Scientific and production association source. Sergey Arkadyevich Vekshinskiy

License agreement for the right to use the computer program "LIK:EXPERT" for 1 (one) workplace for a period of 1 (one) year at the rate LIK:EXPERT LE1

This License Agreement is an offer of CJSC "LIK" OGRN: 1137746308039, TIN/KPP: 7719841799/771901001, address: 105679, Moscow, Izmailovskoye highway, 44, hereinafter referred to as the Licensor, to the User of the computer program "LIK:EXPERT" , hereinafter referred to as the Licensee.

Acceptance for the purposes of this License Agreement is the fact of payment of remuneration under this Agreement, or the fact of the start of use (acceptance of the License Agreement at launch) of the LIK computer program, depending on which event occurs first.

1. Definition of terms

1.1. The computer program "LIK:EXPERT" is the result of intellectual activity - a software and information complex designed to obtain open and publicly available data on legal entities ah and individual entrepreneurs. Further - ON "LIK".

1.2. License Agreement - the rules for using the LIK software, accepted by the Licensee when launching the LIK software.

1.3. Identification data: Login and Password – allow to identify the Licensee.

1.4. Workplace- kit including software and identification data.

2. Subject of the contract

2.1. The subject of this License Agreement is the transfer by the Licensor of non-exclusive rights to use the result of intellectual activity - the LIK software to the Licensee on the terms of a simple (non-exclusive) license by opening access to the Licensor's database server in accordance with the Tariff chosen by the user.

2.2. The owner of the exclusive right to the LIK software and information complex is CJSC "LIK" OGRN: 1137746308039, TIN/KPP: 7719841799/771901001, address: 105679, Moscow, Izmailovskoye shosse, 44.

2.3 The Licensor may transfer its rights to distribute a simple (non-exclusive) license for the LIK software to the Partner, in accordance with an additionally concluded agreement.

2.4. The Licensor reserves the right to the content, title, any commercial and non-commercial use of the "LIK" software and any documents related to it, including copyright and other rights.

2.5. Access to the software "LIK" is provided within 1 (one) business day from the date of payment of the fee.

2.6. The Licensor has the right to release new releases and versions of the LIK software, set the conditions for their provision to the Licensee, the terms technical support and escorts.

3. Exclusive rights. Terms of Use.

3.1. The LIK software is the result of the Licensor's intellectual activity and is protected by the copyright laws of the Russian Federation. The software "LIK" does not use any elements in violation of the rights of third parties.

3.2. The right to use the LIK software is granted only to the Licensee, without the right to transfer to third parties, exclusively to the extent stipulated by this License Agreement, if not written consent Copyright holder to another. The Licensee is prohibited from receiving income from the resale of information obtained by using the LIK software.

3.3. The Licensor guarantees that all information that the Licensee can obtain using the LIK software is obtained legally on the basis of Article 6 federal law from 08.08.2001 129-FZ "On state registration legal entities", in accordance with which the information contained in the unified state register legal entities and the unified state register of individual entrepreneurs (with the exception of passport data individuals, account information and place of residence individual entrepreneur) are open and publicly available. Changes in information about legal entities and individual entrepreneurs are accumulated by the system as more new data is received. Its volume is determined by the sources of information, as well as the possibilities for obtaining and processing this information.

3.4. In cases where the Licensee violates the terms of this agreement or detects robotic requests to the LIK software, the Licensor may block the Licensee's access to the LIK software or may impose a limit on the number of requests to the LIK software in terms of searching and obtaining information.

3.5. The licensor has the right to set technical limits on the number of requests to the system. Basic restrictions on the number of objects issued by the LIK software included in tariff plan LIK:EXPERT LE1: total - 600,000 during the entire term of the license, for extracts from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities / EGRIP with EDS - up to 100 per day, for extracts from the USRN - up to 5 per day.

3.6. The LIK software is provided to the Licensee "as is" ("AS IS"). The Licensor does not guarantee that the LIK software will work on any equipment, on any workstation, together with any other applications without errors.

4. Rights and obligations of the Parties.

4.1. Obligations of the Licensor:

4.1.1. Ensuring round-the-clock operation of the LIK software, except for the time of preventive maintenance;

4.1.2. Timely software updates.

4.2. Rights of the Licensor:

4.2.1. Making changes to the software "LIK"

4.2.2. Blocking access to the database server in case of violation by the Licensee of the terms of this agreement or violation of the License Agreement, followed, no later than three working days after blocking, by notifying the Licensee of the facts of violation and possible ways to eliminate violations.

4.3. Obligations of the Licensee:

4.3.1. Do not attempt to copy, modify, decompile, disassemble the LIK software.

4.3.2. Do not use the data obtained from the LIK software for resale to third parties.

4.3.3. Do not use the login credentials for the LIK software for transfer and resale to third parties.

4.3.4. Comply with the terms of the License Agreement.

4.4. Rights of the Licensee:

4.4.1. Obtaining round-the-clock access to the database server through the software "LIK" except for the time of preventive maintenance.

4.4.2. Getting qualified technical support.

4.5. Without conflicting with the terms of the offer, the Licensor and the Licensee may at any time issue the License Agreement in the form of a written bilateral document.

5. Duration of the contract.

5.1. This agreement comes into force upon acceptance of the terms of this agreement and is valid for the period established by the license. The Agreement may be extended by the Parties for a new term.

5.2. If the Licensee violates the terms of this Agreement, the Licensor has the right to terminate the agreement ahead of schedule and immediately block access to the server.

5.3. In case of violation of the terms of this License Agreement, with the exception of clauses 3.4, 4.3.1-4.3.3, either Party has the right to unilaterally refuse to execute this License Agreement, without material and other claims against each other, by notifying the other Party, by sending within 30 (thirty) days of communication by means of electronic communication. The e-mail address of the Licensee is indicated during registration. Email address of the Licensor − [email protected] If the Licensee violates the terms of clauses 3.4, 4.3.1-4.3.3 of this License Agreement, the Licensor has the right to unilaterally refuse to execute this License Agreement.

5.4. In case of unilateral refusal of the Licensee from this License Agreement (on the terms specified in clause 5.3), the right to use the LIK software is granted to the Licensee until the end of the access validity period in accordance with the Tariff chosen by the Licensor, the Licensor's remuneration is non-refundable.

6. Order of payments.

6.1. The Licensee pays the Licensor a license fee for the right to use the LIK software in the amount specified in the invoice issued by the Licensor in accordance with the selected Tariff.

6.2. The Licensee pays the invoice by bank transfer to the account of the Licensor.

7. Responsibility of the parties.

7.1. For failure to fulfill or improper fulfillment of obligations under this License Agreement, the Licensor and the Licensee shall be liable in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

7.2. The Licensor is not responsible for the completeness and volume of data provided through open sources used by the LIK software.

7.3. The Licensor is not responsible for the impossibility of using the "LIK" software for reasons beyond the control of the Licensor.

7.4. The Licensor is not responsible for the actions and decisions of the Licensee taken on the basis of information obtained when using the LIK software, their consequences, as well as direct and indirect losses, including lost profits as a result of using the software and information complex of the LIK software.

8. Details of the parties.

Licensor:
CJSC "LIK"

Legal/actual address:
105679, Moscow, Izmailovskoye highway, 44

PSRN: 1137746308039

TIN/KPP: 7719841799/771901001

Licensee:
User (data to be specified when making a payment)

Alexander Anatolievich Borisov

General Director of OAO Scientific and Production Enterprise Istok named after A.I. Shokin

OJSC Scientific and Production Enterprise Istok named after A.I. Shokin

In 2013, the Federal State Unitary Enterprise NPP Istok, Russia's largest research and production enterprise for the creation of microwave devices and devices, celebrated its 70th anniversary.

Over the years, the enterprise has created a scientific school in the field of radiophysics, electrodynamics, mathematical modeling and computer-aided design products of microwave technology. Achievements of the enterprise in the field of cathode technology have found recognition at all enterprises of the country's radio-electronic industry.

The scientific school of NPP Istok has world priority in discovering the effect of microwave radiation generation during an avalanche breakdown in a semiconductor diode, creating new classes of microwave electronic devices: multibeam klystrons and traveling wave lamps, parametric and electrostatic amplifiers, generators based on avalanche-span diodes and lamps backward millimeter wave. The development of electrovacuum and solid-state microwave electronics at the enterprise made it possible to create, through functional integration, a new class of devices - integrated microwave products, and with the development of digital signal processing, to take the next step - into the development and mass production of complete radio-electronic systems.

Over the years of its development, the enterprise has developed and mastered in production more than 2.2 thousand types of electrovacuum and semiconductor microwave devices and devices, of which 370 types of devices were transferred for serial development to 28 enterprises in the electronics industry in Moscow, Saratov, Rostov-on- Don, Ordzhonikidze, Kyiv, Poltava, Novosibirsk, Ryazan, Lvov, etc.

Electronic devices created at Istok occupy the entire microwave range from decimeter to millimeter waves, their power ranges from several milliwatts to tens of megawatts. These devices are intended for use in radar systems, radio navigation, in equipment for electronic and electronic intelligence, in means electronic warfare, in terrestrial, tropospheric, space communication systems, etc.

Sergey Arkadyevich Vekshinskiy Director of NII-160 1943-1944	Vladimir Ivanovich Egiazarov Director of NII-160 1944-1945	Andrey Andreevich Zakharov Director of NII-160 1945-1947

Valentin Alexandrovich Goltsov Director of NII-160 1947-1952	Mstislav Mikhailovich Fedorov Director of NII-160 1953-1961	Sergei Ivanovich Rebrov director of NPP "ISTOK" 1962-1988	Alexander Nikolaevich Korolev director of NPP "ISTOK" 1988-2009

Istok devices were used in control and measuring equipment during the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, in the first manned space flight, in the control system for the soft landing of descent vehicles on the lunar surface, in radar sounding of the surface of Venus and Mars, in the creation of domestic satellite television broadcasting, with docking of manned spacecraft under the Soyuz-Apollo program.

Powerful pulsed magnetrons were used in anti-jamming radars anti-aircraft missile systems Air defense S-25, S-75, S-125, etc.

Heavy-duty limit-wave magnetrons were used in the air defense equipment of Moscow and in the country's first missile defense system. With their help, for the first time in the world in 1962, the intercept and destruction of the warhead of an intercontinental ballistic missile was carried out.

Single-beam klystrons, created at Istok, were used in high-power transmitters of the Gorizont communication systems, radar equipment of the S-200, S-225, Buk anti-aircraft missile systems, the Vega trajectory measurement system, radar sighting systems Sapphire- 23M" MiG-23M aircraft.

Electron-beam amplifiers, multi-beam klystrons and backward wave lamps, which have no analogues in the world, along with a number of semiconductor modules and integrated devices of various functional and structural complexity, have found application in multifunctional air defense systems and complexes "Tor", S-300, S- 400, the on-board equipment of the A-50 early warning and control aircraft, the Shtyk airborne side-looking radar, the Kinzhal and Kortik shipborne radars, etc.

Based on the results of the activities of NPP "Istok" on the creation of promising systems and complexes of airborne and ground military equipment, air, land and sea-based radar stations, by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1985, the enterprise was entrusted with the functions of the parent organization to ensure a unified technical policy when creating microwave equipment for electronic weapons systems.

Currently, NPP Istok produces more than 1.5 thousand types of microwave devices and devices to support more than 200 in service Russian army, developed and modernized systems of electronic weapons. The volume of export deliveries is constantly increasing.

The contribution of "Istok" and the people of Istok to the development of the city's infrastructure and the formation of its modern appearance is invaluable.

The huge scientific and technical potential of Istok crystallized new scientific and technological directions in the development of electronics, which were further developed at the scientific and research and production enterprises formed in the city of Fryazino (OJSC Research Institute Platan with a plant at the Research Institute, OJSC NPP Cyclone - Test, CJSC NPP Istok - System”, CJSC NPP Istok - Audio International, CJSC NPP Magratep, etc.), which are currently together with OJSC FZMT, LLC NTO IRE - Polyus, the Fryazino branch of the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics named after V .BUT. Kotelnikov RAS and the branch of the Moscow Institute of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation located on the territory of Istok constitute the educational, scientific, technical, production and technological base of the science city of Fryazino.

A distinctive feature of the enterprise in all the years of its history was the balanced development of the scientific and production parts. The unity of science and technology made it possible, on the one hand, to quickly use the latest theoretical achievements in the practice of instrumentation, and on the other hand, to create a powerful production and experimental base for testing and implementing the most daring theoretical ideas.

It is especially necessary to note the role of the outstanding leaders of Istok, each of whom fell to a certain historical era, who were assigned certain tasks of a national scale, which always found a solution.

With the names of Academician S.A. Vekshinskiy, V.I. Egiazarova, A.A. Zakharov is connected with the formation of the institute, organization industrial production receiving-amplifying and generating lamps in the period 1943-1947.

With the names of V.A. Goltsov and M.M. Fedorov is connected with the creation of the material and technical base of Istok, the construction of the main buildings of the enterprise and urban planning, the deployment of work on low-noise TWTs and amplifying klystrons, and the creation of the foundations of a scientific school in the period 1947-1961.

The stage of the most dynamic development of the enterprise in 1962-1988 is associated with the name of S.I. Rebrova. Domestic electronics is allocated in a separate industry, increasing production capacity, the city grows, scientific schools develop and the main range of microwave devices and devices is created, Istok becomes the leading enterprise in the industry.

To the share of A.N. Korolev, it was time for a change in the social system and the collapse of the USSR, which caused an unprecedented crisis in the history of civilized states, and first of all in all high-tech industries. However, during his leadership from 1988 to 2009, he managed to maintain the organizational and technological integrity of the enterprise, withstand the destructive pressure of external and internal forces, and ensure the vital activity of all enterprise services. Istok managed to make itself known in international markets, develop and organize the production of export-oriented products, mainly create pilot lines for the production of monolithic integrated microwave circuits and AFAR submodules for new generation airborne and ground-based radars.

Speaking of Istok, one cannot fail to note the close attention paid to it by the leaders of our state, ministries and departments in its various periods, starting from the very idea of ​​\u200b\u200bcreating an enterprise in 1943, when a bloody war was in full swing, there were not enough planes, tanks, shells and cartridges, and workshops were already being erected and equipment for the production of electrovacuum devices and scientific research in the field of electronics; in the difficult post-war years, when the country was reborn from the ashes - and along with it, the Istok got on its feet; during the years of rapid development of the entire industry in the USSR, when Istok was also rapidly and dynamically developing; in the post-Soviet era, dashing economic transformations; during the crisis years and now.

Thanks to the selfless work of managers, scientists, scientists, engineers, technologists and workers, over the years of its formation and development, Istok has rightfully become the flagship of domestic microwave electronics, the center for coordinating developments carried out by organizations and enterprises of the electronic and radio electronic industry in creating unique its technical and operational characteristics of electronic weapons, which currently form the basis of Russia's military power.

At the end of 2013, the enterprise was transformed into an open joint-stock company "Scientific and production enterprise" Istok "named after A.I. Shokin.

The history of the creation, formation and development of Istok, as in a mirror, reflects the history of our state, the history of the development of domestic electronics and is inseparable from it.

In accordance with the resolution of the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR of February 15, 1933 in the village. Fryazino began construction of the largest plant in the USSR for the production of radio tubes. The Radiolamp plant (first plant No. 191, and then No. 747) was put into operation on November 5, 1934 on the territory and in the buildings of the former silk-weaving factory of the merchants Kondrashevs - Kaptsovs. The equipment came from the Leningrad plant "Svetlana" and the Moscow lamp plant.

In 1941 the plant was evacuated to Tashkent. By 1942, a difficult situation had developed at the front and in the country, the troops experienced a shortage of radio communications and radar equipment, since not a single radio-tube plant in the country produced electrovacuum products after the evacuation. By GKO resolution, plant No. 191a was obliged to supply the front with the following types of lamps: SO-243 for mine detectors, UB-107, UB-110, SB-112, SB-147 and 6P3 for receiving stations and generator lamps of medium power type GU-4 and GKE- 100 for transmitting radio stations. In a short time, in incredibly difficult conditions, the plant team coped with the task and began to produce the devices necessary for the front.

In order to provide new developments and serial production of radars with modern high-quality electrovacuum products, the Decree of the State Defense Committee of July 4, 1943 No. 3686ss "On Radar" on the premises of plant No. scientific and technical, engineering personnel and laboratory equipment branch electrovacuum laboratory, electrovacuum laboratory of plant No. 465, electrovacuum laboratory of professor A.G. Alexandrov at plant No. 632, a special electrovacuum laboratory S.A. Vekshinsky, Electrovacuum Laboratory of the Physico-Technical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Electrovacuum Plant No. 747.

Sergey Arkadyevich Vekshinskiy is appointed head of the Electrovacuum Institute.

The release date of this historic resolution for the country is not only the official starting point for the chronicle of Istok as the center of domestic microwave electronics, but also the birthday of the country's radio-electronic industry.

By order of the People's Commissariat of Electrical Industry of the USSR dated July 9, 1943, the institute received the name NII-160. Among the first employees in Fryazino, specialists from the branch electrovacuum laboratory of the Leningrad plant "Svetlana" evacuated to Novosibirsk A.P. Fedoseev, A.V. Krasilov, K.P. Shakhov, M.V. Grigoriev, who, under the leadership of S.A. Zusmanovsky organize the scientific part of the newly created institute.

Control of electrical parameters of MIS microwave

During 1943, the scientific part of the institute included Leningrad scientists N.D. Devyatkov, B.M. Tsarev, V.F. Kovalenko, engineering and technical workers of the Svetlana plant V.S. are pouring in from the evacuation. Lukoshkov, A.M. Andriyanov, T.B. Fogelson, V.A. Astrin, E.S. Evtifeeva, E.A. Krakau, L.D. Orabinskaya, Yu.A. Youth, M.V. Andreeva, F.N. Kharaja, G.A. Shustin, A.M. Shustina, I.A. Belousov, K.V. Belousova, A.F. Luzyanina, L.K. Cheremkhina, R.I. Shipper and others.

It is with these people that the formation of a unique domestic enterprise of electronic instrumentation in Fryazino is connected, with their active creative participation the foundations of a scientific school for the development of microwave electrovacuum equipment and technology were laid.

In a short time, the Institute organizes the production of 37 types of receiving-amplifying lamps, cathode-ray tubes, magnetrons and gas-discharge devices for radar station gun guidance SON-2, which is supplied to the front.

Among the first stages of the research and production biography of Istok was the development and industrial production of a highly reliable series of receiving-amplifying lamps (PUL) designed to work in the on-board equipment of the first ballistic missiles, as well as in broadcasting, receiving, television and communication equipment. In the mid-1950s, a series of broadband lamps was developed for telecontrol equipment for the first domestic Earth satellites and radio relay communication systems. For these developments and their implementation in the practice of domestic cosmonautics, Istok employees were awarded medals of the USSR Academy of Sciences: in 1957, the head of the PUL development, the head of the department, N.V. Cherepnin was awarded the medal of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR "In honor of the launch in the Soviet Union of the world's first artificial Earth satellite", and in 1961 the head of the laboratory L.A. Paryshkuro - medals of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR "In honor of the first manned flight into outer space."

The need of the radio industry for PULs developed at Istok turned out to be so great that their production was organized simultaneously at six electrovacuum plants, three of which were specially built for this purpose (in Saratov, Kaluga and Vinnitsa).

For more than 20 years, Istok has played a leading role in the development of PULs for various purposes. In the early 1960s, due to the development of semiconductor technology, the need to master ever higher frequency ranges and the use of new classes of electrovacuum devices in radio equipment, new developments and the production of PULs at Istok were discontinued.

In the late 1940s, Istok was tasked with providing cathode ray tubes for rapidly developing radar and television systems. The company has developed and put into production a wide range of cathode-ray devices: kinescopes, iconoscopes, indicator tubes, storage tubes - potentialoscopes, vidicons, functional tubes. The first Soviet TV brand KVN-49 worked on a kinescope developed and produced at Istok.

In almost all radio engineering systems, where there was a need to visualize the image, transmitting and receiving cathode-ray devices of the Istok were used.

To solve the problems of switching antenna-feeder paths of radars with receiver protection and to create radar pulse modulators, the institute began developing pulsed thyratrons for HF and microwave transmitters and antenna switches for radars for various purposes. High level These works made it possible to create methods for the engineering calculation of spark gaps, to study the physical processes in a high-frequency discharge in various gases, and to determine the conditions for restoring discharge gaps.

Design department for GMIS microwave devices

With the development of magnetron construction, the enterprise not only created an original basic design, but also laid the physical and theoretical foundations for creating powerful tunable magnetrons with ultrahigh frequency stability. In the same years, the development of super-powerful magnetrons (with a power of 5 and 30 MW) was carried out, the design of which was based on original idea waveguide transcendental magnetron. The parameters of these magnetrons, on the basis of which the first missile defense radars in the USSR were created, have no equal to date.

Since 1954, the enterprise began work on the creation of powerful klystrons. A number of devices with unique parameters were created: the first domestic heavy-duty klystron with a power of 20 MW per pulse for the Kharkov linear electron accelerator (50 simultaneously operating klystrons), a basic heavy-duty (30 MW) broadband klystron for radar, a heavy-duty klystron for the Fakel linear accelerator of the Institute atomic energy named after I.V. Kurchatov and others.

The staff of the enterprise has made an outstanding contribution to the development of vacuum microwave generators of low (up to 100 mW) and high (up to 1 W) power. Devices of this direction have found application in a wide variety of areas of military and civilian radar and communications technology. By the mid-1960s, numerous designs of reflective, transit, transit-reflective klystrons, BWOs with magnetic and electrostatic focusing, parametric and electrostatic amplifiers, and a number of other devices with high electrical parameters were developed. Many of these devices can rightfully be attributed to the defining world scientific and technical level of that time.

Low and high power generators have become the basis of numerous radar systems, aircraft navigation equipment and sea ​​vessels various classes, radio-electronic equipment of satellites and spaceships, including communication stations and soft landing systems, search locators, various measuring equipment, etc.

In the early 1960s, the first domestic low-noise TWT in the 10-cm wavelength range was created at Istok. In terms of sensitivity (noise figure - about 10 dB), this TWT was superior to foreign analogues. On its basis, a series of low-noise TWTs was developed, covering the entire centimeter and part of the decimeter wavelength range.

At the same time, dozens of types of packaged TWTs were created with power levels from tens of milliwatts to 20 W, covering the entire centimeter wavelength range.

In the 1960s, the development of low-noise TWTs with magnetic periodic focusing systems (MPFS) for satellite communication systems began. These TWTs successfully operated on the first domestic communication satellite "Horizon", which broadcast the 1980 Olympic Games from Moscow to the whole world.

Subsequently, multi-beam, so-called transparent, TWTs for communication systems and multifunctional radars were developed, providing an extremely wide range of transmitter operation modes from pulsed to continuous at 1.5-2 times reduced supply voltages, as well as low noise level.

In the mid-1960s, the first domestic high-power TWTs in the 3-cm wavelength range with an output power of 1 kW in continuous mode were created at Istok. Similar TWTs were intended for land-based stationary equipment of communication lines via Earth satellites, tropospheric communication stations, ground and sea ship stations of broadband interference.

Since 1960, Istok has been working on the creation and production of original electrovacuum devices - electrostatic amplifiers (ESA) using cyclotron resonance, which are used as a low-noise input stage for radar receivers. In recent years, on the basis of the ESA, electrostatic combined amplifiers (ESKU) have been created, in which a transistor amplifier is switched on at the ESA output, which makes it possible to expand the operating frequency band and raise the gain up to 30 dB, and cyclotron-protected combined amplifiers (CZKU) that provide protection for the input circuits of radar receivers from the radiation of their own transmitter.

Istok was the first in the creation of millimeter wave devices, which provide such important advantages as the ability to transmit a large amount of information, secrecy of communications, small dimensions, etc.

In the 1950s, the enterprise developed a theory, design methodology, and measuring equipment - the basis for creating the first samples of millimeter-wave VWOs.

To date, backward-wave lamps have covered the range up to 1.5 THz, and the possibility of reaching 3 THz has been experimentally proven. BWOs in the terahertz range are used in radio astronomy.

In the early 1960s, the first work on the development of a new class of quantum devices, lasers, began at Istok, and a few years later the enterprise organized mass production of the country's first helium-neon lasers. Over the 50-year period of development of this direction, a large range of gas lasers and emitting elements has been mastered - on He-Ne, Ar, CO 2, CO, N 2, metal vapors Cd, Cu, A u.

At present, the enterprise develops and produces a new class of quantum electronics products - cesium atomic-beam tubes for quantum frequency standards used in ground-based equipment of control and measuring complexes and on-board satellite equipment of spacecraft of systems of uniform time and reference frequencies of the domestic global navigation satellite system GLONASS. In the created devices, the level of frequency stability (1-2) × 10 -14 has been achieved.

NPP "Istok" is the founder of not only electrovacuum, but also semiconductor microwave electronics in our country.

Already in the mid-1940s, the first domestic semiconductor microwave devices - germanium detector and mixing diodes for radar - were created and mastered in production at the enterprise.

The high scientific and technological level of these works allowed the company's engineers to create the first domestic transistors in 1950.

Intensive research carried out at the enterprise to study the interaction of electromagnetic fields with electrons in condensed media (solids, semiconductors), aimed at finding new generation mechanisms, led to the discovery of the effect of microwave radiation during impact ionization in semiconductors, when, at high values ​​of reverse voltage, exceeding the breakdown, the semiconductor diode begins to generate microwave oscillations. This discovery formed the basis of a new type of microwave devices - avalanche-transit diodes (ATDs), operating as low-power generators and amplifiers in radio equipment for various purposes. For the discovery of the effect of microwave generation in semiconductors, the team of authors was awarded the Lenin Prize.

Noise generators and power amplifiers based on LTD are widely used in radar stations, measuring equipment, built-in control equipment, medical equipment, and also as master generators in sources of broadband interference.

At the turn of the 1960s-1970s, truly revolutionary changes took place in the field of active semiconductor devices and their production technology. Firstly, new semiconductor materials have come into practice - gallium arsenide, indium phosphide and other compounds of the A3B5 group, with much higher electron mobility, frequency properties, operating temperature range and a number of other advantages over traditional germanium and silicon. Secondly, the diffusion technology has been replaced by new methods for the formation of semiconductor structures - epitaxial growth.

The high level of development of technology for the production of ceramic and magnetic materials, ceramic-metal and ferrite products, on which vacuum microwave instrumentation was based, led in the late 1960s and early 1970s to a new qualitative leap in the field of miniaturization of microwave electronic devices and devices - the transition to hybrid-integrated technology for the development of microwave devices based on microstrip technology.

The rapid formation and development of the solid-state direction in NPP Istok led to the organization of the serial production of many types of microwave semiconductor devices and hybrid-integrated, hybrid-monolithic (GMIS) and monolithic integrated circuits (MIS) based on them. Currently, the enterprise is successfully developing modern crystal production. Wafers with pHEMT structures with a diameter of 76 and 100 mm were mastered and put into mass production for the manufacture of transistors and MMIC microwaves with a capacity of up to 200 wafers per month. The technology for the production of MIS microwaves with technological standards of 0.13 microns has been mastered.

In 2006, based on this technology and modern system For the first time in Russia, a basic set of MIS microwaves and functional devices for receiving and transmitting channels of active phased antenna arrays (APAA) of the x-band was created. Designs and manufacturing technology for multi-chip transceiver beam-forming AFAR X-band submodules for airborne and ground-based radar facilities based on multilayer ceramic LTCC-boards (MCP), a technology for automated assembly and welding of crystals on MCP and measurements of the full range of electrical parameters of submodules are being created. This opened up a new promising direction for Istok in development and mass production.

The company is actively working on the technology of manufacturing diamond heat sinks, the creation of A3B5 quasi-substrates on CVD-diamond, diamond semiconductor structures and the technology for obtaining microwave transistors and MMICs based on them.

In the early 1970s, efforts to reduce the weight and size characteristics and supply voltages of electrovacuum microwave devices ceased to lead to their significant reduction in radio electronic systems. This began to hinder the development of multifunctional ground and especially onboard equipment. An important step towards solving this problem was the development of the theory and practice of creating high-power multibeam klystrons, which require supply voltages that are several times lower compared to single-beam devices in order to achieve the necessary power characteristics.

The next step, which radically improved the situation, was the creation of a new class of electronic products - integrated products (CI), in which the use of the principles of functional and constructive integration in the design of microwave transceivers made it possible to significantly (5-10 times) reduce the weight and dimensions of the microwave part radar while improving their performance. This direction subsequently found its development in almost all enterprises of the industry.

The most important stage on this path was the development of the Alternativa 4-frequency transmitting monoblock for the MiG-23ML aircraft.

The next major development at the turn of the 1970-1980s in the field of integrated devices was the creation of a set of monoblocks for the transceiver complex of the Zaslon radar system of the MiG-31 aircraft, which, according to experts, is the best in the world for interceptor fighters.

The success of NPP "Istok" in the field of engineering and technology of electrovacuum and semiconductor electronics, experience in the development of complex integrated radio-electronic devices made it possible in the early 1980s to carry out a unique research experimental development "Synthesis - Soyuz", as a result of which, at the "Istok" were created experimental samples of the most complex radio-electronic systems - an on-board radar sighting system and an active radar homing head of an air-to-air missile. For the first time in the USSR, an airborne radar with programmable digital signal processing was developed entirely on the domestic element base, on which, during flight tests in a flying laboratory, a target detection range with an EPR of 5 square meters was confirmed. m more than 200 km, as well as real-time mapping of the earth's surface at distances of 10-20 km with a resolution of 7 m.

Successfully completed work on the creation of an active radar homing head (ARGS) was continued in the Sintez-20 R&D, as a result, the ARGS-50 was created, which was adopted by the Russian army in the early 1990s. Since that time, the development and production of ARGS have become one of the main activities of NPP "Istok" in the field of radio electronics, in which the achievements of the enterprise in miniaturization and multifunctionality have become the basis for obtaining a successful result.

The most important areas of the company's activity, linking science, technology and production, are special engineering and special materials science. The development of new types and types of microwave devices and devices required the development of special technological processes, the creation of specialized technological and bench equipment, the development and production of new functional and structural materials, absorbers, solders, sealants, adhesives, compounds, etc. Specialized divisions were created for this on the development and implementation of special technological equipment and materials.

In 1946, a special design bureau of mechanical engineering (OKBM) was formed at the enterprise, main goal which was the provision of mass production of electrovacuum devices with special technological equipment.

AT different years OKBM developed and manufactured hundreds of types of various equipment and machine tools: vacuum pumping stations, metal annealing furnaces, soldering and welding equipment. Many of the research and development carried out at OKBM in such areas of metal processing as electrospark and electrochemical, laser, electron and ion beam, ion-plasma and plasma-arc were of a priority nature and laid the foundation for methodological foundations creation of modern special technological equipment for the production of electronic products (IET) in the domestic electronics industry. Of particular note are the achievements of OKBM engineers in the development of electric spark machine tools for precision metal processing, which are widely used not only in electronics, but also in other industries (aviation, watchmaking, jewelry).

In 1955, for the first time in the country, a specialized subdivision was created at Istok to study the properties of emission materials and develop engineering methods for calculating and designing cathode-heating units for vacuum devices. At present, a range of oxide, metal-porous, volumetric-osmated, scandium, lanthanum-boride and other types of cathodes for EWP microwaves for various purposes has been created.

The technology for the production of microwave devices and devices requires a large range of ceramic materials for various functional purposes. At the same time, the enterprise developed the first vacuum-tight ceramics, then alumina ceramics 22xC, ceramic absorbent corundum-titanate material, ceramic materials based on aluminum nitride, etc. Special multi-temperature solders, a whole range of special alloys, pseudo-alloys, multilayer materials and structural parts from them for products of electrovacuum and semiconductor microwave electronics have been developed and are being manufactured.

In recent years, the company has mastered the technology of manufacturing low-temperature firing ceramics (LTCC) and products from it (multilayer boards, filters, etc.), on the basis of which microwave modules with a high packing density are created, including three-dimensional structures that make it possible to manufacture advanced electronic equipment. equipment with reduced weight and dimensions.

Since the 1960s, Istok has been working on the use of microwave and quantum devices in various sectors of the national economy. The first domestic laser levels and zenith plummets were made on helium-neon lasers produced at the enterprise. They were used in the construction of the Ostankino television tower, tunneling, and marking rice paddies.

On the basis of the magnetrons produced at the enterprise, a number of industrial-purpose installations were created using microwave heating in them. The advantage of this heating method is the release of heat directly inside the volume of the processed material, and not through convection from its boundaries inward. This allows you to speed up the processes of drying, polymerization, heating with a higher degree of uniformity inside the processed materials. The non-contact method of transferring energy to heated objects also has a number of advantages over traditional methods of heating and drying moisture-containing materials.

On the basis of microwave devices of the 8-mm wavelength range, a series of short-range radar sensors of the RIS-V2 type for measuring the speed of cuts on railway hump yards, the RDS-L1 type for measuring the speed of locomotives, and the RDU-x2 type for non-contact automatic measurement of liquid levels have been developed. and bulk materials in storage bins in metallurgy, chemical industry and in the production of building materials.

To search for ship crews in distress on the high seas, a Sigma radar beacon was created, giving a mark on the radar screen of a search aircraft, which makes it possible to determine their coordinates.

Based on the use of the technology developed at the enterprise in the field of glass melting and the creation of vacuum-tight glass structures, a number of household thermoses with a glass flask were designed and mastered in production in volumes of over 700 thousand units per year. Over the past years, more than 20 million thermoses have been produced, which have a steady demand from the population.

Since the beginning of the 1960s, at the enterprise under the leadership of Academician N.D. Devyatkov began work on the use of electronics in medicine.

Thus, on the basis of a helium-neon laser, a number of therapeutic units and a series of surgical units for bloodless operations based on CO 2 , CO and copper vapor lasers were created. Installations for local electromagnetic hyperthermia of the Yacht type, which have found application in the treatment of oncological diseases, use magnetrons developed at the enterprise.

A number of medical diagnostic devices for intragastric pH-metry (Gastroscans). Hearing aids are in steady demand, owing their birth to the conversion of the defense industry in the 1990s.

The Istokians also made a huge contribution to the development of Fryazino's infrastructure, turning it from a small workers' settlement with a population of just over 2,000 people into one of the largest domestic science cities. Already in 1951, the slave. settlement Fryazino, which decides the most important state tasks for the creation of science-intensive products for defense purposes, by a decree of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, it receives the status of a city. At this time, 12 thousand people already live in it. In 1968, Fryazino became a city of regional subordination - its status increased.

In the Soviet years, 318 residential buildings with a total living area of ​​331 thousand square meters were built in the city at the expense of the Ministry of Electronic Industry of the USSR. m, 12 children preschool institutions, 3 schools, cinema, stadium, sport Club"Olimp", the Palace of Culture "Istok", 2 canteens, a club, a hospital, a polyclinic, 3 boiler houses, a number of other cultural and community facilities. The employees of the enterprise provided lighting of all the main streets of the city, laid 12 thousand linear meters. m of asphalt roads, 7.8 thousand linear meters. m of sidewalks, 3.1 thousand linear meters. m of sewer networks, 8.6 thousand linear meters. m of water lines, planted more than 50 thousand green spaces.

A huge role in creating decent living, working and recreational conditions for Fryazinians belongs to the management of the enterprise. K.A. K.A. Amosov, Deputy General Director of NPP Istok from 1959 to 1990. Paying tribute to this man, named K.A. Amosov was named a river boat plying on the Volga between Dubna and the Elektron recreation center. Under the leadership of Konstantin Alekseevich, the city was beautified, roads were asphalted, streets were planted, playgrounds were built. For him, the problems associated with these objects were deeply personal, he took them to heart and experienced them as his own. Our city was his home, and for many years he did everything possible for its prosperity.

Today, the science city of Fryazino has 56.4 thousand inhabitants. 20 thousand people are employed at enterprises and organizations of the city, more than half of which (12 thousand) - in the research and production complex. NPP Istok currently employs 4.5 thousand people.

The last years of the enterprise development are characterized by the strengthening of economic stability, the formation and implementation of long-term programs for technological re-equipment, the improvement of the enterprise management system based on modern automated software and hardware systems, the renewal of personnel, the strengthening of Istok's leading position in domestic microwave electronics. The main thing in the new scientific and technical policy is the skillful combination of the energy and creativity of the younger generation with the experience and wisdom of mature specialists and veterans of the enterprise. Under the leadership of General Director A.A. Borisov with the support of OAO Russian electronics”, State Corporation Rostekhnologii, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia, the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia prepared, submitted to the Government of the Russian Federation, approved and accepted for implementation projects for the technical re-equipment of the main production and technological complexes of FSUE NPP Istok:

• crystal production of microwave transistors and monolithic integrated circuits (MIS microwave);
• microwave modules of various functional complexity, including submodules for active phased antenna arrays (APAA);
• vacuum microwave instrumentation and integrated devices based on them;
• production of finished radio-electronic devices and their constituent parts, primarily active radar homing missiles.

The implementation of these projects will make it possible to carry out a large-scale technological re-equipment of the enterprise, ensure the development and production of demanded microwave devices and devices in the required volumes, radically change the economic situation, significantly increase wages, solve the personnel problem, and attract young talented specialists.

Through the efforts of management in recent years, it was possible to stabilize the economic situation at the enterprise, ensure a dynamic increase in the volume of sales of marketable products, the volume of R&D and wages employees.

The active participation of the management and employees of NPP Istok in the program scientific and technical councils of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia made it possible to form a package of technological and instrumental R&D, as a result of which promising world-class results have been obtained in recent years.

So, for the first time in the practice of domestic semiconductor microwave instrumentation, basic technologies have been developed for designing and manufacturing powerful and low-noise monolithic amplifiers, instrumentation series of control and converter MMICs of microwaves, as well as multifunctional MMICs of microwaves, combining analog, digital and key circuits on a single chip. The introduction of these technologies into the practice of development and production will significantly improve the functional, tactical, technical and weight and size characteristics and reliability indicators of advanced electronic equipment.

A number of technological and instrumental R&D in the field of electrovacuum microwave instrumentation made it possible to modernize technological processes production of the main range of electrovacuum microwave devices, as well as to create a number of products with unique sets of electrical parameters and performance characteristics, including multi-beam pulse klystrons of low, medium and high power and traveling wave lamps for radar and broadband communications.

The scientific potential of Istok, as in previous years, is growing by close interaction with organizations of the Russian Academy of Sciences and higher education in the field of creating a scientific and technical reserve for the future in the field of semiconductor and electrovacuum microwave electronics. Active work is underway in the field of creating microwave devices and millimeter-wave devices, high-power microwave transistors and microwave MIS, MEMS and NEMS technology, devices based on A3B5 materials and diamond.

For 70 years, saturated with large scientific and technological achievements and discoveries, development and mastering in the production of a wide range of products, the scientific-technical and production-technological school of NPP "Istok" brought domestic microwave electronics to the forefront in the world and enriched it with new ideas, modern design and technological solutions, unique equipment and microwave products of the world technical level.

For outstanding achievements in the development of domestic microwave electronics and for the creation new technology the staff of the enterprise was awarded in 1966 the Order of Lenin, in 1981 - the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. In 1967 NPP "Istok" was awarded a commemorative Red Banner in honor of the 50th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution, in 1972 - a jubilee badge of honor in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the USSR.

Scientific supervisor of Istok, Academician N.D. Devyatkov, toolmaker V.I. Volk, head of laboratory L.A. Paryshkuro and CEO enterprises S.I. Rebrov were awarded the high title of Hero Socialist Labor. 118 employees of the enterprise became laureates of the Stalin, Lenin and State Prizes of the USSR and the Prize of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology, over 2 thousand employees were awarded orders and medals of the USSR and Russia.

Today OJSC NPP Istok named after A.I. Shokin” stands firmly on its feet, systematically and dynamically developing, can rightfully be called the leader of domestic microwave electronics. The enterprise produces about 30% of the entire range of microwave devices and devices in Russia, and annually increases the production of high-tech products that are in demand on the domestic and foreign markets.

Such a dynamic development became possible only due to the fact that Istok employs outstanding scientists, engineers and workers, top-class specialists, patriots of their enterprise and city, who, with their daily work, have created and continue to develop a huge intellectual, scientific, technical, production and technological potential of domestic microwave electronics.