aggregated with tractors of the 9 ... 20 kn class.

Before starting, the station must be grounded. It is launched after making sure that the station gearbox shaft and the tractor power take-off shaft are aligned. The station must be horizontal.

The mechanization of animal husbandry can significantly reduce the cost of livestock products, since it simplifies the procedure for feeding and cleaning manure. Applying complex measures for farm automation, the owner will be able to get an impressive profit, with a fully recouped cost of modernization

Animal husbandry is an important segment of the economy, providing the population with such necessary products food, such as meat, milk, eggs, etc. At the same time, livestock farms supply raw materials for light industry enterprises that are engaged in the manufacture of clothing, footwear, furniture and other material assets. Finally, farm animals are a source of organic fertilizers for crop production enterprises. In view of this, an increase in the volume of livestock production is a desirable and even necessary phenomenon for any state. At the same time, the main source of production growth in the modern world is primarily the introduction of intensive technologies, in particular, automation and mechanization of animal husbandry with the basics of energy conservation.

Status and prospects of mechanization of animal husbandry in Russia

Animal husbandry is a fairly labor-intensive type of production, so the use of the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress through the mechanization and automation of work processes is an obvious direction for increasing the efficiency and profitability of production.

Today in Russia, labor costs for the production of a unit of output on large mechanized farms are 2-3 times lower than the average for the industry, and the cost is 1.5-2 times lower. And although the level of mechanization of the industry as a whole is high, it lags far behind developed countries, and therefore is insufficient. Thus, only about 75% of dairy farms have a comprehensive mechanization of work, among beef producers such less than 60%, pork - about 70%.

In Russia, the labor intensity of animal husbandry remains high, which negatively affects the cost of production. For example, the share of manual labor in servicing cows is about 55%, and in sheep breeding and reproductive shops of pig farms - at least 80%. The level of automation of production in small farms is even lower - on average, it is 2-3 times behind the entire industry as a whole. For example, only about 20% of farms with a herd of up to 100 heads and about 45% with a herd of up to 200 heads are fully mechanized.

Among the reasons for the low level of mechanization of domestic animal husbandry, one can name low profitability in the industry, which does not allow enterprises to purchase imported equipment, and on the other hand, the lack of domestic modern means of integrated mechanization and livestock breeding technologies.

According to scientists, the situation could be corrected by the development by the domestic industry of the production of standard modular livestock complexes with high level automation, robotization and computerization. The modular principle would make it possible to unify the designs of various equipment, ensuring their interchangeability, facilitating the process of creating livestock complexes and reducing operating costs for them. However, this approach requires targeted intervention in the situation by the state represented by the relevant ministry. Unfortunately, necessary steps has not yet been undertaken in this direction.

Technological processes to be automated

Livestock production is a long chain technological processes, operations and work related to the breeding, keeping and slaughter of farm animals. In particular, the following types of work are performed at the enterprises of the industry:

• feed preparation,
• feeding and watering animals,
• removal and processing of manure,
• collection of products (eggs, honey, wool shearing, etc.),
• slaughter of animals for meat,
• animal mating,
• performance of various works to create and maintain the necessary microclimate in the premises, etc.

The mechanization and automation of animal husbandry cannot be continuous. Some types of work can be fully automated by entrusting them to computerized and robotic mechanisms. Other works are only subject to mechanization, that is, they can only be performed by a person, but using more advanced and productive equipment as tools. Very few jobs today require entirely manual labor.

Mechanization and automation of feeding

The preparation and distribution of feed, as well as the watering of animals, is one of the most labor-intensive technological processes in animal husbandry. It accounts for up to 70% of the total labor costs, which by default makes it the first "target" for automation and mechanization. Fortunately, it is relatively easy for most livestock industries to outsource this type of work to robots and computers.

Today, the mechanization of feed distribution provides a choice of two types of technical solutions: stationary feeders and mobile (mobile) feeders. The first solution is an electric motor that drives a belt, scraper or other conveyor. The feed supply at the stationary distributor is carried out by unloading it from the bunker onto the conveyor, which then delivers the food directly to the feeders. In turn, the mobile feeder moves the hopper itself directly to the feeders.

Which type of feeder to use is determined by doing some calculations. Usually they come down to the fact that it is required to calculate the implementation and maintenance of which type of dispenser will be more cost-effective for housing a given configuration and a given type of animals.

Drinking mechanization is even more a simple task, since water, being a liquid, is easily transported by itself through pipes and gutters under the influence of gravity (if there is at least a minimum angle of inclination of the gutter / pipe). It is also easy to transport with the help of electric pumps through the pipe system.

Mechanization of manure removal

Mechanization production processes in animal husbandry, the process of manure cleaning does not bypass, which among all technological operations is in second place in terms of labor intensity after feeding. This work needs to be done frequently and in large volumes.

In modern livestock complexes, various mechanized and automated manure removal systems are used, the type of which directly depends on the type of animals, the system of their maintenance, the configuration and other features of the premises, the type and amount of bedding material. In order to achieve the maximum level of automation and mechanization of this type of work, it is highly desirable to provide for the use of specific equipment at the stage of construction of the premises in which the animals will be kept. Only then will comprehensive mechanization of animal husbandry become possible.

Manure removal can be carried out in two ways: mechanical and hydraulic. Systems mechanical type actions are divided into:

• a) scraper conveyors;
• b) cable-scraper installations;
• c) bulldozers.

Hydraulic systems are distinguished by:

1. By driving force:
   • gravity (manure moves along an inclined surface under the influence of gravity);
   • forced (manure moves under the influence of external coercion, for example, the flow of water);
   • combined (part of the "route" manure moves by gravity, and part is forced).
2. According to the principle of action:
   • continuous action (manure is removed around the clock as it arrives);
   • periodic action (manure is removed when accumulated to a certain level or after certain periods of time).
3. By design:
   • floating (manure continuously moves along the channel due to the difference in its level at the top and bottom of the channel);
   • sliding gates (the channel blocked by the damper is partially filled with water and manure is accumulated in it for several days, after which the damper is opened and the contents descend further by gravity);
   • combined.

Dispatching and integrated automation in animal husbandry

Increasing the efficiency of production and reducing the level of labor costs per unit of output in animal husbandry should not be limited to automation, mechanization and electrification of certain technological operations and types of work. The current level of scientific and technological progress has already made it possible to fully automate many types of industrial production, where all the production cycle from the stage of acceptance of raw materials to the stage of packing finished products into containers, an automatic robotic line is carried out under the supervision of one dispatcher or several engineers.

Obviously, due to the specifics of animal husbandry, it is currently impossible to achieve such indicators of the level of automation. However, one can strive for it as a desired ideal. There is already such equipment that makes it possible to abandon the use of individual machines and replace them with production production lines. Such lines will not be able to control absolutely the entire production cycle, but they are able to fully mechanize the main technological operations.

Flow technological lines are equipped with complex working bodies and advanced systems of sensors and signaling, which allows achieving a high level of automation and control of equipment. The maximum use of such lines will allow moving away from manual labor, including operators of hotel machines and mechanisms. They will be replaced by dispatcher control and process control systems.

The transition to the modern level of automation and mechanization of work in animal husbandry in Russia will reduce operating costs in the industry by several times.

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution higher professional education

Abstract

"Mechanization of small livestock farms"

Fulfilled course student

faculty

Checked:

Introduction 3

1. Equipment for keeping animals. four

2. Animal feeding equipment. 9

Bibliography. fourteen

INTRODUCTION

Equipment with automatic tying of cows OSP-F-26o is designed for automatic self-tying, as well as group and individual tying of cows, supplying them with water during stall keeping and milking in buckets or a milk pipe, and mainly it is used in the combined keeping of animals for feeding them from feeders in stalls and milking in parlors using high-performance herringbone and tandem milking equipment.

1. EQUIPMENT FOR KEEPING ANIMALS

Combined stall equipment for cows OSK-25A. This equipment is mounted in stalls in front of the feeders. It ensures keeping cows in stalls according to zootechnical requirements, fixing individual animals when untying the entire group of cows, as well as supplying water from the water main to automatic drinkers and serves as a support for attaching milk and vacuum wires to milking units.

The equipment (Fig. 1) consists of a frame to which a water pipe is connected; racks and fences connected by clamps; brackets for attaching milk and vacuum wires; automatic drinkers; tether chains and untether mechanism.

Each of the 13 individual automatic drinkers (PA-1A, PA-1B or AP-1A) is attached to the rack bracket with two bolts and connected to the latter through a branch pipe and an elbow. The plumbing bracket with a rubber gasket is pressed against the rack. The design of the equipment provides for the use of plastic drinking bowls AP-1A. To attach metal automatic drinkers PA-1A or PA-1B, an additional metal stand is installed between the rack bracket and the drinker.

The harness consists of a vertical and a female chain. The release mechanism includes separate sections with welded pins and a drive lever fixed with a bracket.

The operator of machine milking serves the equipment.

To tie a cow, the chain must be removed. Using the female and vertical chains, wrap around the neck of the cow, depending on the size of the neck, pass the end of the vertical chain through the corresponding ring of the female chain and put it on the pin again.

Rice. 1. Prefabricated stall equipment for cows OSK-25A:

1 - frame; 2 - automatic drinker; 3 - leash

To untie a group of cows, you need to release the drive lever from the bracket and turn the untie mechanism. The vertical chains fall off the pins, slip through the rings of the female chains and free the cows. If it is not necessary to untie the animals, the ends of the vertical chains are put on the opposite ends of the pins.

Technical characteristics of equipment OSK-25A

Number of cows:

subject to simultaneous untying up to 25

placed in section 2

Number of drinkers:

for two cows 1

included 13

Stall width, mm 1200

Weight, kg 670

Equipment with automatic leash of cows OSP-F-26. it

equipment (Fig. 2) is intended for automatic self-tying, as well as group and individual untying of cows, supplying them with water during stall keeping and milking in buckets or a milk pipe, and mainly it is used in combined keeping of animals for feeding them from feeders in stalls and milking in milking parlors using high-performance herringbone and tandem milking equipment.

Rice. 2. Equipment with automatic leash for cows OSP-F-26:

1 - rack; 2 - leash

When milking cows in stalls, a mount for milk and vacuum wires is provided. Unlike prefabricated stall equipment OSK-25A, self-fixation of cows in stalls is provided on equipment OSP-F-26, while labor costs for animal maintenance are reduced by more than 60%.

In each stall, at a height of 400 - 500 mm from the floor, a trap with a fixing plate is installed on the front wall of the feeder. All plates are fixed on a common rod, which can be set to two positions using a lever: “fixation” and “unlocking”. A collar with a chain pendant and a rubber weight attached to its end is put on the cow's neck. In the “fixed” position, the plates overlap the window of the closed guide. When approaching the feeder, the cow lowers her head into it, the chain suspension of the collar with a weight, sliding along the guides, falls into the trap, and the cow is tied. If the lever is moved to the “unlocked” position, the weight can be freely pulled out of the trap, and the cow is untied. If it is necessary to untie an individual cow, the weight is carefully removed from the trap by hand.

OSP-F-26 equipment is produced in the form of blocks connected during installation. In addition to the elements of an automatic harness, it includes a water supply system with automatic drinkers, a bracket for attaching milk and vacuum wires.

Elements of automatic harness can also be mounted on the stall equipment OSK-25A during the reconstruction of small farms, if the technical condition allows it to be operated for a sufficiently long time.

Technical characteristics of the OSP-F-26 equipment

Number of places for animals up to 26

Number of drinkers 18

Stall width, mm 1000 - 1200

Height of traps above the floor, mm 400 - 500

Overall dimensions of one block, mm 3000x1500x200

Weight (total), kg 629

Equipment for keeping cows in short stalls. Ta

some stall (Fig. 3) has a length of 160-165 cm and consists of limiters 6 and 3, manure canal 9, feeders 1 and tie tie 10.

Rice. 3. Short stall with a tie for cows:

1 - feeder; 2 - swivel pipe for fixing animals;

3 - arched front limiter; 4 - front rack of the stall;

5 - vacuum milk line; 6 - direct front limiter;

7 - side dividers of stalls; 8 - stall; 9 - manure channel; 10 - leash; 11 - bracket for mounting the swivel pipe

The limiters are made in the form of arcs - short (70 cm) and long (120 cm), preventing the transverse movement of the animal in the stall and preventing injury to the udder of a neighboring cow during rest. For the convenience of milking, a short limiter is installed opposite the valves of the vacuum and milk pipelines. 5.

Moving animals back is limited by a ledge above the manure grate and a leash, and forward movement is limited by a straight or blown-shaped pipe. The arc retainer contributes to the convenient location of the animal in the stall and allows free access to the feeder and drinker. Such a retainer must take into account the dimensions of the animal vertically and horizontally.

To fix the animals on a leash in front of the feeder at a height of 55-60 cm from the floor level, a swivel pipe is attached to the front posts using brackets. The distance from it to the front pillars is 45 cm. Hooks are welded to the pipe, with which the links of the tie leash are connected, which are constantly located on the animal's neck. When fixing the cow, the hooks are set in a position in which the chain is held on the pipe. To release the animal, the pipe is turned, and the chains fall off the hooks. The swivel pipe prevents the feed from being thrown out of the feeder. The tie chain is 55-60 cm long.

2. ANIMAL FEEDING EQUIPMENT

For animal feeding farms a complex of small-sized non-energy-intensive multi-operation machines and equipment is provided, with the help of which the following technological operations are performed: loading and unloading operations and transportation of feed to the farm or feed shop, as well as within the farm; storage and grinding of components of feed mixtures; preparation of balanced feed mixtures, transportation and distribution to animals.

Universal unit PFN-0.3. This unit (Fig. 4) is mounted on the basis of a T-16M or SSH-28 self-propelled chassis and is designed to mechanize forage harvesting, as well as for loading and unloading operations and transporting goods both inside the farm and in the field. It consists of a self-propelled chassis 3 with body 2 and attachment 1 with hydraulic drive of working bodies.

The unit can work with a set of working bodies: when harvesting fodder, it is a mounted or front mower, a rake-tedder and a rake for picking up hay, a mounted tedder, a hay or straw stacker; during loading and unloading operations - this is a set of grippers, front bucket, clamshell forks. The machine operator, using interchangeable working bodies and a hydraulically controlled hitch, performs loading and unloading operations with any cargo and feed on the farm.

Rice. 4. Universal unit PFN-0.3:

1 - hinged device with hydraulic drive; 2 - body; 3 - self-propelled chassis

Technical characteristics of the unit PFN-0.3

Load capacity with grab, kg 475

Maximum breakout force, kN 5.6

Loading cycle time, s 30

Productivity, t/h, when loading with forks:

manure 18.2

silo 10.8

sand (bucket) 48

Capture width by a ladle, m 1,58

Weight of the machine with a set of working bodies, kg 542

Unit movement speed, km/h 19

Universal self-loader SU-F-0.4. Self-loader SU-F-0.4 is designed for mechanization of manure removal from walking areas and cleaning of the territory of livestock farms. It can also be used for the delivery of bedding materials, fodder root crops from storage facilities for processing or for distribution, cleaning feed passages from feed residues, loading and delivering any bulk and small-sized materials during intra-farm transportation, lifting piece and packaged goods when loading into vehicles general purpose. It includes a tractor self-propelled chassis 1 (fig. 5) with tipper body 2, equipped with a hitch 3 and front bucket 4.

Using the chassis hydraulics, the machine operator lowers the loader bucket to the surface of the site and, by moving the chassis forward, picks up the material until the bucket is full. Then, using hydraulics, it raises the bucket above the chassis body and turns back to dump the material into the body. The cycles of selection and loading of the material are repeated until the body is completely filled. To load a body with an automatically opening front side, the same hydraulic cylinder of the self-propelled chassis is used as for lifting the bucket. By reversing the hydraulic cylinder rod bearings, the bucket can be switched to bulldozer mode for clearing areas and feed passages and to forward tilt material unloader mode.

Rice. 5. Universal self-loader SU-F-0.4:

1 - self-propelled chassis T-16M; 2 - dump body; 3 - hitch with hydraulic drive; 4 - bucket

Thanks to the rigid design of attachments, a reliable selection of the loaded material is achieved.

It is possible to retrofit the self-loader with a hinged rotating brush for cleaning the farm area.

Technical characteristics of the self-loader SU-F-0.4

Load capacity, kg:

dump platform1000

Productivity in manure cleaning with its transportation

at 200 m, t/h up to 12

Capture width, mm1700

Bucket capacity, kg, when loading:

root crops250

Ground clearance, mm400

Movement speed, km/h:

when taking material up to 2

with a fully loaded body up to 8

Lifting height in the bucket of piece cargo, mdo 1.6

The smallest turning radius, m 5.2

Overall dimensions, mm:

length with lowered bucket 4870

height with raised bucket 2780

width 1170

Attachment weight, kg 550

Forage loader-distributor PRK-F-0.4-5. It is used for loading and unloading operations, distribution of feed and cleaning of manure from manure passages and from sites on small and atypical farms. Depending on the specific conditions operation with the help of a loader-distributor, the following operations are performed: self-loading into the body of the feeder of silage and haylage located in storage places (trenches, piles); silage, haylage, root crops and crushed stalked feed and feed mixtures loaded with other means; transportation of feed to the place where animals are kept; its distribution during the movement of the unit; issuance of stationary feeders into receiving chambers and bunkers; loading various agricultural goods into other vehicles, as well as their unloading; cleaning roads and sites; cleaning of manure from manure passages of livestock farms; self-loading and unloading of bedding material.

The moisture content of silage should be 85%, haylage - 55%, green mass - 80%, roughage - 20%, feed mixture - 70%. Fractional composition: green and dried mass of feed with a cutting length of up to 50 mm - at least 70% by weight, roughage with a cutting length of up to 75 mm - at least 90%.

The unit can be operated outdoors (on paddocks and fattening grounds) and in livestock buildings at a temperature of -30 ... +45 0 C. Distribution of feed, unloading of bedding and cleaning of manure is carried out at a positive temperature of the material.

For the passage of the unit, traffic lanes with a width of at least 2 m and a height of up to 2.5 m are required.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Belekhov I.P., Clear A.S. Mechanization and automation of animal husbandry. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1991.,

2. Konakov A.P. Equipment for small livestock farms. Tambov: TSNTI, 1991.

3. Agricultural machinery for intensive technologies. Catalog. - M.: AgroNIITEIITO, 1988.

4. Equipment for small farms and family contracts in animal husbandry. Catalog. -M.: Gosagroprom, 1989.

Produced recently by our industry, it is intended for the complex mechanization of farms both with tethered stall and loose keeping of animals. Based on the level of farm equipment milking machines and others equipment for livestock farms projects for the construction of livestock buildings are also being developed. Theoretical calculations and practical experience show that it is economically expedient to create farms with a population of at least 200 cows. The existing mechanization is mainly calculated on the equipment of such farms (for example, milk pipeline for 200 heads), however, it can also be successfully used in barns for 100 heads (other types milk pipeline, milking platform "Christmas tree").

The water supply of most farms is carried out by equipping wells with a depth of 50 to 120 m, with casing pipes with a diameter of 150-250 mm. Water from wells is supplied by submerged deep electric pumps of the UETsV type. The type of pump and its performance are selected depending on the depth, diameter of the well and the required amount of water for the farm. Water towers installed near wells are used as a reservoir for receiving and accumulating water. The most convenient and easy to use all-metal tower of the Rozhkovsky system. Its capacity (15 cubic meters) provides uninterrupted water supply to the farm (up to 2000 heads) with periodic pumping and filling the tower with water from the well. At present, towerless water pumps, small-sized and with full automation of control, are increasingly being used.

For watering cows in barns with tethered content, the following is used dairy farm equipment: single-cup valve individual drinkers T1A-1, one for every two cows. The drinking bowl has the small sizes, it is convenient in service. With loose keeping of animals, drinkers AGK-4 with electric heating are widely used. They are installed on open walking areas at the rate of one per 50-100 heads. The AGK-4 drinker provides water heating and maintaining the temperature up to 14-18 ° at frost up to 20 °, consuming about 12 kW / h of electricity per day. For watering animals on walking grounds and pastures in the summer, a group automatic drinker AGK-12 should be used, which serves 100-150 heads. For watering animals on pastures and summer camps, 10-15 km away from water sources, it is advisable to use the PAP-10A automatic drinker. It is mounted on a single-axle trailer with pneumatic tires, has 10 drinkers, a water tank and a pump powered by the tractor's PTO. In addition to its direct purpose, the drinker can be used for pumping water with a pump installed on it. Drinking bowl PAP-10A is aggregated with a tractor "Bela-Rus", it provides water to a herd of 100-120 cows.

Feeding animals with tethered content is also carried out with the help of dairy farm equipment, in particular - mobile or stationary feeders. In tethered cowsheds with feed passages up to 2.0 m wide, it is advisable to use a feed dispenser - a PTU-10K tractor trailer - for distributing feed into flies. This feeder is aggregated with all brands of Belarus tractors. It has a body capacity of 10 cu. m and productivity on distribution from 6 to 60 kg per 1 shoulder strap, m feeders. The cost of the feed dispenser is quite high, so dairy farm equipment it is most advantageous to use it on farms with 400-600 cows or on two or three closely spaced farms.

If the farm uses ground ensiling or laying silage in trenches with entrances, then it is most convenient to load silage and straw into the PTU-10K feed dispenser using a PSN-1M silage mounted loader. The loader separates the silage or straw from the heap or stack, crushes and delivers the crushed mass to the body of the feeder or to other vehicles. The loader is aggregated with MTZ-5L and MTZ-50 tractors; it is powered by the power take-off shaft and hydraulics of the tractor. The loader is equipped with a BN-1 bulldozer hitch, which serves to rake up the remains of silage and straw, as well as for other chores. The loader is operated by one tractor operator, with a capacity of up to 20 tons of silage and up to 3 tons of straw per hour.

In those cases when the silage mass is stored in buried storages, pits or sectional trenches, it is advisable to use the EPV-10 electrified intermittent loader instead of the PSN-1M loader. It is a gantry crane with an inclined beam, but which moves the carriage with a vibrating grab. The capacity of the loader is about 10 tons per hour, served by one worker. The advantage of the EPV-10 electrified loader is that it can be used to extract manure from buried manure storages, replacing the working body. Its capacity for unloading manure is 20-25 t/h.

If the barn has a low ceiling (less than 2.5 m) or insufficient width of the feed aisle between the feeders (less than 2 m), it is advisable to use a stationary transporter - the TVK-80A feed dispenser to distribute feed in the stalls. It is installed along the entire length of the barn for one row of cows along the feeding front. The receiving loading part of the conveyor is located in a special room, and its loading is carried out with the conveyor turned on from the trailed tractor feeder PTU-10K. Feed-dispensing sensors TVK-80 and PTU-10K operate simultaneously in the specified mode. The rate of distribution of feed to animals is regulated by changing the feed rate of its feed distributor PTU-10K.

With loose housing for feeding on a walking area, a mobile feeder is most effective, although in some cases, in particular, when animals are kept in boxes, the TVK-80A feeder can also be successfully used. AT summer time mowing, chopping and loading of green mass into the PTU-10K trailed feeder is carried out by the KIR-1.5 mower-chopper, in the autumn-winter time silage and straw are loaded into the feeder by the PSN-1M mounted loader.

Two types of milking machines are used for milking cows in tethered housing: "Milking set 100", DAS-2 and DA-ZM for milking in buckets and do-ill installation"Daugava" for milking into the milk pipeline, "Milking set 100" is designed for a barn for 100 heads. It consists of 10 Volga milking machines, vacuum equipment, a device for washing milking machines, an OOM-1000A milk cleaner-cooler with a frigator box, a TMG-2 milk collection and storage tank, a VET-200 electric water heater, OTSNSh milk pumps -5 and UDM-4-ZA. The milking kit provides milking, primary processing and storage of milk, so it is advisable to use it for equipment milking machines remote cowsheds, where it is necessary to store milk for one or two milkings for a short time. The load on the milkmaid when using the kit is 22-24 cows.

For farms located in close proximity to dairies; drain points or transport highways, the DAS-2 milking machine is recommended or milking machine YES-ZM. The DAS-2 milking machine is equipped with a two-stroke milking machine "Maiga", vacuum equipment, a device for washing milking machines and a cabinet for storing replaceable rubber. Milking machine DA-ZM contains the same equipment, but is equipped with three-stroke milking machines "Volga" or mobile milking machines. PDA-1. Milking with portable machines increases labor productivity by 1.5-2.0 times and greatly facilitates the work of milkmaids compared to manual milking. However, when using portable milking machines, manual labor is not completely excluded. Manually transfer milking machines with buckets from cow to cow, and also carry milked milk. Therefore, on farms with more than 100 cows, the costs of manual milking operations, including those associated with working with milking machines, increase somewhat, and therefore it is more expedient to use Daugava milking machines with a milk pipeline, through which one person can milk up to 36-37 cows.

The milking machine "Daugava" is produced in two versions: "Molokoprovod-100" for equipping farms for 100 cows and "Molokoprovod-200" for farms for 200 cows. The set of the milking machine "Molokoprovod-100" includes 8 two-stroke milking machines "Maiga", a glass milk pipeline with a device for measuring milk during control milking, a device for circulating washing of milking machines and a milk pipeline, a vacuum equipment, milk cooler, bath for washing dairy equipment, milk pumps OTSNSh-5 and UDM-4-ZA, water centrifugal pump, water heater VET-200. Milking machine "Molokoprovod-200" has the same units, but with milk pipeline designed to serve 200 cows. In addition to the listed equipment, which is available in each installation of the "Milk Pipeline", the set includes equipment supplied at the request of the farm. For example, for farms that do not have sources of cold water, a refrigeration unit MHU-8S of a compression type can be supplied, the refrigerant in which is freon. The refrigeration capacity of the unit is 6200 kcal/h, which, if cold accumulation is possible, provides cooling of 4000 liters of milk per day to a temperature of 8°C. The use of a refrigeration unit allows you to improve the quality of milk due to its timely cooling equipment for dairy farms.

Also, at the request of farms, for farms where it is necessary to store milk of one or two milk yields for a short time, a TMG-2 tank is supplied. If such a tank is not needed, then the milking machine is equipped with two or four vacuumized tanks with a capacity of 600 liters each. In this case, the milk diaphragm pump UDM-4-ZA is excluded from the kit. The use of the "Milk pipeline" in comparison with milking in portable buckets, in addition to facilitating labor, improves the quality of milk, since milk FROM the cow's udder to the milk tank goes through pipes and is isolated from environment. When using a milk pipeline, it is necessary to regularly rinse it after milking (using a device for circulating washing) with warm water and solutions of detergents and disinfectants: powder A and powder B. The collection of applications and the sale of these chemical detergents is carried out by the All-Union associations "Soyuzzoovetsnab" and Soyuzselkhoztechnika.

In many farms, during the summer, cows are kept on pastures. If the pastures are located in the immediate vicinity of the farm, it is advisable to carry out milking on the farm with the same milking machine that is used in winter. However, pastures are often remote from farms, so it is not profitable to drive cattle for milking to the farm. In this case, a pasture milking unit UDS-3 is used. This milking machine has two sections, each with four walk-through machines, 8 Volga milking machines, a milk pipeline, a cooler, a milk pump and equipment that provides water heating, electric lighting, udder washing and milk cooling, the vacuum pump of the milking unit is driven by action in pasture conditions from a gasoline engine, but it also has an electric motor, from which it can work in the presence of electricity. Serve milking machine 2-3 milkmaids, productivity of the milking machine 55-60 cows per hour.

To remove manure from premises with tethered livestock, as well as from pigsties and calves with group cage keeping of pigs and calves, they also use equipment for livestock farms: conveyors TSN-2 and TSN-3.06. The horizontal and inclined part of the TSN-2 conveyor consists of one spatial chain, which is driven by a drive mechanism from an electric motor. The TSN-Z.OB conveyor consists of a horizontal part with a drive and an inclined part also with its own drive. This design allows, if necessary, to use each part of the conveyor independently. The use for manure cleaning greatly facilitates the work of cattlemen and increases their productivity, allowing you to combine manure cleaning with other work on the farm. Tractors are used to clean manure with loose housing from walking areas and from premises. different types with bulldozer attachments (BN-1, D-159, E-153 and others). In some farms, mainly in the northwestern regions of the country, electrified trolleys VNE-1.B are used to transport manure from the barn to the manure storage.

Application equipment for livestock farms on farms gives a significant reduction in labor costs for production. So, only about 6 man-hours are spent on 1 quintal of milk. In the Kalinin collective farm, Dinskoy district, Krasnodar Territory, the introduction of complex mechanization on a farm with a livestock of 840 cows made it possible to release 76 people for other work. Labor costs using equipment for livestock farms for the production of 1 centner of milk decreased from 21 to 6 man-hours, and the cost of 1 centner of milk decreased from 11.2 to 8.9 rubles. One more example. On the Mayak collective farm, Dunaevets district, Khmelnytsky region, before the introduction of complex mechanization on the farm, one milkmaid served 12-13 cows, the cost of keeping 100 cows with partial mechanization of processes was 31.7 thousand rubles . per year, the cost of 1 centner of milk was 12.8 rubles. After the implementation of the application equipment for livestock farms production processes, each milkmaid began to serve an average of 26 cows, the cost of maintaining 100 cows decreased to 26.5 thousand rubles. per year, the cost of 1 centner of milk decreased to 10.8 rubles.

Igor Nikolaev

Reading time: 5 minutes

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It's no secret that animal husbandry is one of the most important sectors of the economy, which provides the country's population with valuable and high-calorie foods (milk, meat, eggs, and so on). In addition, livestock enterprises produce raw materials for the manufacture of light industry products, in particular such types as shoes, clothing, fabrics, furniture and other things necessary for every person.

Do not forget that it is agricultural animals that produce organic fertilizers for the crop industry in the course of their life. Agriculture. Therefore, increasing the volume of livestock products is, while minimizing capital investments and unit costs, the most important goal and task for the agriculture of any state.

AT modern conditions The main factor in the growth of productivity in the first place is the introduction of automation, mechanization, energy-saving and other innovative intensive technologies in animal husbandry.

Due to the fact that animal husbandry is a very labor-intensive branch of agricultural production, it becomes necessary to use modern achievements in science and technology in the field of automation and mechanization of production processes in animal husbandry. This direction is obvious and a priority for the purposes of increasing the profitability and efficiency of livestock enterprises.

At the moment in Russia, at large agricultural enterprises with a high degree mechanization, labor costs for the production of a unit of livestock products are two to three times less than the average for the entire industry, and the cost is one and a half to two times lower than the same industry average. And, although in general the level of mechanization in the industry is quite high, it is still significantly lower than the level of mechanization in developed countries, and therefore this level needs to be increased.

For example, only about 75 percent of dairy farms use integrated production mechanization; among enterprises producing beef, such mechanization of animal husbandry is used in less than 60 percent of farms, and complex mechanization in pig breeding covers about 70 percent of enterprises.

The high labor intensity in the livestock industry in our country is still preserved, and this has an extremely negative effect on the cost of production.

For example, the share of manual labor in dairy cattle breeding is at the level of 55 percent, and in such areas of animal husbandry as sheep breeding and reproductive shops of pig breeding enterprises, this share is at least 80 percent. At small agricultural enterprises, the level of automation and mechanization of production is generally very low and, on average, two to three times worse than in the whole industry as a whole.

For example, let's give some figures: with a herd of up to 100 animals, only 20 percent of all farms are comprehensively mechanized, and with a population of up to 200 animals, this figure is at the level of 45 percent.

What are the reasons for such a low level of mechanization of the Russian livestock industry?

Specialists single out, on the one hand, a low percentage of profitability in this industry, which does not allow livestock enterprises to purchase imported modern machinery and equipment for animal husbandry, and on the other hand, the domestic industry cannot currently offer livestock breeders modern facilities complex automation and mechanization, which would not be inferior to world analogues.

Experts believe that this state of affairs can be corrected if the domestic industry masters the production of standard livestock breeding complexes of a modular design, which would have a high level of robotization, automation and computerization. It is the modular design of such complexes that would make it possible to unify the design of different types of equipment, thereby ensuring their interchangeability, which will greatly facilitate the process of equipping old ones and creating new ones and re-equipping existing livestock complexes, significantly reducing the amount of operating costs for them.

However, such an approach is impossible without targeted state support represented by the relevant ministries. At present, alas, the necessary actions in this direction by state structures have not yet been taken.

What technological processes can and should be automated?

In animal husbandry, the production process is a long chain of different technological processes, works and operations that are associated with breeding, subsequent maintenance and fattening, and finally, slaughter of agricultural livestock.

The following technological processes can be distinguished in this chain:

1. feed preparation;
2. watering and feeding animals;
3. manure removal and its subsequent processing;
4. collection of received products (shearing wool, collecting eggs, and so on),
5. slaughter of fattened animals for meat;
6. mating livestock for the purpose of obtaining offspring;
7. various kinds of work on the creation and subsequent maintenance of the microclimate necessary for animals in the premises, and so on.

Simultaneous mechanization and automation of animal husbandry cannot be absolute. Some work processes can be fully automated, replacing manual labor with robotic and computerized mechanisms. Other types of work can only be mechanized, that is, only a person can perform them, but using more modern and productive equipment for animal husbandry as an auxiliary tool. Very few types of livestock work currently require completely manual labor.

Feeding process

One of the most labor-intensive livestock production processes is the preparation and subsequent distribution of feed, as well as the process of watering animals. It is this part of the work that accounts for up to 70 percent of the total labor costs, which, of course, makes their mechanization and automation a paramount task. It is worth saying that it is quite easy to replace manual labor with the work of computers and robots in this part of the technological chain in most livestock industries.

Currently, there are two types of mechanization of feed distribution: stationary feed distributors and mobile (mobile) mechanisms for the distribution of feed. In the first case, the equipment is a belt, scraper or other type of conveyor controlled by an electric motor. In a stationary distributor, feed is supplied by unloading it from a special hopper directly onto a conveyor, which delivers food to special animal feeders. The principle of operation of the mobile distributor is to move the feed hopper itself directly to the feeders.

Which type of feed dispenser is suitable for a particular enterprise is determined by making some calculations. Basically, these calculations consist in the fact that it is necessary to calculate the profitability of the introduction and maintenance of both types of distributors and find out which one is more profitable to serve in premises of a specific configuration and for a particular type of animal.

Milking machine

The process of mechanizing the watering of animals is an even more straightforward task, since water is a liquid and easily transports itself under the action of gravity along the gutters and pipes of the drinking system. To do this, you just need to create at least a minimum angle of inclination of the pipe or gutter. In addition, water can be easily transported using electric pumps through a pipeline system.

manure removal

In the second place in terms of labor costs (after feeding) in animal husbandry is the process of cleaning manure. Therefore, the task of mechanizing such production processes is also extremely important, since such work has to be performed in large volumes and quite often.

Modern livestock complexes can be equipped with various types of mechanized and automated systems to remove manure. The choice of a specific type of equipment directly depends on the type of farm animals, on the principle of their maintenance, on the configuration and other specific features of the production facility, as well as on the type and volume of bedding material.

To obtain the maximum level of mechanization and automation of this technological process, it is desirable (or rather, necessary) to select specific equipment in advance and even at the stage of construction of the production facility to provide for the use of the selected equipment. Only in this case will it be possible to implement complex mechanization of the livestock enterprise.

There are currently two methods for cleaning manure: mechanical and hydraulic. Systems of a mechanical type of action are:

1. bulldozer equipment;
2. installations of cable-scraper type;
3. scraper conveyors.

Hydraulic manure removal systems are classified according to the following features:

1. According to the driving force, they are:

• gravity (manure mass moves itself under the action of gravity forces along an inclined surface);
• forced (the movement of manure occurs due to the influence of an external coercive force, for example, a water flow);
• combined (part of the way the manure mass moves by gravity, and part - under the action of a coercive force).

2. According to the principle of operation, such installations are divided into:

• continuous action (round-the-clock removal of manure as it arrives);
• periodic action (removal of manure occurs after its accumulation to a certain level or simply at specified time intervals).

3. According to the type of their design, manure removal devices are divided into:

Integrated automation and dispatching

In order to increase the efficiency of livestock production and to minimize the level of labor costs per unit of this product, it is not necessary to limit ourselves only to the introduction of mechanization, automation and electrification at individual stages of the technological process.

The current level of development of technologies and scientific developments already today makes it possible to achieve full automation of many types of industrial production. In other words, it is possible to fully automate the entire production cycle (from the moment of acceptance of raw materials to the stage of packaging of finished products) using a robotic line, which is under the constant control of either one dispatcher or several engineering specialists.

It is worth saying that the specifics of such production as animal husbandry does not currently allow achieving an absolute level of automation of all production processes without exception. However, this level should be strived for as a kind of “ideal”.

At present, such equipment has already been developed that makes it possible to replace individual machines with in-line production lines.

Such lines cannot yet fully control the entire production cycle, but they already make it possible to achieve complete mechanization of the main technological operations.

Achieving a high level of automation and control in production lines allows complex working bodies and advanced systems of sensors and alarms. The large-scale use of such technological lines will make it possible to abandon manual labor and reduce the number of personnel, including operators of individual mechanisms and machines. They will be replaced by supervisory control and process control systems.

In the event of the transition of Russian animal husbandry to the most modern level of mechanization and automation of technological processes, operating costs in the livestock industry will decrease several times.

Means of mechanization of enterprises

Perhaps the hardest work in the livestock industry can be considered the work of pigs, cattlemen and milkmaids. Can this work be made easier? At present, it is already possible to give an unequivocal answer - yes. With the development of agricultural technology, the share of manual labor in animal husbandry gradually began to decline, began to apply modern ways mechanization and automation. There are more and more automated and mechanized dairy farms and automatic poultry houses, which now look more like a scientific laboratory or a food processing plant, as all the staff work in white coats.

Of course, the means of automation and mechanization greatly facilitate the work of people employed in animal husbandry. However, the use of these tools requires the livestock breeders to possess a large amount of specialized knowledge. Employees of an automated enterprise must not only be able to maintain existing mechanisms and machines, know the processes of their adjustment and adjustment. It will also require knowledge in the field of principles of the impact of the applied mechanisms on the body of chickens, pigs, cows and other farm animals.

How to use a milking machine so that cows give milk, how to process feed using a machine in such a way as to increase the return of meat, milk, eggs, wool and other products, how to adjust air humidity, temperature and lighting in the production premises of the enterprise in such a way as to ensure best growth animals and avoid their disease - all this knowledge is necessary for a modern livestock breeder.

In this regard, the issue of training qualified personnel for work at modern livestock enterprises with a high level of automation and mechanization of production processes is acute.

Machinery and equipment in animal husbandry

Let's start with a dairy farm. One of the main machines at this enterprise is a milking machine. Milking cows by hand is very hard work. For example, a milkmaid must do up to 100 finger pressures in order to milk one liter of milk. With the help of modern milking machines, the process of milking cows is completely mechanized.

The operation of these devices is based on the principle of sucking milk from the cow's udder using rarefied air (vacuum) created by a special vacuum pump. The main part of the milking mechanism consists of four teat cups that are put on the teats of the udder. With the help of these cups, milk is sucked into a milk can or into a special milk pipeline. Through such a pipeline, raw milk is fed to a filter for cleaning or a cleaning centrifuge. After that, the raw material is cooled in coolers and pumped into the milk tank.

If necessary, raw milk is driven through a separator or pasteurizer. Cream is separated in the separator. Pasteurization kills all germs.

Modern milking machines (DA-3M, "Maiga", "Volga"), with their proper operation, increase labor productivity by three to eight times and make it possible to avoid diseases of cows.

The best results in practice have been achieved in the field of mechanization of water supply for livestock enterprises.

From mine or drilling or wells, water is delivered to farms using water jets, electric pumps or conventional centrifugal pumps. This process occurs automatically, it is only necessary to check the pumping unit itself weekly and carry out a routine inspection. If there is a water tower on the farm, the operation of the machine depends on the level of water in it. If there is no such tower, a small air-water tank is installed. When water is supplied, the pump compresses the air in the tank, as a result of which the pressure rises. When it reaches the maximum, the pump automatically turns off. When the pressure drops to the set minimum level, the pump automatically turns on. In cold weather, the water in the drinkers is heated with electricity.

To mechanize the distribution of feed, screw, scraper or belt conveyors are used.

In poultry farming, swinging and vibrating and swinging conveyors are used for the same purposes. Pig-breeding enterprises successfully use hydromechanical and pneumatic installations, as well as self-propelled feeders on electric traction. On farms dairy direction scraper-type conveyors are used, as well as trailed or self-propelled feed distributors.

Feed distribution is fully automated at poultry and pig-breeding enterprises.

Control devices with a clock mechanism turn on feed dispensers according to a predetermined program, and then, after issuing a certain amount of feed, turn them off.

It lends itself well to mechanization of feed preparation.

The industry produces various types of machines for grinding coarse and wet feed, for crushing grain and other types of dry feed, for grinding and washing root crops, for the production of grass meal, for creating various kinds of feed mixtures and animal feed, as well as machines for drying, yeast or steaming fodder.

To facilitate work on livestock farms, the mechanization of the process of cleaning litter and manure helps.

For example, in pig farms, animals are kept on bedding, which is changed only when the group of fattened vines changes. At the place where the pigs are fed, the manure is washed off from time to time with a jet of water into a special conveyor. From the pigsties, this conveyor delivers the manure mass to the underground collector, from there it is unloaded either onto a dump truck, or onto a tractor trailer, or using a compressed air pneumatic installation, and the manure is delivered to the fields. The pneumatic installation is automatically switched on by the clock mechanism according to a predetermined program.

Poultry farming enterprises are automated and mechanized most comprehensively. In addition to such processes as feed distribution, watering and cleaning of litter, they are automated: turning on and off the light, heating and ventilation, opening and closing the manholes of the paddock. Also, the process of collecting, sorting and subsequent packaging of eggs is automated at poultry farms. Chickens are carried in specially prepared nests, from where they are then rolled out onto the assembly conveyor belt, which will lay them on the sorting table. On this table, eggs are sorted by weight or size and laid out in a special container.

A modern automated poultry farm can be serviced by two people: an electrician and a livestock specialist-operator-technologist.

The first is responsible for setting up and adjusting the machine and mechanisms and for the technical care of this equipment. The second one conducts zootechnical observations and draws up programs for the operation of automata and machines.

Also, the domestic industry produces various kinds of equipment for heating and ventilation of industrial premises of the livestock sector: electric heaters, heat generators, steam boilers, fans, and so on.

The high level of automation and mechanization of livestock enterprises can significantly reduce the cost of production by reducing labor costs (reducing the number of personnel) and by increasing the productivity of birds and animals. And this will reduce retail prices.

Summarizing the above, we repeat that the automation and mechanization of the livestock complex makes it possible to turn heavy manual labor into technological and industrialized work, which should blur the line between peasant labor and work in industry.