Raising sheep has long been practiced in a number of regions of Russia. Breeding and processing the wool of these animals on an industrial scale is considered a profitable direction for farmers, as well as in a number of countries that sell sheep products abroad. China has the most developed production, constantly supporting more than 100 million heads, Australia has 120 million heads, India and Iran have more than 50 million. New Zealand ranks fifth in terms of livestock - 47.4 million sheep, England - 42 million individuals, the top ten are Turkey, South Africa and Sudan.
In the Russian Federation, as a whole, the livestock reaches the volumes of Spain and Morocco - today it is about 25 million heads. Australia, as well as New Zealand and China, rank first in the processing and production of woolen raw materials in the world, a significant share is produced by the former southern republics of the USSR. Sheep breeding and wool processing for Russia can also become an export destination, for which the state is taking actions to support farming. First of all, high-quality woolen raw materials are necessary to saturate the domestic market and reduce the retail price of products for daily use.
Today, Russian textile industries are experiencing a serious shortage of high-quality natural raw materials, as a result, there is no possibility of producing inexpensive and affordable products for the population. This, of course, can be helped by the development of sheep breeding, oriented towards wool processing. About the features of organizing such a business within the framework of farming and its prospects will be discussed in our review.
Features of the process of organizing a sheep breeding business
In sheep farming, wool can be the main or additional product. Traditionally, farms produce dairy products, dietary meat, wool, astrakhan fur (skins of newborn lambs astrakhan), natural sheepskin. Sheep breeding is developing well in those areas where there is a sufficient amount of pastures, and in the modern sense of business and an established marketing system.
Obviously, in the end, the efficiency of sheep farming will depend mainly on measures state regulation, from the help that a farmer can get for his needs. For big business, who wants to integrate into the emerging infrastructure, the task is to establish sustainable corporate relationships such as "from primary raw materials to the end consumer." In this case, the end consumer of textile products is the population of the country, whose demand is not at all satisfied today.
Wool is a promising export product for network wool harvesting enterprises in the framework of public and private projects. In Russia, there is the most important factor in sheep production - these are vast and accessible pastures for private owners, suitable for sheep breeding. In addition, this farm business can be called one of the most accessible in terms of initial investment.
- fine-fleeced - breeds characteristic of steppes and deserts are bred;
- semi-fine-fleece - the rate is made of breeds that live in areas with a mild, humid climate;
- semi-coarse-wool - sheep breeds characteristic of mountainous regions are taken as the basis;
- coarse-wooled, for example, smushkovoe - sheep of this type traditionally live in semi-desert regions and deserts.
The highest grades of woolen raw materials are obtained by growing sheep in mountainous areas with desert and semi-desert pastures (tropics, subtropics). At the same time, a number of breeds from which high-quality natural raw materials are obtained can also be bred in colder plains and mountainous regions. The coarse-haired direction includes smushkovo and fur coat breeding. To the north, mainly meat-fat and meat-and-milk livestock of coarse-wooled and semi-coarse-wooled sheep are bred. The infographic and table show the areas where sheep farming of various types is traditionally developed.
Explanation of sheep breeding zones in Russia and CIS countries
| Marking | Specialization | Regions |
|---|---|---|
| Blue | Fine-wool sheep breeding | |
| Green | Fine-wool and semi-fine-wool production | |
| yellow | Fine-wool, semi-fine-wool, meat-wool-milk production | |
| blue | Semi-fine-wool meat and wool production | |
| Red | Fur coat sheep breeding | |
| orange | Smushkovo and meat-fat sheep breeding |
Types of woolen raw materials
According to existing standards, the following types of raw materials are popular with buyers:
- homogeneous, obtained from sheep's hair of one type, for example, down or transition. It is divided into thin, semi-thin and semi-rough.
- fine fiber is obtained by shearing individuals of fine-wool breeds, their wool consists mainly of downy hair 25 microns. The length in the workpiece does not exceed 7-9 cm, and the yield of pure raw materials is approximately 45-50%. It is used to make premium soft textile products. Produced from merino and non-merino sheep;
- semi-fine fiber is coarse thick hair of transitional sheep's undercoat and coarse down. It is obtained from semi-fine-fleeced sheep and fine-fleeced and semi-fine-fleeced hybrids common in Russia. It is mainly used as a raw material for the production of class 2 felt, including technical and industrial applications.
From the above list, it is obvious that for breeding in most areas Russian Federation breeds of a semi-fine fleece direction are suitable, for example: Soviet, North Caucasian, Kuibyshev and others. To increase the productive yield and unpretentiousness in farms, breeding is practiced by crossing with males of fine-wool sheep breeds.
It is worth paying the attention of future farmers that fine-fleeced sheep are well adapted to Russian conditions. According to the dissertation of I.E. Kremer, who defended at the Timiryazev Academy, fine-wool breeds in Russia account for up to 81% of the total volume of wool produced, and 76% for fine raw materials. Private sheep farms may well be engaged in the production of high-quality wool and finished consumer products.
Choosing a breed for an effective business
To obtain high quality raw materials, emphasis is placed on breeding long-haired semi-fine-fleece breeds. Such individuals give a sufficient volume of uniform white wool with a characteristic "luster" shine with a fiber length of 10-14 cm, in some cases the fiber length reaches 20 cm. The best long-haired species include Lincoln and Russian long-haired.
The Lincoln breed produces a woolen raw material with a strong "chandelier" (shine) and is highly valued. Differs in the big length of fiber and high durability. With the usual clipping, 8-10 kg of raw raw materials are obtained from rams and 5-6 kg from queens. The raw sheared mass consists of large-fiber braids, 55-60% of the purified wool fiber can be obtained from it. The breed is kept in a cool climate and is demanding on the conditions of detention.
The Russian Longhair was obtained by complex selection of coarse-haired individuals of local Russian breeds with Lincolns. Like all hybrids, they are distinguished by good health and endurance, and also have excellent wool productivity. Shearing from a ram is 6-6.5 kg of wool and 3.5-4.8 kg from females. Raw materials are homogeneous with crimped fiber and a beautiful luster shine.
Conventionally, the “second” grade of semi-fine-fleeced producers includes semi-luster wool of the Kuibyshevskaya, Romney-marsh, Corridel breeds. At the same time, for example, Romney-marsh allows you to get up to 8-9 kg of raw materials from a ram 14-16 cm long with a yield of finished wool fiber up to 60-65%.
The Kuibyshev breed is bred mainly in the southern regions (mainly in the Middle Volga region) due to its good tolerance to high temperatures. From a sheep, up to 5.5 kg of raw material 12-17 cm long is obtained with a yield of pure fiber up to 54-56%.
A large cut is characteristic of the Corridel, as well as its subspecies - Tien Shan and North Caucasian, which can be kept on pasture all year round. The original type of Corridel is naturally obtained in New Zealand by crossing Merino sheep and Lincoln sheep. Blends produce a beautiful white or "warm" white coat.
Highly valued by buyers is the so-called cross-bred wool obtained from crossbreeds of fine-fleeced and semi-fine-fleeced individuals. Hybrids make it possible to obtain raw materials with a long fiber length with good crimp, chandelier, and even fineness. The most popular is the crossbred Tien Shan breed, which allows you to get up to 8-10 kg per ram. The yield of washed raw materials is 69-70% with a fiber length of up to 12.5 cm. This breed is common in Kyrgyzstan.
Primary wool processing
In sheep-breeding regions, both raw sheared wool and ready-made washed raw materials can be handed over to procurement enterprises. Finished raw materials in wholesale quantities of guaranteed quality are accepted by textile factories that process raw wool into finished products - fabrics or threads.
For this reason, starting a wool processing plant in order to obtain a quality semi-finished product in a traditional sheep breeding area or on your own farm can be a profitable direction. Higher incomes are associated with bypassing procurement enterprises in the supply of raw materials that collect raw materials from the population. If they have their own processing industry, farmers will independently hand over their products and neighboring farms to factories, receiving higher incomes.
The standard production line includes washing machines and dryers. Please note that this equipment can be used to process raw materials from any fibers, such as cotton or linen. Small industrial lines allow processing from 15 to 400 kg per hour, also ensuring continuous production. The final stage means dryness and dehydration. dimensions and the complete set of the line will depend on the productivity.
For a small farm, it makes sense to purchase a small washing line for processing with a capacity of 15 kg / h, which will meet the needs of a fairly large farm supplying the factory directly. Such equipment is produced, for example, Chinese company Zhengzhou Aslan Machinery Co., listed on Alibaba and offering to purchase lines with delivery within Russia. A closed supply cycle enables factories to produce products with guaranteed quality of wool, controlled by origin.
Video - Industrial line for washing and drying wool
Recycling tools
In home and farm settings, tools help make wool processing convenient and fast. Sheep shearing is usually carried out with specialized machines, but in their absence, it is quite possible to get by with ordinary sheep shearing scissors.
To process raw wool by hand, you will need the following devices:
- scissors or clipper;
- comb for wool;
- carder for combing wool manual or mechanical;
- spindle;
- spinning wheel;
- loom.
The minimum set of tools for making the first wool products consists of only 6 items. With it, you can make a fairly large range of products, as well as exclusive design models.
If you keep goats or sheep on your farm, you can harvest wool yourself. And for these purposes, you will probably need a wool comb. You can learn more about it in our article.
Hand processed sheep wool
In many traditional areas of sheep breeding, the practice of manual primary processing of wool has been preserved to this day. It consists of the following technological processes.
| Step | Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | Shearing. During the shearing, the craftsmen sort the raw material into grades, setting aside the soiled pieces. At the next stage, raw materials with high contamination will be amenable to more thorough processing. |
| 2 | Combing and preliminary cleaning of raw materials. Comb it with a thick comb. As a rule, wool is combed only in industrial conditions to remove coarse dirt before washing. |
| 3 | The wool is dried in a dryer or in the sun until the smell of sheep fat disappears. |
| 4 | Washing and degreasing fleece. |
| 5 | The washed wool is wrung out with a terry cloth and dried. open way or in the sun. Large volumes are hung in a separate room, under a canopy or in the sun, and the washed fleece is laid out on a mesh for ventilation. |
| 6 | Easy combing of wool with a wooden comb. |
| 7 | The penultimate stage of processing is a light beating of wool with a wooden rod for softness. |
| 8 | Hand spinning of threads and then fabrics on manual machines and tools. |
Video - Combing wool before spinning
Starting a Wool Processing Business
Starting a wool processing business is profitable in any format. This may be a small-scale production aimed at meeting regional needs, or include a full-cycle production with sheep rearing. For large owners, it is expedient to create a network of shops for the primary processing of wool in order to create conditions for the development of farm sheep meat and wool production. For large farms, it makes sense to deploy their own wool processing production, which will allow them to buy significant amounts of raw wool from the population for wholesale trade.
The most affordable business option is to open a small workshop that provides primary preparation of raw materials, as well as small production on its basis, which manufactures bedding, textile products from natural wool, tinted wool for felting. This direction requires a minimum of funds for investments, but allows to produce products that are in demand among the population.
In this context, it is worth noting the ongoing reorganization of worsted production in Russia. After a protracted crisis, many manufacturing enterprises producing woolen fabrics and products. Now the revival of the textile traditions of Russia is beginning. The Bryansk Worsted Plant is actively operating on the market, which will restore production capacity a similar Tver plant, closed in 2006. These factories will become major buyers of primary raw materials in the near future.
It is impossible not to note the thoughtful work of the Troitsk worsted plant. If the main problem of many enterprises in previous periods was the lack of sufficient competitive raw materials, as well as the inability to compete with Turkish and Chinese manufacturers.
At the moment, there is an activation of domestic producers in all areas of the production of essential goods, in connection with which the need for the production and primary processing of wool is increasing.
This business can be deployed in the following formats:
- network company with own production for the procurement and processing of raw wool purchased from the population and farms of the regions for the purpose of wholesale deliveries to factories and exports of products;
- a small workshop for processing raw wool in places of traditional sheep breeding for the needs of the region;
- full-cycle wool processing enterprises with spinning production in areas of traditional sheep breeding to meet regional needs.
In the near future, experts expect an increase in business activity in this area, which implies both the actualization of the processing business and an increase in the profits of sheep farms. The largest consumers of wool in the Russian Federation are:
- Alekseevskaya factory of artistic weaving;
- Resurrection felt factory;
- Spinning and thread plant named after Kirov;
- Bor felt factory;
- Kineshma spinning and weaving factory;
- Yuryev-Polskaya weaving factory;
- Factory "Red weaver".
Active consumers of washed wool also remain: spinning production in Ermolino, Pekhorsky textile, Moscow wool-spinning factory, Reutov manufactory, Krasnaya Polyana factory.
Organization of production
The production of raw wool processing consists of the following stages, which involve the organization of premises and production lines:
- acceptance and sorting of raw materials;
- wool processing on a providing machine;
- tangle processing line and debris removal line;
- area of immersion baths and squeezing machines providing 5 washing cycles;
- drying the washed fiber;
- package;
- finished products warehouse.
Depending on the productivity of the equipment, production can be located on an area from 30 to 250 m2. Production area include a site for receiving and primary processing of wool, washing and drying, packaging and storage of finished products. Such production, depending on productivity, can serve from 5 to 25 people, manufacturing process characterized by a small number of workers.
In addition, a felting workshop is organized for the manufacture of felt and felt, as well as a spinning production, a workshop for the production of textile products is completed in a separate room. The cost of equipment will depend on the supplier and production capacity.
Manufacture of various products from sheep fiber
Non-factory production of sheep wool products, including primary processing of raw materials, spinning, felting and weaving, may be partially based on manual labor. Handcrafted production becomes a key feature and the product is labeled as premium and handcrafted.
Felting sets, ready-made wool for sewing products, felt for making hats, sets for saunas and baths, medical clothes - knee pads, wristlets, lumbar belts for warming up, various accessories and household items, for example, designer slippers, as well as various warm clothes made of wool.
Among consumers, bedding with wool filler, such as pillows, blankets, mattress covers, is also in demand. This list of products on your farm can be expanded and supplemented, for example, with designer outerwear, traditional felt boots and fashionable felt shoes. The livestock complex can be expanded with other animals, such as Angora rabbits, Alpaca goats and others. That will allow to produce a variety of premium products.
Now many owners, in order to improve the financial situation of the family, are engaged in fur farming. After all, it's no secret to anyone that fur coats and hats made from nutria, ferret, mink and other animals cost simply fabulous money. But in order to sew a warm, fashionable and elegant thing, you first need to carefully dress the skins. There are many recipes for their manufacture, and they are very complex, requiring the presence of scarce and inaccessible chemicals.
The proposed recipe is suitable for dressing the skins of all domestic animals. However, we must warn you right away: this process is laborious, it requires, if not experience, then a lot of attention and accuracy in observing the rules.
Before you start dressing the skins, you should thoroughly wash them from dust, dirt, blood stains. To prepare a washing solution, take 100 g of laundry soap or 50 g of washing powder per liter of water and add 10-15 g of soda ash. The water temperature should not exceed 40 ° C, otherwise the skin may “cook”. For a kilogram of raw skins, 4 liters of solution are required. After washing, the skins are rinsed in warm clean water, squeezed out.
Soaking - bringing the skin to a state close to a steam room (freshly removed). Prepare a solution (50 g table salt and 2-5 g of washing powder per liter of water) and put the skins into it so that they are completely immersed in the liquid. Steam and salt preservation is kept in solution for up to 2 days, dry preservation - up to 3 days. It must be borne in mind that the skins of small domestic animals react more actively to soaking, as they are thinner and more tender. Do not try to straighten dry skins before soaking - they can be broken. Periodically, the skins are turned over and the solution is mixed.
As soon as the hair on the groin, with a slight pulling, begins to give in with hair follicles, the soak should be stopped and the skin should be started to skin, after squeezing the water well.
Mezdrenie - mechanical processing of the inner layer of the skin. Remove completely cut meat, chaff, muscle fibers and subcutaneous fat. This operation requires accuracy and caution. The skins of goats, sheep, and calves are skinned with a scythe, and small animals with a blunt knife or a special scraper. You will need a smooth log with a diameter of 120-150 mm and a length of 1.5 m. The log is set at an angle convenient for work and the skin is placed on it with the head part down. First, the ridge is trimmed, and then the side parts (floors) from the ridge to the edges, achieving the same thickness of the skin. At the same time, the tool is held at an angle of 20-30 °, mezdruyut with light movements away from you. If necessary, the surface of the skin is moistened with salt water.
Pikel is giving elasticity to the skin by the action of salt and organic acids on the mezra. To prepare an vinegar pickel, 20 g of vinegar essence and 40-50 g of table salt are taken per liter of water. Ordinary 6% table vinegar can also be used. For example, to prepare six liters of vinegar pickel, you need 2.8 liters of table vinegar, 3.2 liters of water at a temperature of 30 ° C and 240 g of table salt. Mix everything thoroughly and place the skins for 1-2 days.
After processing the skins with an acetic acid pickel, they are taken out, the water is squeezed out and placed in a sulfate pickel for 1-2 hours. For sulfate pickel: per liter of water 40-50 g of common salt and 5 g of battery or 6-8 g of hydrochloric acid. Acid is poured into water in small portions.
After pickling, the skins are neutralized for 20 minutes in a solution of baking soda (5 g of soda per liter of water).
Then they are squeezed, folded with the flesh inside and placed in a plastic bag for ripening under the load for 1-2 days.
To make sure that the skin is ripe, you need to know one little secret. The skin is folded four times with the skin outward, the corner is squeezed tightly with your fingers, released and the skin is unfolded. The longer the white strip (dryer) stays along the fold line, the riper the skin.
Tanning. Per liter of water - 40-50 g of table salt, 10 g of potassium alum or 7 g of potassium chromium alum. Everything is mixed until completely dissolved and the skins are placed for 12 hours. Alum can be replaced with a decoction of willow or oak bark, horse sorrel root (in a liter of water, 300-400 g of bark or root is boiled for 30-40 minutes, cooled to 30 ° C, filtered). Keep the skins in the solution for a day. Then they wring it out and proceed to tanning - they cover the skin surface with a water-fat emulsion. This is done so that the skin becomes elastic and water-repellent. The emulsion is prepared as follows. In 100 g of boiling water, dissolve 30 g of laundry soap, 20 g of machine (spindle) oil, 30 g of glycerin, 3-4 chicken yolks and 30 g of ammonia. Everything is mixed until a homogeneous creamy mass. The resulting emulsion is applied with a brush in a thin layer on the skin surface. After fattening, the skins are folded with the skin inside for a 6-hour soak.
Final operations: drying, warming up and grinding. To do this, the skins of small animals removed with a stocking are stretched on the rules, large animals - on frames or hung on a pole and, having brought to a slight moisture, they begin to gradually warm up. If the skin is dry in places, moisten with salted water (50 g per liter) and knead.
When the skin is completely dry after warming up, it is sprinkled with chalk or plaster and polished. sandpaper. The mezdra acquires a white-cream shade, becomes soft and elastic. The dressing process is completed.
Read more articles on this topic here.
Equipment for home tanning
Severe winter conditions almost throughout Russia make the popularity of clothing and products made from fur and leather quite understandable. Many Russians prefer fur clothing due to its high thermal insulation properties, lightness, and high wear resistance. These properties contribute to the fact that entrepreneurs show particular interest in the processes of dressing and selling the skins of rabbit, sheep, as well as arctic fox, mink, nutria, and others because of their economic benefits.
If in an individual farm it is enough to have simple devices for dressing skins, then on an industrial scale the most reasonable decision is to buy equipment for dressing skins, which makes it possible to make the process of preparing and processing skins the most economically feasible.
Technological process
Skin processing technology is a complex and rather lengthy process, which takes several days or even weeks, depending on the size and thickness and other indicators of the product.
During the processing of skins, the following is performed:
- soaking;
- mezdrenie;
- washing with degreasing;
- baking;
- tanning;
- fattening;
- drying;
- breakdown;
- cleaning of the mezdra;
- hair cleaning.
All these procedures cannot be performed qualitatively without the use of special equipment. The price of equipment for dressing skins depends on the degree of automation and the scale of production.
Equipment
Skinning equipment do-it-yourself at home makes it possible to perform most of these operations, mainly using manual labor. So, the most labor-intensive processes of processing and cleaning the flesh are carried out manually using scrapers, and soaking, washing, washing, baking, tanning, dyeing takes place in a special device - a longboat.
Large-scale skinning production provides for a complete set of equipment - each machine for dressing skins is integral part technological line capable of processing up to 300 or more skins per hour. The cost of such a complex can reach 1 million rubles.
Equipment for dressing rabbit, sheep, etc. skins varies in size, volume and cost depending on the scale of production, the size of the processed products, the quality of processing, the need for dyeing and other conditions.
The basis of the technological line for dressing skins is special equipment:
- longboats;
- skinning machines;
- machines for softening skins;
- centrifuges;
- breaking machines;
- chipping machines;
- carding machines;
- rolling drums.
The device of the machines may be different, but the purpose of such a technological line is the same - to obtain high-quality processed skins for sewing warm clothes and products for various purposes for the population.
Dressing rabbit skins at home instructions for use
An animal is slaughtered for skins at the end of the molting period. In rabbits, like in many other animals, molting can last for several months - from November to March. In the event that the molting is not over, you can blow through the hairline of the skin, where the undercoat is clearly visible, the hair is pulled out quite easily.
Skinning
Skinning step by step instructions
First of all, after the slaughter of the rabbit, skinning follows. Often the skins of rabbits are removed with a stocking. To do this, the carcass must be tied to a stick upside down by the hind legs. Next, the carcass must be skinned with a sharp knife.
First, a small incision is made near the hocks, along the shins, and also along the perineum. After that, you need to cut off the front legs up to the carpal joint, and then cut off the ears and tail.
Manufacture of equipment for dressing cattle skins
Market news
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But about the replenishment of the domestic army of cattle, victorious reports from the front once or twice and miscalculated.
For poultry 1,027 thousand tons of compound feed were produced, for cattle - 148 thousand tons. The indicators of the production of compound feed for pigs continue to grow.
In addition, favorable weather conditions and prevailing prices are helping to restore the number of cattle in Australia, where export stocks are also being formed. » The FAO Sugar Price Index averaged 237.6 points in October, down 9.5.
Dressing muskrat skins at home
Leather dressing at home: rawhide and pickled leather
Leather dressing is a process that produces leather with good strength and flexibility that does not rot. Homemade leather does not have the quality that is achieved in the factory production process, but it is quite suitable for making hunting bags, belts, caskets, etc. Today we will tell you how to make rawhide and pickled leather.
Dressing skins by pickling
Muskrat hunting with a trap
Dressing of skins of fur-bearing animals
A Quick Guide to Skinning
Anyone who is engaged in animal husbandry or hunting is interested in where to put the skins after slaughter, how to properly dressing skins at home. After all, from them you can get good stuff for clothes, interior elements, etc.
We start with…
The fact that we take the skin freshly removed from the carcass. Gently free the mezdra from the remnants of meat and subcutaneous fat. Everything must be done very carefully so as not to cut the skin - you need to avoid not only through cuts, but also others.
All methods of dressing skins include the following step: it is laid out on a flat surface, with the fur down, so that it cools down. Then take salt and generously sprinkle the mezra. This is done so that microorganisms do not develop in it, fur does not subsequently fall out, and products from it do not tear.
Approximate consumption of salt per skin:
- goat, sheep, deer - 1.5-2 kg,
- rabbit, nutria - 0.5 kg,
- cow - 3-4 kg.
The skin should be completely dry, the salt will be absorbed, it may take from 3 to 14 days .
We proceed directly to dressing by pickling
This is a common technology that does not require special equipment for dressing skins. You will need to prepare a special solution, and before dressing, soak the skin in ordinary clean water so that it becomes elastic.
Solution options can be different:
- Necessary. for 1 liter of water 2 tablespoons of vinegar essence, 4 tablespoons. salt. The temperature should be 18-20 ° C, immerse the skins with the skin out. The most important thing is not to overdo it in the solution: thin ones are placed in the solution for 3 hours, medium thickness - for 6 hours, thick ones - for 12 hours.
- Necessary. 26.5 liters of water, 16 cups of bran flakes and 16 cups of salt, 3.5 cups of battery sulfuric acid, 2 packs of baking soda, foot oil.
Bran is poured into a bucket of hot pre-boiled water. After filtering the infusion, getting rid of the thick. 15 liters of water are boiled in a vat, salt is dissolved in water. A solution obtained from flakes is added to such salted water, mixed thoroughly. Waiting for the water to cool down, become warm, and add battery acid. mixed. This recipe for dressing skins involves immersing them in a solution for 40 minutes.
Then the skins are washed in ordinary water, or by adding baking soda. The skins are placed so that all the water is glassed and lubricated with hoof oil.
Remains only…
To dry, and for this, the skins are pulled onto a flooring or a wooden grate, with the skin outward. The tension should be noticeable, but you should not overdo it. Do not dry near heating appliances. Periodically it is necessary to ventilate them.
It will be possible to remove from the flooring only when the core is dry and soft to the touch. Then it is dried for a couple more days. Skinning technology involves, after all this, the processing of the mezra with a metal brush or pumice stone.
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Page 1 of 19
1. SHEEPSKIN DRESSING
1.1. OTMOKA
All types of fur raw materials are delivered to the dressing enterprises in a preserved state. Canning is carried out to prevent spoilage of the skins under the action of putrefactive microorganisms and enzymes during transportation and storage.
Sheepskin is preserved in various ways. The simplest method of fresh-drying, or drying, is to remove moisture from the leather tissue of the skins, as a result of which the vital activity of bacteria ceases. The wet-salted method involves salting the skins with sodium chloride. As a result of this treatment, a saturated salt solution is created in the skin tissue, in which the activity of microorganisms is inactivated. The dry-salty method is a combination of the first two: the skins are first salted and then dried.
Thus, any method of preservation is accompanied by the removal of moisture from the skins to a greater or lesser extent. Therefore, the first process of dressing, soaking, is aimed at replenishing that part of the moisture that was extracted during canning. The absorption of moisture by the hide facilitates the ability of collagen, the main protein in leather tissue, to interact with the substances used in the dressing.
In addition, dirt, soluble proteins, lipids, preservatives are removed from the skin during the soaking process. Thanks to this cleaning, the leather fabric becomes more prepared for the main dressing processes: pickling and tanning.
There is an erroneous opinion that the soaking of wet-salted raw materials, from which much less moisture has been removed compared to raw materials of other canning methods, can be carried out in one stage.
The sheepskin of any canning method contains a large number of microorganisms, which, when exposed to a humid environment, are activated, multiply intensively and can lead to such undesirable effects as hair flow, loss of strength of the front layer, delamination of the skin tissue. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the presence in the skins of blood, dirt, soluble proteins, fat, which are favorable environment for the development of bacterial processes.
In this regard, it is recommended to carry out a short pre-soak at a temperature of 20-25°C, for 3-5 hours. To facilitate the removal of contaminants, effective wetting agents are added to the washing liquid - surface-active substances (surfactants) and antiseptics. The correct choice of surfactant at this stage of processing is very important. They must dissolve and be active at a temperature of 20-25°C in a neutral environment, be stable in salt solutions. Nonionic surfactants based on ethylene oxide and higher fatty acids possess these properties to the greatest extent. Nonionic surfactants do not lose their activity when interacting with fats, while anionic products (surfactants) are destroyed, that is, lose their charge, when saturated with natural fats. The activity of surfactants increases in an alkaline environment. They emulsify derivatives of fats (soaps) more easily than unsplit fats, therefore they are used in conjunction with alkaline reagents: sodium carbonate (soda), sodium sulfite, etc. In the soaking of fur raw materials, the use of alkaline reagents is unacceptable, since alkaline exposure reduces the shine and elasticity of the hair, increases the tendency of the hairline to felting, and can also lead to a weakening of the connection of the hair with the skin tissue (weakness). In addition, anionic surfactants tend to foam more, resulting in skins floating in the apparatus and poor wetting. Taking into account these features, it is preferable to use non-ionic wetting agents in the soak. Their consumption is usually about 1 g/l (at 100% activity).
Lowenstein offers a highly effective non-ionic wetting agent for soaking raw materials of any canning method - Wetter HAC. In addition to high wetting activity, this drug has bactericidal properties due to the presence of special additives in it.
After a short pre-soak, it is very important to make a drain - to remove dirt, bacteria, surface fat. For heavily contaminated raw materials, rinsing with clean water is recommended.
Then the main soak is performed overnight with the addition of a neutral electrolyte (20 g/l sodium chloride) as an aggravator and 0.5 g/l Wetter HAC. Soaking for 3-4 hours does not allow you to replenish the moisture removed during canning. For such a short period it is impossible to achieve a uniform watering of the skins. The use of a neutral electrolyte in a small concentration facilitates the watering of the skins due to the effect of swelling. It should be borne in mind that the indicated property of sodium chloride is manifested only at concentrations less than 30 g/l. With a higher salt content, the opposite effect appears - dehydration. Therefore, the concentration of sodium chloride in the washing liquid must be controlled using a hydrometer.
In the main soak, the rate of absorption of moisture by the skin tissue is of paramount importance. Watering of raw materials should be achieved as soon as possible, during which microorganisms do not have time to have a noticeable negative impact on the quality of raw materials. At the same time, insufficient soaking, as a rule, is accompanied by such defects in dressed skins as stiffness, loss of area, deterioration plastic properties. This is due to the fact that a poorly watered collagen structure is not able to absorb chemical materials used in the dressing process, that is, the raw materials remain unprocessed. Insufficient soaking will be noticeable, first of all, when skinning skins: uniform removal of the subcutaneous fat layer will be significantly difficult.
In this regard, the use of an effective wetting agent Wetter HAC is one of the conditions for the high-quality performance of all subsequent technological processes.
To facilitate the watering of skins with dense thickened skin tissue, such as Russian sheepskin coats, the enzyme preparation Elbro 100-C in the amount of 0.5-1 g / l can be recommended in the main soak. This drug is active in a neutral environment, it improves the extraction of ballast proteins, lipids, mucopolysaccharides from the skins, due to which, in further processing, the leather tissue is easier to degrease, acquires softness and less weight.
The correct choice of temperature in the soak is very important. With an increase in temperature, the skins are not able to absorb more moisture, but at the same time, the rate of reproduction of undesirable microorganisms in the washing liquid increases significantly. Therefore, a temperature of around 25°C is recommended.
1.2. WASHING-DEGREASING
Sheepskin is characterized by a high content of fat and foreign contaminants in the raw material. Wool fat (lanolin) is found mainly on the surface of the hair shaft. By chemical nature, it is a mixture of esters of higher fatty acids and cholesterol, which determines its pronounced hydrophobic properties. Abundant lubrication of the fibers with fat protects the hairline from destruction under the influence of external factors. Various mechanical impurities stick to the fat: food residues, burdock, sand, etc. As a rule, the skins of fine-fleeced (merino) sheep breeds are characterized by the highest fat content (up to 30% by weight of unwashed wool).
Hairline degreasing is carried out after soaking and skinning of the skins and is one of the most labor-intensive sheepskin processing processes, especially in the production of muton. Poor quality of this process can lead in the future to such defects as deterioration in the luster and elaboration of the hairline, uneven coloring, both in height of the hair and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe skins.
For degreasing, the emulsion method is used, which involves the processing of skins in an aquatic environment using appropriate surfactants. The natural hydrophobicity of the hair determines the strong retention of fat on its surface. In this regard, the efficiency of fat removal (the content of fatty substances in the hairline of finished sheepskins should be within 1-2%) largely depends on right choice processing options.
Surfactants used in this processing step should have good wetting, detergent, emulsifying and dispersing properties. In addition, they must be active at 35°C, be neutral when dissolved in water, and not cause problems in wastewater treatment.
For washing and degreasing sheepskin hair, Lowenstein offers De-Sol-A and Solvo B materials specially developed for this purpose. De-Sol-A is a highly concentrated, anionic surfactant with good detergent and degreasing action. Like most surfactants, it is more active in a weakly alkaline environment. The degreasing effect of this product is significantly improved when used in conjunction with the non-ionic product Solvo B. Emulsions formed with non-ionic surfactants are more stable, and this is very important to prevent the deposition of fat on the surface of the hair during subsequent washing.
Due to the synergistic effect that occurs when sharing anionic and nonionic surfactants, high efficiency of degreasing is achieved at a consumption of materials of 1-2 g/l with minor additions of weakly alkaline reagents. At the same time, the quality of the hairline is preserved to the maximum extent. For highly fatty raw materials, two (and sometimes three) degreasings are recommended. It should be noted that two short degreasings are more effective than one longer degreasing with increased consumption of materials. This is due to the rapid achievement of an equilibrium state in the system, in which a further increase in the duration of the process does not lead to noticeable results. The use of weakly alkaline reagents: sodium carbonate or bicarbonate, is necessary only at the first stage. In the second degreasing, instead of soda, you can add 5-10 g / l of sodium chloride. The presence of a neutral electrolyte solution activates micellization, thereby increasing the efficiency of the process.
The emulsion degreasing of hair should not be confused with the degreasing of sheepskin leather. The fat contained in the leather tissue, especially in the spinal part of the skins, cannot be effectively extracted at this stage. This is due, on the one hand, to its higher melting point compared to wool fat, and on the other hand, to the insufficient “openness” of the structure of the skin tissue at this stage of processing. It is more rational to carry out degreasing of leather tissue by extraction with organic solvents, that is, in dry cleaning, which is carried out at the stage of finishing operations.
However, effective emulsion degreasing of sheepskins improves the uniformity of the distribution of fat in the leather tissue, thereby facilitating its removal during further processing in dry cleaning.
1.3. PIKELING
In fur production, the pickling process plays a special role. One of key indicators The qualities of the dressed skins are the softness and plasticity of the leather tissue. These properties depend on the intensity of separation of the fibrous structure of the leather tissue (loosening). Such loosening is achieved in the process of processing raw materials in acid solutions in the presence of neutral salts - pickling.
Due to the removal of mucopolysaccharides that glue the structure of the dermis, as well as the destruction of part of the intermolecular bonds in collagen, the fiber bundles are split into thinner elements, the movement of the fibers relative to each other is facilitated, which causes an increase in the softness and elasticity of the skin tissue. In addition, during pickling, the extraction of ballast proteins from the skin tissue continues, as a result of which the permeability of the dermis increases, that is, its ability to absorb various materials, including tanning agents.
In the old technologies for processing fur and fur coats, rather strong pickling in a solution of sulfuric acid and sodium chloride was recommended. It was believed that the stronger the pickel, the more intense the impact on the fibrous structure of collagen, leading to its loosening. Today it is generally accepted that the processing of fur raw materials with organic acids is more effective.
The absorption of acids depends on their degree of affinity for collagen. In descending order of affinity, the most accessible acids can be arranged in the following sequence:
sulfuric > hydrochloric > formic > glycolic > lactic > acetic.
The high affinity of mineral acids for collagen prevents their uniform distribution to fine structural elements.
The acid binds mainly in the outer layers, not penetrating to the depth. Therefore, there is no effect of fine loosening. Mineral acids affect both side chains and peptide bonds in the main collagen chains, which can be accompanied by a loss of skin tissue strength.
Possessing a lower affinity, organic acids are able to penetrate to the depth of the fibrous structure. They interact with the side chains of collagen, contributing to the destruction of interfiber bonds, that is, they have a dispersing effect. In addition, in solutions of organic acids, an optimal pH is created for the destruction of protein-carbohydrate complexes in the collagen structure and the extraction of mucopolysaccharides and soluble proteins from the interfiber space. The consequence of this is a finer loosening of the structure.
A higher pH value when using organic acids in the pickle facilitates the increase in basicity in tanning, providing a more uniform binding of the tanning agent in the thickness of the leather tissue, and, ultimately, the softness of the skins.
When processing sheepskin, it is recommended to use formic acid. It is the most active in the series of organic acids, as it has the least molecular weight. Formic acid well defibrillates the structure of collagen, without reducing the strength of the skin tissue. In addition, it has a masking effect on chromium tanning compounds. Unlike lactic and glycolic acids, which are recommended for processing furs, it masks to a lesser extent, that is, the tanning effect will not decrease as much.
To facilitate the purification of the collagen structure from carbohydrates, lipids and soluble proteins, it is advisable to use enzyme preparations active in an acidic medium at the pickling stage. Lowenstein offers Elbro SR material, which is active in the presence of acid and salt and operates in the pH range of 2.8-2.9. This drug is characterized by a complex action, that is, it contains proteases, amylases, lipases, the activity of which is balanced in relation to the conditions for processing fur raw materials. Elbro SR is especially effective in the production of fur velor. Using it in a pickle with a consumption of 1-2 g/l allows you to increase the softness of the skins, reduce their weight, and also improve the uniformity of tanning. However, an excessive dosage of enzymes may be accompanied by excessive looseness of the skin tissue, especially in the lateral areas, as well as the appearance of fragrance. The optimal conditions for enzymatic processing are determined based on the characteristics of each particular enterprise: the quality of raw materials, available equipment, materials used, etc.
Taking into account the main purpose of pickling - separation structural elements dermis, - you need to be very careful about the advisability of using fatty substances at this stage. Some firms recommend adding fat preparations in pickling for a more even distribution of acid in the structure of the dermis. However, not all fats are suitable for this purpose, but only those that are able to disperse the natural fat contained in the skin tissue. This fat is distributed in the structure very unevenly, its greatest accumulation is observed in the spinal and neck parts of the skins. Natural fat prevents the penetration of acid, and later - the tanning agent into the fine structure of collagen. As a result, areas of maximum concentration of fat are the least developed, that is, hard. From the point of view of dispersion of natural fat in the structure of the dermis, it is more rational to use non-greasing materials in pickling, but small amounts of surfactants. For this purpose, we can recommend the material Wetter HAC, which was already mentioned earlier. This product, in addition to wetting action, has the ability to emulsify natural fat well, thereby facilitating the diffusion of acid deep into the structure of the skin tissue. Wetter HAC is stable in salt solutions, including at low pH values and at low temperatures, which is very important at this stage of processing.
The end-to-end pickling of skins when tested with the indicator bromcresol green is achieved, as a rule, no later than a day from the beginning of pickling. However, for the uniform distribution of acid in the fine structure of collagen, a significant more time. Therefore, the aging of skins after pickling is a necessary condition for obtaining soft leather tissue. In the production of muton, the duration of the sore is 1-2 days, in the production of velor - up to 4-5 days.
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There are many ways to make skins. The most accessible and proven ones will be outlined here. The process of dressing skins takes place according to the following scheme: soaking - washing - skinning and degreasing - pickling or pickling - tanning - drying - finishing.
Before dressing, inspect the skin, if the skin is contaminated with resin, remove it (resin) with alcohol.
Soak off
the process of soaking skins treated with a fresh-dry method. Produced in a solution of table salt, the concentration is 40 - 50 grams per liter of water. The amount of solution should be such that there is a 2-3 cm layer of water above the skin. In order for microbes not to develop in the solution, an antiseptic is added - zinc chloride (2 g / l), formalin (0.5 - 1 ml / l) , 1 - 2 tablets of furacilin. When soaking, you can add a little washing powder to the solution. If the skin does not get wet within 12 hours, the solution must be changed. Soak until the nose and paws soften.
the washing up
Wash the skin in a warm (not hot) solution of laundry detergent. Some recipes recommend washing "to the squeak of hair." When washing, it is necessary to rinse the skin from sand, wash off the smell of dog from the fur. This is especially important for the fox and raccoon. When washing, the skin is partially degreased, so washing can be carried out after skinning / degreasing. After washing, the skin is squeezed out, the mezra is wiped with a dry cloth.
Mezdrenie
the skin is scraped with a blunt knife in the direction from the tail to the head, pulling it over the board. It is good to make a special convex board from hardwood slab. The purpose of skinning is to remove the remnants of fat, film, cut meat. If the primary processing was done well, then the skinning will be easier.
fermentation
this is a classic way of dressing skins, providing more high quality dressing, greater skin strength. And the disadvantages are the duration of processing, an unpleasant odor. The recipe is as follows: 200 g of wholemeal oatmeal or rye flour is stirred into 1 liter. hot water, add 20 - 30 g of salt and 7 g of yeast, 0.5 g of soda. When the solution has cooled, the skin is immersed in it. The duration of fermentation is 2 days. The solution must be periodically mixed so that a film does not form on top and the solution does not rot.
Pickling (treatment with acids)
used instead of fermentation. Pickel composition (per 1 liter of solution): 60 ml of 70% acetic acid, 30 g of salt. You will get a strong pickel (4.2%). A stronger pickle breaks down the skin, so it's better to make a 3% pickle - 43 ml of 70% vinegar essence per liter of water. Salt is required. Sulfuric acid (2.5 - 5 g / l) can be used, but mineral acids reduce the strength of the product. Pickling lasts from several hours to two days, depending on the thickness of the skin, the quality of degreasing, etc., and it is better to underexpose than to overexpose the skin in the pickel. The end of pickling is determined by a test for "drying" and "pinch". The test for “drying” is done as follows: the skin is removed from the solution, near the groin it is bent four times with the skin up, the corner is tightly squeezed and a fingernail is drawn along the fold. If the skin is ripe, a white strip will remain on the fold for some time - “dry”. The “pinch” test is simpler: hairs are plucked in the groin area, if this is done easily, the skin is ready. Another sign of the ripeness of the skin is that it is easy, with your fingers, to separate the inner layer of the skin. After the end of pickling, the skin is slightly squeezed, folded in half with the fur up and placed under a small load. The soak lasts 10-12 hours. Since acid remains on the skin, the skin is placed in a solution of baking soda 1-1.5 g / l for 20 minutes.
After pickling, the skin is dried on a straightener. First, dry with the skin up, then with the fur up. Excess solution is removed with a rag, when drying, straighten the fur by shaking the skin. Finally dry the skin up, but if you dry it out and you can’t turn the skin inside out, don’t break it, leave it like that, you’ll still wet the skin anyway. And you may not dry out.
Tanning
performed in a solution of chromic alum (potassium alum can only be used in a mixture with chromic), 2 - 3% carbolic acid, or in a decoction of oak or willow bark. You can use a decoction of willow bark, since alum must be obtained, phenol (carbolic acid) smells unpleasant, and is harmful, oak roughens the skins too much, and willow is always at hand and stains the skin in a pleasant cream color.
The recipe is as follows: you will need bark from willow trees, which have fluffy leaves. Fit and windy. Fill the saucepan with bark (tightly, but not ramming). Pour water and boil for half an hour, then drain the solution, add 30-50 g of salt per 1 liter, cool.
You can not soak the skin, but soak the mezra, repeatedly applying the solution with a brush. The skin should be saturated with tanning agent. After that, the skin is folded inside and left for a day to lie down.
The skin is then dried.
This is where you need to work. The skin will have to be dried almost "by hand". As it dries, the skin is removed from the straightening, crumpled, stretched in different directions. It is necessary to catch the moment when the skin is semi-dry, it will turn white when stretched and become “suede” to the touch. Paws and muzzle stretch across. After drying, the core can be carefully processed with sandpaper. Now the skin is soft.
To increase its water resistance and softness, grease is performed. You can soak the skin with a mixture of glycerin and egg yolk 1: 1, or with this solution: dissolve 50 g of soap in 0.5 liters of boiling water and add 0.5 kg of fat (pork, fish, etc.), add 10 g of ammonia alcohol. You can replace part of the fat with glycerin, part with yolk, a small part with engine oil (up to 5%). The mixture is smeared with the mezra and allowed to mature for several hours. Then the skin is dried, kneaded, the fur is combed, the mezra can be rubbed with chalk, it will absorb excess fat and the mezra will be light. Thick places can be rubbed with sandpaper, just don't get carried away! This is where the torment ends, the skin is ready.
The business of dressing animal skins can be very profitable and you do not need to live in the north, where the spread of this craft began. Dressing skins can be done almost anywhere, even at home, on your site. Over time, such a mini-production can develop into a small workshop.
Depending on the type of fur, one skin can bring in income from 15 to 50 dollars. Skin dressing is carried out according to long-established technologies, which are not difficult to master. And the competition will not be as serious as in other types of business. The point is that developed Soviet time fur farming after the collapse of the USSR in our country has not been revived. Skins can be purchased from both farmers and hunters. In the future, you can start breeding fur-bearing animals on your own.
The most simple and profitable can be the dressing of rabbit skins. Rabbit fur is very cheap compared to other traditional Russian furs - fox, sable, marten, squirrel. Therefore, a small initial capital is enough for the purchase of skins. Also, because of its cheapness, rabbit fur products are in constant demand. In addition, by starting your rabbit farm you can get non-waste production, in addition to dressing skins, engaging in and selling dietary meat.
Production
For dressing skins, you will need to find a suitable room for installation. necessary equipment. On a farm or on your own plot, you should equip a small workshop with an area of 35-50 square meters. From the special equipment you will need:
- carding machine;
- chipping machine;
- retractable drums;
- breakdown machine;
- skin softener;
- shearing machine;
- centrifuge;
- mashing machine.
At first glance, the number of necessary machines and mechanisms is impressive. However, this is not high-tech equipment and can even be separately made to order in a locksmith's workshop. total cost equipment can be 1-2 thousand dollars.
Depending on the technology used and the type of skins, full cycle processing skins can take a different time and amount of effort expended. For a small workshop, usually 2-4 workers and a production master are enough. He will control all technological process and be responsible for product quality.
Skin dressing technology
Dressing skins begins with soaking. The dried skin is placed in a steep salt solution, 100-125 grams per liter of water. In this case, the temperature of the water should not be high, since the hair may fall out during the soaking process. It is necessary to ensure that the skins are completely immersed in the solution, for this you can press them on top with an additional load. The skins should remain in the salt solution for 20-24 hours. After that, they should be taken out and turned out with a bribe. In this position, the skins are gently squeezed out of excess moisture.
The next step is degreasing the skin, or in other words, skinning. In the process of degreasing, with the help of a special knife, the remaining pieces of films and fat are removed from the inside of the skin by scraping. This procedure should be performed carefully, as the softened skin is easily damaged. That is why, the knife for such work must be blunt. To facilitate the scraping process, the skin can be stretched over a wooden base, it resembles an ironing board in shape and helps to avoid wrinkles in the skin.
When the skin is cleaned, it should be washed with a solution of laundry soap. This removes the remaining fat. Do not use particularly concentrated solutions of detergents or, on the contrary, soap with a low alkali content. After washing, the skin is rinsed in cold running water and squeezed.
The next important step in the processing of skins is pickling. For this, a pickel solution is prepared, where the skin will be soaked for the next 10-12 hours. To prepare the solution, 50 grams of 90% vinegar and 100 grams of salt are required per liter of water. The temperature at which soaking occurs should also not exceed 20-25 degrees Celsius. Soaking takes place in a closed container with the skins completely immersed in the solution.
After pickling, the skins need to be dried and crushed. The skins are dried with fur inside, while as they dry, they are wrinkled several times.
The last stages of dressing the skins will be tanning, greasing and kneading. For tanning, you need to prepare a solution from oak bark, which you can buy at a pharmacy or prepare yourself. To do this, it is enough to pour 150-200 grams of dry bark into a liter of water and boil for several minutes. Then the broth is allowed to stand for about a day. With the finished broth, moisten the inside of the skin with a brush and leave to dry. When the skin dries, it is also moistened with a brush with a soapy solution with the addition of fish oil and dried again.
Finally, the skin is almost ready. Now it remains only to knead it well. This should be done with your hands, repeating the movements, as when washing. The mashed skin should not have rough patches of skin and be soft to the touch.
Add-ons
If you plan to do skin dressing in small quantities, then it makes sense to delve into the process of skin dressing yourself. To do this, you can find a lot of useful literature and manuals, hire a skinning master and gradually learn skills. But the most effective will be to deal directly with the organization and management of production. And entrust the entire technological process to specialists.
Private dressing of skins is unlikely to be able to get enough high level and make a really big income. Another thing is a company that is able to provide a sewing shop with material and has the right to conclude transactions with legal entities.
Another profitable business idea. Processing animal skins - profitable and profitable
Is it profitable to dress animal skins? you ask after reading the title of this article. And we, in turn, will offer to draw your attention to the peoples of the North. Those who have been dressing skins from time immemorial have never starved. Believe me, even today dressing and trading in skins remains a highly profitable business.
Organization of the processing of skins
Where to start if you decide to start your own business skin processing animals in order to work exclusively for themselves? You need to make a smart plan. Consider all sorts of details. It will be useful to consult with specialists on the legal aspects of organizing a business. In Russia, a strict list of animals has been established, the skins of which are prescribed by law to be used only by the state. It includes furs such as lynx, sable, mink, ermine, fox fur. That is, it becomes clear that the organization of the case will require a competent and thoughtful approach.
It is also important to organize a leather and fur market in the region where you plan to develop your business. Weak fullness of the market, lack of competition at the initial stage will only play into the hands.
In order to develop business, you should try to conclude cooperation agreements with foreign buyers. At first, you should not bet on foreign clients. However, later it can significantly help in business development.
Information for beginners
Dressing of animal skins does not have to take place in a region where hunting is developed. It is easier to arrange the organization of the skins of hunted animals from hunters than to organize your own fur farm and subsequent slaughter.
They usually start with the dressing of rabbit skins. Rabbit skins are relatively inexpensive, due to the fact that there is no shortage of them. Therefore, you do not need to invest a lot of money in turnover at the initial stage. Rabbit skins are in constant demand in the fur market, because products made from the skins of this furry animal are also relatively inexpensive.
Farm and skin processing
It is important to consider more than one option for business development. Indeed, today almost any farm can become the basis for a subsequent business in the field of dressing skins.
If you become a farmer and grow furs yourself, then you automatically cease to depend on the supplier of skins. It is economically beneficial in the sense that the cost of skins coming to you for processing will decrease.
Pay attention to the establishment of goat farms. Dressing the skins of these animals is very relevant. The demand for products made from the skins of these animals is growing. This is a fairly low-cost venture.
Sheepskins are also in considerable demand. Sheep can be raised in any region, they do not require special climatic conditions for living.
Before you start implementing your business strategy, try to look for contacts of those who will become your future customers.
Business training
There are many options available to learn the basics of skinning. These are specialized courses and trainings of practicing masters of their craft. You can apply for training directly to large-scale production. This option no longer involves the development of one's own business, but the continuation large-scale production at home in the region. This significantly reduces income, but with a competent approach it is also very profitable, especially at the initial stage.
One of the best craftsmen skin dressing live in the North and the Far East. Many residents adopted the secrets of craftsmanship from their ancestors, who were traditionally engaged in this craft.
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It is an erroneous opinion that the inhabitants of the Far North live very poorly and starving. In fact, the inhabitants of the North are a fairly wealthy people who have been engaged in skinning for centuries: people dressed animal skins and sold them. This occupation brought them great profit.
Is it profitable today to engage in the business of dressing skins? The answer is unequivocal - yes! One well tanned hide can generate $30-60 in revenue, depending on the type of hide. This craft can be practiced everywhere: for a small species business will do dressing skins at home, and for a wider activity, you can organize an enterprise. Working with skins and fur does not require a specific specialty, so that most of the work can be done by unskilled workers, for which it will be enough to master the operation of the appropriate equipment.
little competition
Your small fur company will not suffer from various intrigues of very envious competitors. The fact is that there is practically no x. After the collapse of the state Soviet Union, along with this, almost all fur farms that specialized in growing various fur animals disappeared: mink, arctic fox and others. Also, along with this, enterprises that were engaged in dressing skins disappeared. For this reason, the demand for your services promises to be high.
Even foreign clients will give you orders. Despite active protests and criticism from Greenpeace activists who strongly condemn the production and purchase of natural fur products, most women abroad do not stop giving preference to Russian furs, namely: mink coats, chinchilla fur hats, and designer boas and mittens made of fox or rabbit. And, a bearskin in front of a fireplace is generally an invariable attribute of any noble house or house of an outstanding noble person.
Organizational issues and business plan
Once you have made the decision to start your own tanning business, you need to draw up a detailed business plan. If everything is not calculated to the smallest detail, then you can easily go bankrupt. You should not refuse to consult a lawyer, you can get very valuable information that will be useful in your work. Moreover, in our country there is a list of animals whose skins must be handed over to the state. This list includes such animals as: fox, squirrel, ermine, marten, lynx, beaver, sable and so on. So the dressing of the skins of a beaver, a fox, requires special business conditions.
Also, in order to establish a profitable and profitable business need to establish cooperation with foreign customers
A serious moment in the preparation of a business plan is the correct assessment of the market. In order to accurately assess your capabilities, you need to carefully analyze the fur and leather market in your region, decide which type of product is most popular and in demand, as well as what competitors represent. Also, in order to establish a profitable and profitable business, it is necessary to establish cooperation with foreign clients. You need to do this at the very beginning. At the first stages of cooperation with foreign clients, you should not expect big profits, since the cost of your products will not be high, the reputation will not yet be developed, but such cooperation is for the future.
What a beginner needs to know
Having decided to engage in this type of business and having resolved all the necessary organizational issues for this, as well as directing your business in the right direction, you need to start your skinning activities. To do this, in our faith, it is not at all necessary to live in the northern regions of the country. This type of activity can be engaged in being in any locality, since getting material for work is not such a big problem today. Even if you do not have your own fur farm or you are not a hunter, you can buy skins.
For example, the dressing of rabbit skins is the most best option for newbies. First, rabbit skins have a low purchase price. It makes it possible to receive a small initial capital and reduces the risk of large losses by early stages skin dressing. Secondly, tanned rabbit skins are in great demand, as rabbit fur products have a low price, and this in turn contributes to an increase in the number of customers, as well as an increase in demand. Dressing rabbit skins is also beneficial for the owners of rabbit farms. In this case, production is obtained with virtually no waste.
Farmland and tanning
It is worth remembering other types of farming. Any farm can be a good base for starting a tanning business. Having your own farm for breeding fur animals, you will exclude such moments from your technological cycle as. Material supplier, as a result of this you can significantly reduce the cost of your products and increase net profit, that is, you get a full cycle.
The dressing of goat skins is also relevant. Goat skin is popular among manufacturers of leather shoes and other leather products. Still popular in our country sheep skins. Sheep breeding is carried out everywhere, so there will also be many customers for dressing sheepskins.
Rabbits, goats, sheep, this is by no means a complete list of animals whose skins can bring a good income. In this case, the main thing is to first study consumer demand and identify real customers.
In order to conduct a business of dressing skins on an industrial scale, you will need special equipment:
- Chipper, intended for preliminary haircut;
- Retractable drums are used for punching and hauling skins;
- Breaking machine, to give the fur after hauling and tanning skins, cleanliness and plasticity;
- Apparatus for softening skins;
- carding machine;
- Shearing machine designed for cutting hair;
- Skinning leather machine for sheepskin skinning;
- Mining machine for medium-sized skins. Necessary for dressing rabbit skins;
- Skin centrifuge.
Where can you learn?
When it comes to acquiring skills and relevant experience for skinning, there are many options for acquiring them. There are free video courses, paid training courses, training directly at the enterprise that is engaged in dressing skins. As for the latter option, in most cases a subsidiary is opened, which affects the profits of the main enterprise, but at the same time, risks are reduced.
For example, it is worth noting that the inhabitants of the Far North, the Far East and Siberia are excellent at the craft of dressing skins. Dressing skins is their "horse". Since, for centuries, the inhabitants of these regions have been dressing skins for their own needs, as well as for subsequent sale. Therefore, these masters will be able to tell you about the secrets of your chosen craft.
