The purpose of this work is to analyze the place of Russia in the international division of labor in the context of the challenge posed by the international strategy of the United States of America to the Russian economic model. In this regard, the work consists of three parts. The first part examines the evolution of a country's international specialization and its key determinants. The second part gives an idea of modern place Russia in the international division of labor and the historical stages of its formation. The third part outlines the threats to the Russian export-oriented economic model, which are becoming more and more evident against the backdrop of deepening contradictions in the system of international relations. For specialists in the field externally economic activity, students and graduate students of economic universities, as well as a wide range of readers who are not indifferent to the problems of our Fatherland.
With increased openness Russian economy, expanding international cooperation at the sectoral, regional levels, and especially the growth of intercompany ties, the issues of studying the mechanisms, forms and methods of making payments in the process of executing foreign economic transactions are becoming especially relevant. AT study guide the main international and Russian legal and regulatory framework regulating settlement operations, the advantages and disadvantages of the forms of settlements and the technique of their implementation are considered. In the block teaching materials the program of the course for students in the magistracy, as well as tests to check the level of assimilation of the material is given. For practicing economists, teachers, graduate students, university students, masters and students of MBA programs, as well as all specialists in the field international business who are interested in the issues of settlement and payment transactions.
The book presents the author's interpretation of the essence of the process of planning the development of socio-economic systems in market conditions. Much attention is paid to the analysis of the classical school of formal planning, little-known planning models, as well as the analysis and practice of indicative planning in developed countries. The monograph is intended for students studying in the areas of "Economics" and "Management", as well as scientists and practitioners who are interested in organizing the planning process in a market economy.
Planning of foreign economic activity of the enterprise
In accordance with the laws in force in Russia, any enterprise (organization) can act as both an exporter and an importer. In practice, there are three main incentives for the development of foreign economic activity of enterprises:
expansion of sales;
the acquisition of resources;
Diversification of sources of supply and marketing.
Need strategic planning foreign economic activity is determined by significant changes in the structure of the world market and the attempts of enterprises engaged in international activities by trial and error to develop adequate measures that guarantee them protection from excessive losses as a result of incorrect actions or erroneous ideas about the prospects of macroeconomic processes.
Any form of foreign economic relations is based on the idea of mutually beneficial international exchange. In principle, international exchange is always beneficial. This is true for industrialized and underdeveloped countries.
The international exchange of products (products) is expedient for a country if it spends less social labor on the production of export products (products) than it should spend on the production of products (products) instead of imported ones (for the proceeds from exports).
Consequently, the exchange of goods can be beneficial to all countries, provided that the structure of exports and imports is correctly formed. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the scale of foreign trade exchange. At the same time, export is primary, since the country must, having received currency for export products (products), ensure itself the possibility of importing products (products). To achieve the greatest economic effect from participation in the international division of labor, it is necessary to develop the production of export products (products), which allows you to get the largest foreign exchange earnings per unit of social labor costs, and import those products (products), own production which would require the greatest expenditure of social labor per unit of expended foreign exchange funds. Greatest effect is achieved from the export of science-intensive finished products (products). In world trade practice, the following ratio has developed: 40% of international trade is accounted for by raw materials, 60% - by finished industrial products (products). In the structure of Russian exports, the opposite ratio has developed - 70% and 30%.
This state of foreign economic relations, of course, does not suit anyone, and given their potentially high profitability, the task of improving foreign economic activity becomes one of the priorities. And it is no coincidence that the restructuring of the economic mechanism of Russia began with the improvement of foreign economic activity.
The beginning of the reform of foreign economic activity to some extent began in 1985, however, this was reflected in the regulations only in 1986 in resolution No. 991 “On measures to improve the management of foreign economic relations”, with the release of which the first stage reforms of foreign economic activity. It can be described as a "permissive" stage. Indeed, during this period of time it was allowed to independently enter the foreign market, form foreign exchange funds, organize external trading companies. Gained the right to exist such progressive forms of foreign economic relations as direct ties, joint venture.
Second phase began in 1989 with the release of the well-known decree No. 203 “On measures state regulation foreign economic activity". This resolution established a fairly rigid framework, essentially curtailing the process of democratization of foreign economic activity. The obligatory registration of such activities, the quota procedure, and a rigid planning system were introduced. This stage ended in 1991. First, individual republics, and in December 1991 Russia, announced a new approach to organizing foreign economic activity in their countries. Has begun the third stage of the reform- the stage of liberalization of foreign economic activity.
In Russia, the beginning of the third stage can be considered the decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 15, 1991 No. 213 "On the liberalization of foreign economic activity." Following this order, a number of normative acts appeared that determined the procedure for carrying out foreign economic activity.
The main rules for the implementation of foreign economic activity in Russia provide for the following: foreign economic activity is allowed for all enterprises registered in Russia, regardless of their form of ownership; permitted mediation; the list of licensed products (products) has been significantly reduced; introduced auction sale of quotas and licenses; Restrictions on opening foreign currency accounts have been lifted; currency transactions are allowed, while the exchange rate of the ruble against foreign currencies is determined by supply and demand. The concept of the commercial exchange rate of the ruble was introduced; a system of mandatory foreign exchange deductions has also been introduced; export tariffs (duties) have been introduced for certain groups of products (products). In this case, the export duty is payable before or at the time of presentation of products (products) to customs control. Export duties are collected in rubles. The rate of duty in foreign currency is subject to recalculation at the market rate of the ruble, established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation at the time of payment of the duty.
In relation to export transactions for which, in accordance with the current legislation, the mandatory sale of a part of foreign exchange earnings to the foreign exchange reserve of Russia is not required, a surcharge to the export duty is established.
The Russian government has outlined a strategy for the development of foreign economic activity, which includes four stages, with the first (preparatory) being considered completed. The most important stage of the strategy is the second, which provides for measures that lay the framework for the entire model of foreign economic activity for the coming years. The main ones are changes in the practice of licensing and export control and the introduction of a single ruble exchange rate.
At this stage, the list of quotas for export products (products) was reduced while expanding the competitive sale of the remaining quotas. The special commercial ruble exchange rate has been cancelled. At the same time, the mandatory sale of foreign exchange earnings is provided for at the market rate.
The strategy also provides for maintaining a floating exchange rate for current operations, and then a fixed market rate of the ruble for investment operations with their gradual equalization.
Forms of foreign economic activity of the enterprise
Business relationships between enterprises of two or more countries, ultimately pursuing profit, may include various directions and business operations.
Production and economic foreign economic activity of an enterprise, the content of which is cooperation in the spheres of production and circulation, in innovation, implementation and service areas, can be carried out using associations of business cooperation (house of business cooperation), production and marketing enterprises (trade), concessions, consortiums , joint-stock companies, joint ventures, free trade zones, provision of services (service organizations, advertising bureaus, leasing organizations, technical centers etc.), joint production and infrastructure facilities, open cities and regions, international economic organizations and other forms.
An effective form of attracting foreign capital to Russia is the creation of joint ventures in our country. In this case, the following can be set goals:
attraction of advanced foreign technology and managerial experience;
Saturation of the domestic market with high-quality products;
attraction to the country (to the enterprise) of additional material and financial resources;
import substitution;
· development export potential;
training of national personnel.
When planning export and import operations goals of foreign economic
the activities of the enterprise are detailed depending on its general goals (Table 1).
Table 1. Goals of the enterprise's export-import operations
The development of effective goals of foreign economic activity strengthens incentives, sets clear standards and long-term guidelines for work. Senior managers determine strategic goals, aimed at solving common problems and related to the enterprise as a whole. They should cover the following main areas:
innovations;
human, material and financial resources;
performance;
· profit.
Middle managers set tactical goals aimed at
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In the case of foreign payments, they make up a small share of state budget revenues (for example, in the United States - no more than 1.5%), then in the Russian budget - up to 40-50% of its revenue. In accordance with the requirements of the development of the world economy and the WTO, there is a need to reduce the average rate of the customs tariff, therefore, it is necessary to search for new approaches to the study of customs and tariff relations, reorientation of the customs tariff from performing a fiscal function to a regulatory one, and to a certain extent, protectionist, since it plays the role of protecting the national manufacturer.
In the context of globalization international trade increasingly affects the domestic economic development of countries, and therefore the state promotion of exports naturally becomes a strategic direction for governments, is seen as the final link in the general context of the state's efforts to ensure sustainable economic growth.
Under these conditions, the customs and tariff policy of the state has a great influence on industrial enterprises(and in many cases the fate of production depends on it).
An important factor determining the success of the policy of foreign countries in the field of export promotion is its flexibility and financial security. Many countries have repeatedly changed their export promotion schemes in an attempt to accelerate its expansion.
development, discarding unsuccessful ones and expanding the use of more effective measures.
World experience shows that in order to support and stimulate the development of exports, a diverse arsenal of means is used, which can be divided into two blocks. The first of these is the means or measures aimed at supporting and stimulating the development of the export production of goods. The second set of measures is aimed at supporting and stimulating the promotion of the country's export products to foreign markets. These two blocks are in a dialectical relationship, although the most important place among them belongs to measures aimed at stimulating the development of export production.
In stimulating the development of exports, shaping its structure, an important role belongs to the state, which occupies a special position in society and performs specific functions at the national and external levels. It is the bearer of power, has wide financial opportunities, acts as a public controller, uses a wide range of influence on the development of the country's economy. This includes budgetary, credit, monetary and foreign exchange policies.
Literature:
1. Customs union: law and practice // Information-analytical review "Customs". - 2010. - No. 19.
2. http://www.terrahuma№a.ru-Customs Union: aspects of the formation of a unified customs legislation / Yu.A. Maksimov. -2010.- No. 1.
FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS Musaev Shamil Magomedovich, Student, North-Caucasian Federal University, Stavropol The paper discusses the main challenges facing the participants of foreign economic activity. Keywords: foreign economic activity, planning, risks, issues foreign economic activity: planning and implementation issues.
FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES: UDC339.9
PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES
The paper considers the main problems facing the participants - © Musaev Sh.M., 2013
specialists of foreign economic activity.
Keywords Keywords: foreign economic activity, planning, risks, problems.
Improving the management of foreign economic activity in the context of overcoming the crisis of the Russian economy, of course, contributes to the improvement of the national economy, becoming the leading factor in economic growth. An objective necessity is a more complete realization of the regional advantages of foreign economic relations. Trends in expanding the independence of regions in the organization of foreign economic activity urgently require the creation of regional mechanisms
MUSAEV Shamil Magomedovich,
North Caucasian
federal
university,
Stavropol
mov regulating the activities of all participants in foreign economic activity, including resellers. The institute of foreign economic intermediaries is becoming an integral element of the commercial infrastructure of society, which equally serves both national and regional economic interests.
Foreign economic activity of enterprises as one of the key components of their production and economic activity significantly increased its importance during the economic reforms. But the level of competition in international markets is such that new participants have to compete not only with products, but also with the mobility and adaptability of control systems. The ability of control systems to actively respond to environmental conditions and positively use changes in technological, financial and other areas comes to the fore. Products on the world market in themselves are only necessary, but often not the main condition for victory in the struggle for the consumer.
The nature and forms of the enterprise's work in the international market primarily depend on the management system of foreign economic activity. The lack of an integrated approach to this problem significantly limits the possibilities for developing the competitiveness of an enterprise, especially in the world market.
Currently, there is an urgent need for many enterprises to master approaches to managing their foreign economic activity that are adequate to modern economic conditions and the development goals that are set before them.
The main motives for the development of foreign economic activity of the enterprise:
The need for the purchase of raw materials, component parts, the latest technologies, know-how and equipment, the involvement of engineering services for production needs, based on their uniqueness, is more High Quality and low prices relative to the domestic market (the firm acts as an importer; trading firms import goods in order to make a profit by reselling them in the domestic market);
Expansion of the market for its products beyond national borders in order to maximize profits (the company acts as an exporter);
Development of export-import operations by specialized trading intermediary firms in order to profit from the difference between purchase and sale prices;
Increase in the portfolio of orders construction firms by obtaining contracts for the construction of facilities abroad;
Attracting foreign investment in order to introduce new technologies, modernize production, stabilize financial position, increasing the competitiveness of products and the profitability of the enterprise;
Participation in international cooperation in order to ensure a fuller load production capacity and stabilization of sales of products;
Minimizing the cost of updating fixed capital by using the possibilities of international leasing;
Export of capital to foreign countries in order to increase the efficiency of its investment, especially in entrepreneurial form, to save production costs, optimize the supply chain (due to proximity to sources of raw materials, cheap work force and sales markets), diversification of activities as a means of ensuring financial stability, as well as increasing profits by reducing tax deductions (export of capital to offshore zones, tax havens and free economic zones);
Development of new sales markets in order to achieve optimal production sizes that ensure minimum specific production costs, and extension life cycle products through its sale in completely new markets, characterized by a lower level of needs and effective demand ( developing countries);
Transfer entrepreneurial activity to countries with a more stable political situation, more favorable investment climate;
Bringing production closer to consumers, which makes it possible to respond more flexibly to changing requests, save on the cost of transporting and storing products;
The removal of "harmful production" to countries that have more liberal environmental legislation.
A high-quality organization of foreign economic activity at an enterprise involves an economic analysis of foreign economic activity: from assessing the prospects for entering the foreign market to assessing the effectiveness of the final operation.
Of great importance in the proper organization and planning of the activities of the enterprise as a whole, and in the foreign market in particular, belongs to the economic analysis of foreign economic activity. Proper organization and planning of foreign economic activity can lead to saving both time and material resources which will have a positive effect on the overall performance of the enterprise. Complex economic analysis foreign economic activity (KEAVED) of the organization studies the foreign economic activity of the organization, which is the economic processes,
directly related to the production and sale of goods, products, works and services in the foreign market.
The fundamental purpose of functioning commercial organization is to make a profit. However, to achieve this goal in the long term, the organization must operate efficiently and remain competitive in the market. Therefore, when summarizing the effectiveness of foreign economic activity, the most significant indicators are:
Profitability indicators and financial results;
Key Performance Indicators production processes;
Indicators of the competitiveness of products and their implementation.
For a more complete quick assessment of the effectiveness of foreign economic activity, it is advisable to introduce integral indicator assessment of the effectiveness of foreign economic activity. For this you need:
1) to systematize indicators that characterize various aspects of the effectiveness of foreign economic activity. Indicators should be interpreted unambiguously, for example indicators of profitability or market share;
2) choose an appropriate method for a comprehensive assessment of the selected indicators.
In real economic activity, all economic processes proceed with a significant degree of uncertainty and are associated with risk. In the foreign economic activity of a company, the categories "risk" and "uncertainty" play extremely important role. It is in the field of foreign economic activity that the company's risks are very diverse and difficult to predict. High degree The riskiness of international transactions compared to transactions in the national market is due to the complexity of the external environment of international business. In particular, in international leasing, the lessor and the lessee are residents of different states in which their own legal system, propose their regulations to support the national economy. In addition, any investment project is always associated with a share of the risk of not receiving the entire estimated profit, up to the loss of all capital invested in the project.
inalienable integral part Any business activity is subject to uncertainty. It underlies almost all economic phenomena, interaction with which determines the appropriate behavior of both individual firms and society as a whole.
The situation of risk, in fact, is a kind of situation of uncertainty, when the occurrence of events is probable and can be determined. In this case, using the tools of probability theory and mathematical statistics, one can
but to objectively assess the likelihood of events that are expected to occur as a result of certain activities. Accordingly, the probability that the event will occur is 1, and the impossibility of the event is 0.
Entrepreneurial risks occupy a special place in the general system of risks. Entrepreneurial risks are the probability of losses or any losses as a result of the failure of an impending event provided for by a plan or forecast.
For the first time, the classification of entrepreneurial risks was presented in the works of J. Keynes, who believed that the cost of a product should include the amount of costs associated with increased wear and tear of equipment, changes in market conditions and prices, as well as destruction as a result of accidents and disasters.
J. Keynes noted that in the economic sphere it is advisable to single out three main types of entrepreneurial risks: the risk of an entrepreneur or borrower, the risk of a creditor, and the risk of inflation.
Currently, there are many classifications of entrepreneurial risks based on their various characteristics (V.M. Granaturov, O.I. Degtyareva, etc.). Almost all of these classifications agree on one thing - they highlight the economic risk, the basis of which is the possible negative impact on the company's activities of events in the economic sphere.
A number of authors (OI Degtyareva and others) (and we agree with them) divide economic risks into three groups: market risks; credit risks; operational risks. Market risks associated with the uncertainty of market fluctuations are the most diverse. They include: interest rate risks, currency risks, share market price risks, commodity market price risks, derivatives market risks.
Price risks are associated with uncertainty about the future price level. Price risk by most researchers (K.V. Baldin, S.N. Vorobyov, O.I. Degtyareva,
V.M. Chibineev et al.) is defined as the probability (possibility) of the future price deviating from its expected value. Any deviation of the price from the expected value is considered a manifestation of price risk (this applies to both the dynamics of prices for products and services). If application this definition risk is limited only to situations with an unfavorable outcome, it is advisable to talk about the risk of the company incurring losses; when considering situations with favorable deviations, it is advisable to talk about the risk of shortfall in profits for the firm.
The above definition of price risk indicates how it is measured:
as price risk takes the form of a deviation from the expected value, the greater the volatility of prices, the greater the risk of the market entity.
As a rule, Russian companies do not pay due attention to operational risks in the implementation of foreign economic activity. Although under adverse conditions they can lead to significant financial losses. The Basel Committee proposed its own definition of operational risk, which has received universal recognition: "operational risk is defined as the risk of losses due to inefficient or disrupted internal processes, human actions, erroneous functioning information systems and technology, as well as due to external factors".
In addition to the above, the main problems for Russian companies in the implementation of foreign economic activity include:
1) consideration of the transaction: search for a counterparty, development and establishment of relations with him; development and discussion with him of the terms of contracts; discussing details with supporting organizations;
2) registration of the transaction: collection legal documents to complete a transaction; direct registration; signing a contract;
3) execution, support and closing of the transaction: making payments and moving valuables; implementation of internal accounting of veils of fulfillment of the terms of the transaction; drafting financial reporting; reconciliation of control accounts.
EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A LAW ENFORCEMENT UNIT OF THE STAVROPOL CUSTOMS OFFICE MINERALNYIE CUSTOMS
Pidshmorga Christina Nikolaevna, Student, North-Caucasian Federal University, Stavropol E-mail: [email protected] en
This paper assesses the effectiveness of a law enforcement unit in the Customs example of Stavropol customs post.
Keywords: customs; law enforcement; effectiveness.
UDC339.543 EFFICIENCY EVALUATION
OF THE LAW ENFORCEMENT BLOCK OF THE STAVROPOL CUSTOMS POST OF THE MINERAL VODSKAYA CUSTOMS
© Pidshmorga K.N., 2013 The work evaluates the effectiveness of the law enforcement block of customs on the example of the Stavropol customs post I post.
Keywords: customs service; law enforcement; efficiency.
PIDSHMORGA Kristina Nikolaevna,
student,
North Caucasian
federal
university,
Stavropol
Main activities customs service Russia are the implementation of fiscal and law enforcement functions, the development of technologies customs clearance and customs control. One of the most important places in the business customs authorities occupies a law enforcement function. Law enforcement activities are carried out by customs authorities of all levels.
Currently, one of the urgent problems of state building is the improvement of law enforcement as the main mechanism for streamlining social relations. Recently, foreign economic activity has increasingly attracted criminal elements. Opportunity to earn high income foreign trade operations, tax evasion, "building" complex schemes for transferring money to foreign bank accounts - all this makes the foreign trade business attractive and increases its criminalization.
In the context of the growth of economic crime, the complex process of the formation of customs authorities as subjects of criminal procedural and operational-search activities is still going on.
The foreign trade policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan establishes and regulates the relations of the Republic of Kazakhstan with foreign states in the field of foreign trade activities, which cover the international exchange of goods, works, services, information, results of intellectual activity. These relations are built on the basis of observance of generally recognized principles and norms. international law and obligations arising from international treaties RK.
Introduction 4
1. Theoretical aspects planning the foreign economic activity of an enterprise in a market economy 6
1.1 Essence and classification of foreign economic relations 6
1.2 Foreign economic policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 13
1.3 The essence of planning the foreign economic activity of the enterprise 19
2 Analysis and evaluation of the development of foreign economic activity in the Republic of Kazakhstan and South Kazakhstan region 36
2.1. Analysis of the development of foreign economic activity of enterprises in the Republic of Kazakhstan and South Kazakhstan region 36
2.2 Evaluation of the foreign economic activity of the enterprise 43
3 Improving the system of planning the foreign economic activity of the enterprise 48
3.1 Development of a mechanism for planning foreign economic activity of an enterprise 48
3.2 Ways to improve the planning system at enterprises engaged in foreign economic activity 53
Conclusion 70
References 72
The work contains 1 file
Introduction 4
1.1 Essence and classification of foreign economic relations 6
1.2 Foreign economic policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 13
1.3 The essence of planning the foreign economic activity of the enterprise 19
2 Analysis and evaluation of the development of foreign economic activity in the Republic of Kazakhstan and South Kazakhstan region 36
2.1. Analysis of the development of foreign economic activity of enterprises in the Republic of Kazakhstan and South Kazakhstan region 36
2.2 Evaluation of the foreign economic activity of the enterprise 43
3 Improving the system of planning the foreign economic activity of the enterprise 48
3.1 Development of a mechanism for planning foreign economic activity of an enterprise 48
3.2 Ways to improve the planning system at enterprises engaged in foreign economic activity 53
Conclusion 70
References 72
Introduction
The foreign economic activity of an enterprise is associated with the movement of goods, capital, technology, services and money across the state border. In accordance with the legislation in force in Kazakhstan, any enterprise (organization) can act as both an exporter and an importer. In practice, there are three main incentives for the development of foreign economic activity of enterprises: expansion of sales, acquisition of resources and diversification of sources of supply and marketing.
The need for strategic planning of foreign economic activity is determined by the action of two factors:
One of the main conditions for the successful implementation of foreign trade operations is the choice of a suitable partner (counterparty).
Counterparties in international trade are parties that are in a contractual relationship for the sale of goods or the provision of various kinds of services.
Foreign counterparties: Kazakhstani organizations are firms and organizations representing the opposite side in a commercial transaction. The counterparty of the seller (exporter) is the buyer (importer), the contractor is the customer, the lessor is the tenant, the debtor is the creditor, etc.
Among the counterparties can be distinguished depending on the goals and nature of the activity: firms and government agencies and organizations.
Most often, in the implementation of specific foreign trade operations, firms act as counterparties.
There are many specific factors that determine the choice of a trading partner, but at the same time there are some general provisions that guide all merchants in the implementation of export and import operations.
The choice of a counterparty largely depends on the nature of the foreign trade transaction (export, import, compensation, etc.), as well as on the subject of the transaction. In this case, two questions arise: in which country and from which foreign counterparty is it better to buy (sell) the necessary goods.
1.1 Essence and classification of foreign economic relations
The development of civilization causes the constant involvement of individual states in international economic relations, which leads to the creation of a single world economy. All countries of the world are developing according to general economic laws, which determines the priority of the economic nature of international relations.
The ever more complex structure of needs, the rarity and remoteness of resources require more and more effective means of exchange not only between regions within an individual state, but also between states themselves and world regions.
Economic development and population growth in different regions of the world are uneven, which also makes it necessary to expand international exchanges that contribute to the development of new markets (goods, services, labor, information, financial, etc.), the import of raw materials, technological and information exchange, scientific, scientific and technical, manufactured, cultural and other foreign economic
Foreign economic relations are a complex system of various forms of international cooperation between states and their subjects in all sectors of the economy. The subjects of the state include the bearers of the rights and obligations assigned to them by the state. These are self-governing regions, business entities (economic partnerships, companies, unitary enterprises, etc.) and individual entrepreneurs.
Foreign economic relations are a historical and economic category. As a historical category foreign economic relations are the product of civilization. They arise with the advent of states and develop along with them. The disintegration of feudalism gave a particularly powerful impetus to the development of these ties. The transition from natural economy to commodity-money relations caused a sharp jump in the development of national markets of individual states and in the exchange of goods of these national markets, which led to the expansion and deepening of international relations and international exchange in the economic sphere of state relations.
How economic category foreign economic relations are a system of economic relations arising from the movement of resources of all kinds between states and economic entities of different states. These bilateral relations cover all spheres of the economic life of the state and, above all, its production, trade, investment and financial activity /3/.
The essence of foreign economic relations as an economic category is manifested in their functions.
These functions are:
In the process of performing the second function, the act of commodity-money relations is completed and the exchange of money for the product of the international division of labor is completed, as a result of which the use value (its practical significance) contained in this product receives international recognition.
At the same time, foreign economic relations act as a tool for influencing economic system state, which is carried out through the mechanism of foreign economic activity.
In the modern world economy, foreign economic relations act as factors in the growth of the national income of the state, the economy of national economic costs and the acceleration of scientific and technological progress.
The implementation of these ties makes it possible to transfer interstate cooperation from the usual exchange of goods to trade in services, the joint solution of technical and economic problems, the development of scientific and industrial cooperation and other forms of joint economic activity, including the creation of joint ventures.
Through the mechanism of foreign economic relations, the demand for goods and services of the world market is transferred to the domestic market of a particular state. This causes the need for the development of productive forces, which, in turn, contributes to the development of industry, agriculture, trade, services and financial institutions.
The development of the country's domestic market leads to an outpacing of the volume of supply over the volume of demand within the state, which causes the expansion of foreign trade operations, the reduction in the cost of capital and the reduction in production and distribution costs.
The effectiveness of the organization of foreign economic relations and the mechanism of their management is largely determined by the classification of relations.
The classification of foreign economic relations should be understood as the distribution of these relations into specific groups according to certain characteristics in order to achieve the set goals. The classification system of foreign economic relations consists of types and forms of relations.
The type of foreign economic relations is a set of relations united by one common feature, for example, the direction of the flow of goods and a structural feature.
The classification feature associated with the direction of the commodity flow determines the movement of goods (services, works) from one country to another, i.e. reflects the export of goods from the country or the import of goods into this country. On this basis, foreign economic relations are divided into export, associated with the sale and export of goods, and import, associated with the purchase and import of goods /6/.
The structural feature of the classification of foreign economic relations determines the group composition of relations. It is connected with the sphere of economic interests and with the main goal of the foreign economic activity of the state. On a structural basis, foreign economic relations are divided into foreign trade, financial, industrial, investment.
The form of connection is a way of existence of this type of connection, an external manifestation (outline, design) of the essence of any particular connection. The forms of foreign economic relations include trade, barter, tourism, engineering, franchising, leasing, etc.
EXPORT is the export of goods, works, services, results of intellectual property, including exclusive rights to them, from the customs territory abroad without an obligation to re-export. The fact of export is recorded at the moment the goods cross the customs border, the provision of services and rights to the results of intellectual activity of the executive power of the subjects of the Republic of Kazakhstan to develop regional programs for the development of exports and the export potential of the regions.
The adoption of this program was caused, first of all, by the fall in exports caused by the rise in domestic prices to the level of world prices and above, which will make even the export of raw materials unprofitable.
The federal program recognizes that in the medium term the basis of Kazakhstan's exports will be fuel and energy resources and engineering products. An important reserve for the development of exports is cooperation with the CIS countries, cooperation and preferential customs regimes for joint export projects, the development of military-technical exports, etc. The same program outlines a complex government measures to stimulate exports.
IMPORT - importation of goods, works, services, results of intellectual activity, including exclusive rights to them, into the customs territory from abroad without an obligation to re-export. The fact of import is recorded at the moment the goods cross the customs border, receive services and rights to the results of intellectual activity.
The status of the customs territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan is determined by the Customs Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the land territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, territorial and internal waters and air space above them. On the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan there may be free customs zones and free warehouses, the territories of which are considered as being outside the customs territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The limits of the customs territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the perimeters of free customs zones and free warehouses are the customs border of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Imports are calculated at CIF prices, resulting in about 1/10 of the value of exports.
CIF (eng. CIF- cost, insurance and freight) - cost, insurance, freight - this is a delivery condition under which the seller pays for the transportation of goods to the destination (usually a port in the country of import) and the cost of insuring the goods during transportation. Therefore, the CIF price includes the cost of the goods, their freight and insurance.
Foreign trade activity is an entrepreneurial activity in the field of international exchange of goods, works, services, information, results of intellectual activity, including exclusive rights to them (intellectual property). At the same time, a commodity is understood to mean any movable property (including all types of energy) and air, sea vessels, inland navigation vessels and space objects that are the subject of foreign trade activities. The means of transport used in the contract for international carriage are not goods.
