Now it's time to ask another question: Is the goal of maximizing corporate shareholder value consistent with the need for businesses to meet high standards of ethical behavior and social responsibility? The answer is that these goals are most definitely the same. Many socially responsible firms have achieved significant growth in market value for their owners, and many unethical firms have now gone bankrupt.
business ethics
The word ethics is defined in Webster's Dictionary as "standards of treatment or moral conduct." Business ethics can be seen as the behavior of a company in relation to its employees, customers, shareholders and society as a whole. High standards of ethical conduct require that the firm treat each party with which it deals with fairness and impartiality. A firm's commitment to business ethics can be measured by the commitment of the firm and its employees to adhere to rules and regulations relating to factors such as product safety and quality, honesty with employees and counterparties, sound marketing and promotional activities, not using confidential information for personal purposes, participating in public events, refusing to participate in corrupt transactions and not using other illegal business practices.
There are many companies that behave unethically. In recent years, for example, employees of several well-known Wall Street investment banks have been jailed for personal use of insider information about alleged client mergers, and E.F. Hutton, a major brokerage firm, went bankrupt after being accused of defrauding its client banks of many millions of dollars. DrexelBurnhamLambert, once the world's most famous investment bank, went bankrupt and its CEO, "junk bonds king" Michael Milken, who once made $550 million in just one year, was sentenced to ten years in prison and a hefty fine. for violating the legislation on foam papers. Another investment bank, Salomon Brothers, was involved in a Treasury bond scandal that led to the dismissal of its chairman and other senior executives.
These cases received wide publicity and made people think about the ethics of business in general. However, the results of a recent study showed that the leaders of most of the largest American companies still try to adhere to ethical standards in all their actions related to their business. Moreover, as it turned out, there is a positive relationship between business ethics and its long-term profitability. For example, the Chase Bapk documents argued that strict adherence to ethics stimulated the growth of his profits, because it helped him, firstly, to avoid fines and legal expenses, secondly, to establish trusting relationships with clients and attract new ones, and, thirdly, attract and retain the highest qualified employees.
Today, most firms have formulated own codes business ethics and, in addition, conduct training programs designed to ensure that their employees have a proper understanding of the requirements business ethics in various business situations. However, it is also critical that senior management - the chairman, president and vice presidents - be truly committed to the standards of ethical conduct and that they can communicate this commitment through their personal actions, as well as through company policies, orders and through the system of punishments and rewards. Social responsibility
Another issue worth considering is the social responsibility of business. Should businesses act strictly in the best interests of their shareholders, or are firms also responsible for the welfare of their employees, customers, and the communities in which they operate? Of course, firms have a moral responsibility to provide a safe working environment, to prevent air and water pollution, and to produce safe products. However, socially responsible business conduct requires certain additional costs, and not all businesses will agree to bear these costs voluntarily. If some firms follow social responsibility standards while others do not, then socially responsible firms will start to lose competitive edge due to excessive costs. Thus, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to ensure that companies voluntarily adhere to social responsibility standards in industries where competition is strong.
And what in this connection can be said about monopoly firms with profits above the usual level: will such firms finance socially significant projects? No doubt they can do it, and many large successful firms are actually involved in disability welfare programs, environmental events and many other such actions - more than it would seem that this could be due solely to profit. or growth in shareholder wealth. Moreover, many such firms often directly donate large sums of money to charitable causes. At the same time, of course, corporations operate within the limits imposed by market forces. To illustrate this, suppose investors choose one of two firms in which to invest their funds. One of these firms directs a significant part of its own resources to social needs, while the policy of the other is focused on achieving maximum profit and share price. Many investors in this case will choose not to invest in a socially oriented firm, which will limit its ability to raise capital as a result. Indeed, why should the shareholders of a certain corporation finance projects beneficial to the whole society to a greater extent than other companies? For this reason, even firms that make significant profits, at least to some extent, raise capital from financial market, usually avoid making unilateral socially significant decisions that increase their costs.
Does all this mean that firms should not bear social responsibility at all? Of course not. But this means that most of the social activities that increase their costs must become mandatory rather than voluntary, so that costs are shared evenly among different companies. Thus, social programs such as ensuring product safety, training and hiring representatives of national and religious minorities, reduction of harmful emissions into the environment and many others are more likely to be effective if realistic rules of the game are initially set, and then their implementation is carefully monitored by government agencies. Of course, it is also essential that business and government cooperate in developing and establishing rules of corporate conduct, and that the costs, as well as the benefits of such actions, are carefully assessed and taken into account in the development of business regulation policy.
Despite the fact that many socially responsible actions should become mandatory from the point of view of the state, in recent years many firms have voluntarily taken part in such actions, especially in the field of protection environment, since such promotions in themselves contribute to an increase in sales. In fact, companies, thus, were image advertising (imagepromotion). Moreover, it should be noted that for some firms, socially responsible actions may even turn out to be de facto profitable if consumers prefer to buy from socially responsible firms than from firms that avoid participation in socially significant programs.
The basis of modern business ethics is the social contract and social responsibility of the businessman, as well as the entire corporation to society. At the same time, the social contract is an informal agreement between the firm and its external environment on uniform moral and ethical standards of behavior. A mandatory component of business ethics is social responsibility, which is understood as the maximum use of its advantages and minimization of negative business processes affecting both market participants and society as a whole(non-causing harm and damage to society, the state, the economy, the environment and other spheres of human life).
For many people, the concept of "business" and "ethics" is not easy to reconcile. As one American journalist put it, "Business and ethics are a clear contradiction as absurd as a giant shrimp." Most executives believe that companies should not follow business ethics at all, why worry about social responsibility, morality and the environment. If society wants companies to bring all this to the forefront, then company managers must reconsider the entire system of management and regulation. Thirty years ago Milton Friedman, eminent American economist, said "There is one and only one social responsibility of a business - to use its resources and engage in activities aimed at increasing profits."
It is quite difficult for companies to combine ethical principles and the objective need to reproduce profits. There is always a dilemma when money and morality collide and come into conflict as to what decision a company should make.
In the history of the modernization of human societies, the emergence of more complex market systems has often been criticized from an ethical and social perspective. In a world that is becoming increasingly impersonal and characterized by far-reaching indirect social interaction, social relations are increasingly built on a formal, contractual and monetary basis.
The historical development of industrial societies for a long time proceeded within the framework of relatively well-established normative systems. In modern society, normative and ideological pluralism is manifested, which sometimes appears in the form of permissiveness and irresponsibility.
The first attempts to introduce ethical principles were made in the mid-80s in the United States. In 1985, General Dynamics created a corporate ethics complex because it was subjected to scrutiny for price manipulation. Under pressure from the Department of Defense, an initiative group was organized, including about 60 companies, which initiated the creation of a program of ethical agreements. In 1991, US judges were empowered to reduce fines for companies that encourage ethical behavior. There is now a wide-ranging ethical industry in America. It includes holding consultations and conferences, publishing magazines and establishing the Corporate Conscience Award. Auditing firms offer to conduct an "audit" of the ethical aspect of the company's work. In business ethics, many philosophical and cultural attitudes turned out to be in demand, which, exploring morality and morality at the level of human knowledge, explain the nature of the virtues that underlie ethics. Sometimes modern philosophers act as experts and advise on issues of morality and ethics, however, many issues become most acute from the position of social responsibility.
Issues such as trust and human relationships become intractable when a business intrudes on the privacy of its employees. Example - dismissal of employees, accrual wages, these are conflicting issues in any enterprise, often considered unethically.
The communications technology revolution has in turn created many dilemmas. As soon as any new technology, business immediately faces the question of the ethical aspect of its use. So, for example, companies are faced with the problems of protecting the information and privacy of their customers. Nowadays, businesses know almost everything about the tastes of their customers, but this raises the question of the ethical or unethical knowledge of this kind.
The process of globalization has given the discussion of corporate ethics an even sharper form. When a company operates abroad, it faces completely new ethical and moral issues. The biggest problem is precisely the discrepancies in the ethical standards of different countries. Many companies first encountered the moral dilemma of globalization when they were forced to decide whether to meet local standards if they were significantly lower than in their home countries. This debate came to public attention in connection with the Bhopal disaster in 1984, when an explosion at the Union Carbide plant in India killed 8,000 people. As a result of numerous discussions, global standards on safety, health and the environment were adopted, which subsequently became international in the field of health protection and ethical behavior of personnel.
Another acute problem of business ethics as a social responsibility is corruption and bribery. This phenomenon is condemned not only because it promotes unfair competition, but also because the company, giving bribes, acts only in its own interests and does not take into account the opinion of society. However, often the bribe is hidden. Organizations have to abide by the rules of the country in which they operate, and sometimes it is necessary to provide "support" to the local population, etc. The terms of many tenders require certain social guarantees and obligations that the company must assume in exchange for the right to develop deposits or carry out a project.
Why has bribery become the number one business ethics issue? First, due to the growth in the volume of "" international trade and the need for companies to operate globally. Over the past twenty years, world trade has increased 10 times, and investment 20 times. Large companies are forced to adapt to various customs regimes, laws and traditions. Small and medium enterprises are also fighting for their place in the market. Finally, fierce competition and a high degree of business regulation lead to the fact that starting a new business "according to the law" is too expensive, it is better to go around. According to the World Bank, in developed countries, bribes reach 20-30 % the amount of contracts. AT developing countries, primarily in Latin America and Southeast Asia, they account for 5-30% of all public finances. Secondly, legislation adopted to combat bribery is rarely enforced due to its ineffectiveness. So, in 1977, the United States adopted the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA - Foreign Corrupt Practices Act). This law punishes American companies if they give bribes abroad directly or through intermediaries. Previously, companies were only required to report giving a bribe and were not subject to criminal penalties. However, the law did not work due to the vagueness of its wording and the complexity of formal procedures: it is difficult to prove both the fact of giving a bribe abroad and its amount. But, unfortunately, those companies that voluntarily follow the letter of the law suffer losses In 1993, a study of 336 US exporting companies showed that two-thirds of the firms on this list lost a number of positions in foreign markets due to the fact that competitors from other countries paid bribes.
Corruption and bribery are also rampant in Russian business, both internationally and nationally. According to unofficial data published in the mass media of the Russian Federation, the lion's share of transactions with foreign countries is carried out through the "pocket" of officials of various ministries and departments.
The problem of the relationship between business ethics and government is directly related to corruption and bribery. In the domestic market, companies defend their interests according to ethical standards, which, however, are not always correct from the point of view of public morality. We are talking about lobbying and political sponsorship carried out by chambers of commerce and industry and various business associations. The essence of the work of such organizations is legal lobbying. The association formulates the interests of its members and, on the grounds that they are important taxpayers and employers, insists that the government fulfill their wishes. As a rule, companies outside such associations cannot influence legislation. Political sponsorship is related to the financing of parties in elections. In most Western countries, either anonymous donations or large one-time contributions from companies to party funds are allowed. In our country, election campaigns in a number of cases testify to bribery, money laundering and other unseemly acts of high-ranking officials.
There are many problems at the legislative level. This is especially true of the current stage of development of the economy and legislation. The beginning of a large-scale redistribution of property in Russia is associated with the privatization of the 1990s, there is no need to describe the facts of the unethical nature of many leaders who seize large profitable production, however, the process did not stop there. A decade later, the redistribution of property continues; falling apart large companies as a result of the consolidation of certain interest groups, which is contrary to business ethics and the law - the interests of small shareholders are violated, deliberately lead to the bankruptcy of an enterprise of state importance with the sole purpose of redistributing property.
An important aspect of the study and application of business ethics is the assessment of the behavior of companies from the point of view of the interests of society. Here, the researchers proceed from the social responsibility that companies bear to society (in the narrow sense: how useful they are to society when they work in their own interests). They are employers, which means they form employment. In addition, they influence the consumer market, they are customers of the system for training qualified personnel. Budgets large firms are comparable to the budgets of small states, so the social aspect of business ethics is associated with the responsibility for the actions of managers in solving the social policy of not only enterprises, but also entire regions. It is about the impact of the labor market. Layoffs in large companies can "throw" thousands of unemployed people into the market. Taking advantage of this, large companies, for example, Rudgormash OJSC (Voronezh), in difficult periods, ask state support in the form of government orders or financial assistance, Such "blackmail" of the state is considered more acceptable than mass layoffs. Companies take advantage of the fact that politicians and officials are afraid of social unrest, in addition, they need the support of companies in elections and in the implementation of large-scale projects. Companies help politicians and the economy also by trying to support the national workforce. For example, the construction industry in Russia allows the use of foreign labor, but a recent law on emigrants will reduce the influx of foreign work force and provide Russian builders with jobs.
The business ethics of companies must necessarily be consistent with economic responsibility. For example, the “brain drain” from domestic enterprises abroad has caused enormous damage Russian economy. The business community is neutral towards such operations. It is impossible to approve this, "but it is also impossible to condemn it, because the former public morality does not affect this problem in any way, and the liberal doctrine, as it were, implies the possibility of such a" overflow ". This example shows that ethics, like morality, only fixes reality, but do not affect business.
Perhaps today it is difficult to find a more fashionable word among domestic entrepreneurs than "business ethics", and most recently the word "social responsibility" has been added to it. In this paragraph, I will try to understand what they mean and how they differ.
As you know, there is a universal ethics as a system of norms of moral behavior of people, their relationship to each other and to society as a whole. But at the same time, in some areas professional activity developed its own specific ethics.
To begin with, let's define the very concept of "business ethics", or "business ethics". Professor P.V. Malinovsky interprets this term in this way:
"Business ethics in a broad sense is a set of ethical principles and norms that should guide the activities of organizations and their members in the field of management and entrepreneurship. It covers phenomena of various orders: ethical assessment of both the internal and foreign policies of the organization as a whole; moral principles of members organization, i.e. professional morality, moral climate in the organization, patterns of moral behavior, norms business etiquette- ritualized external norms of behavior".
Thus, business ethics is one of the types professional ethics- this is the ethics of people working in the field of entrepreneurship. When they talk about the business ethics of any companies, they mean the ethical foundations of business, implemented through managers. Under the business culture of the company refers to intra-company traditions and rituals; common values shared by its employees; communication system, including informal relations; established methods of business practice and organization of work. The business culture of the company is closely related to the ethical principles of business, which are its integral elements.
Thus, we can conclude that business ethics is a system of general principles and rules of conduct for business entities, their communication and work style, manifested at the micro and macro levels. market relations. The basis of business ethics is the doctrine of the role of morality and morality in business relations, which reflect the material conditions of society.
Business ethics is also a system of knowledge about labor and professional morality, its history and practice. This is a system of knowledge about how people are accustomed to treating their work, what meaning they give to it, what place it occupies in their lives, how relationships develop between people in the process of work, how people’s inclinations and ideals ensure effective work, and which ones hinder to him.
Business ethics regulates, inspires and at the same time limits the actions of business entities, minimizing intra-group contradictions, subordinating individual interests to group ones.
There are several related concepts. For example, economic ethics (or entrepreneurial ethics) deals with the question of what moral norms or ideals might be relevant to entrepreneurs in a modern market economy.
Entrepreneurial ethics themes the relationship of morality and profit in the management of entrepreneurs and deals with the question of how moral norms and ideals can be implemented by entrepreneurs in a modern economy.
The purpose of entrepreneurial activity is profit maximization.
Principles of Ethics business relations- a generalized expression of moral requirements developed in the moral consciousness of society, which indicate the necessary behavior of participants in business relations.
In general, business ethics can be defined as the scientific discipline that studies the application of ethical principles to business situations. Most topical issue in business ethics is the question of the relationship between corporate and universal ethics, the social responsibility of business, the application of general ethical principles to specific situations.
Business ethics, in that part of it that considers the question of the compliance of the entrepreneur's activity with the framework order or the problem of perfection of the framework order itself, the degree of responsibility of the entrepreneur to society, etc., can be considered as part of social ethics.
Business ethics, in the part that discusses the practical issues of the behavior of leaders and managers, relations between company employees, consumer rights, moral standards and value conflicts, is one of the types of professional ethics.
At the macro level, business ethics refers to the ethics of the social order.
At the micro level, it is the doctrine of the goals, values and rules of entrepreneurial activity.
So, modern business ethics is based on the mutual agreement of three major provisions:
1. Creation of material values in all variety of forms is considered as an initially important process.
This is what every business is for.
- 2. Profit and other incomes are considered as the result of the achievement of various socially significant goals.
- 3. Priority in resolving problems arising in the business world should be given to the interests of interpersonal relationships, and not to production.
In turn, De George identifies the following levels of analysis of business ethics:
- 1. If we consider business ethics in an American context, it focuses on the macro level mainly on moral evaluation economic system American free enterprise and its possible alternatives and modifications.
- 2. The second level of ethical analysis - and today it attracts the closest attention - is the study of business within the American free enterprise system.
- 3. The moral assessment of individuals and their actions in economic and commercial transactions within the framework of organized corporate activity forms the third level of business ethics research.
- 4. Finally, as business becomes more and more international and global, the fourth level of analysis of its ethics is international in nature and considers the activities of American and other transnational corporations.
Thus, I came to the final conclusion that business ethics encompasses five activities:
The first is the application of the principles of general ethics to specific situations or business practices.
The second type of her studies is metaethics, which deals with the consistency of ethical concepts.
The third area of business ethics research is formed by the analysis of its initial premises - both moral ones proper and premises based on moral positions.
Fourth, wedged external issues sometimes force researchers of business ethics to go beyond ethics and turn to other branches of philosophy and other branches of science, for example, to economics or organization theory.
The fifth is to characterize morally laudable and exemplary actions, both of individual business people and specific firms.
In conclusion, I would like to outline the importance of business ethics in the modern world. So, business ethics can help people:
ethics business social responsibility
consider moral issues in business in a systematic and more reliable way than they could do it without using our science;
it can help them see problems that they would not notice in their daily practice;
it can also encourage them to make changes that they wouldn't have thought to make without it.
In my opinion, it is very important that the concept of "business ethics" is applicable both to an individual manager or entrepreneur, and to the company as a whole. And if for a businessman it means his professional ethics, then for a company it is a kind of code of honor that underlies its activities. The main principles of business ethics include, first of all, such traditional values developed over the long history of global business as respect for the law, honesty, loyalty to the word and the concluded agreement, reliability and mutual trust. A relatively new principle of modern business ethics is the principle of social responsibility, which began to be seriously thought about in the West only a couple of decades ago, and in Russia not so long ago at all. All these principles should underlie all types of business relationships.
In order for the company's behavior to be recognized as socially responsible, i.e. ethical in the modern sense, it is not enough just to comply with the law or be honest with consumers or business partners. If a legal liability are the norms and rules of conduct defined in legislative order, then social responsibility (also called corporate social responsibility, responsible business and corporate social opportunities) means following the spirit, not the letter of the law, or the implementation of such norms that are not yet included in the law or exceed the requirements of the law.
There is no generally accepted definition of the social responsibility of business in international practice, which gives reason to understand the term "social responsibility of business" to each in his own way.
The social responsibility of business means charity, philanthropy, corporate social responsibility, social marketing programs, sponsorship, philanthropy, etc.
Summarizing, we can say that the social responsibility of business is the impact of business on society, the responsibility of those who make business decisions to those who are directly or indirectly affected by these decisions.
This definition of the social responsibility of business is rather ideal, and cannot be fully translated into reality, if only because it is simply impossible to calculate all the consequences of one decision. But, in my opinion, the social responsibility of business is not a rule, but an ethical principle that should be involved in the decision-making process.
Thus, we can conclude that the concepts of "business ethics" and "social responsibility" correlate as general ethical foundations of business with a particular principle.
At the beginning of the twentieth century. the first attempts to show social responsibility in business can be called charitable activities. For example, John D. Rockefeller donated $550 million to various charitable causes and founded the Rockefeller Foundation. The head of the American corporation Sears Robert E. Wood in 1936. talked about social obligations that cannot be expressed mathematically, but can be considered, nevertheless, of paramount importance. He was referring to the influence that society has on an organization operating in a market economy. One of the first Western entrepreneurs, Sears acknowledged the "multi-layered general public" that the company serves, highlighting not only shareholders, whose relationships have traditionally been important to any firm, but also consumers, employees themselves, and local communities. He was also a supporter of the decision social problems from not only the state, but also the management of corporations. However, Sears acknowledged that it was difficult to quantify the costs and benefits of corporate social responsibility to society. His views did not receive wide support, in particular, because in the 30s. 20th century - the years of the Great Depression - all sectors of society faced the urgent issue of survival, and business was expected above all to profit.
The controversial motives associated with the concept of social responsibility of business will be discussed in the second chapter of my work.
So, some entrepreneurs believed that wealth obliges, i.e. we need to share it with our neighbors, and we spent a lot of money on charity, directed, among other things, to our employees. For example, George Cadbury, the founder of a food production company of the same name, paid various benefits to his employees at the beginning of the last century (for example, according to ability to work). William Lever, the founder of the now world-famous Unilever, did the same.
Entrepreneurs who were engaged in charitable activities, in fact, became the founders of the idea of individual charity and business responsibility.
In works on management, the concepts of "social responsibility of enterprises" and "business ethics" are often used.
Social responsibility- implies a certain level of voluntary response to social problems from the outside.
There are two different views on how organizations should behave in relation to their social environment in order to be considered socially responsible.
- The organization maximizes profits without violating laws and regulations state regulation.
- The organization, in addition to the responsibility of an economic nature, must take into account the human and social aspects the impact of their business activity on employees, consumers, as well as to make a certain positive contribution to the solution of social problems in general.
The public expects from modern organizations not only high economic results, but also significant achievements in terms of social goals of society.
Social actions of enterprises that improve the lives of the local population, eliminate the need for government regulation and can be used to the advantage of enterprises. In a society that is prosperous from a social point of view, the conditions for business activities are improving. , having an attractive image with consumers, can increase profits by increasing sales. On the other hand, social spending is passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices.
Ethics deals with the principles that determine right and wrong behavior. For example, the actions of managers who violate the law should be considered unethical. Actions should also be considered unethical when a businessman is in a quasi-legal space and gets the opportunity to break the law, formally being protected by other laws.
Ethical standards describe a system of common values and rules of ethics that, in the opinion of the organization, employees should adhere to.
Ethical standards are developed with the aim of describing the goals of the organization, creating a normal ethical atmosphere and identifying ethical recommendations in decision-making processes. Some organizations set up dedicated ethics committees to assess daily practice from an ethical standpoint. Almost all members of such committees are top-level executives.
Leadership Ethics- a system of norms of moral behavior of a manager based on understanding and taking into account the psychology of employees, educating a personality, managing culture and the ability to manage one's feelings, emotions in the process of personal relationships with subordinates, superiors and colleagues.
Introduction
The theme of my test: "Social responsibility and business ethics: formation, development, practical application."
Business ethics as an applied field of knowledge was formed in the United States and Western Europe in the 1970s of the XX century. However, the moral aspects of business attracted researchers already in the 60s. The scientific community and the business world have come to the conclusion that it is necessary to increase the "ethical awareness" of professional businessmen in their business operations, as well as the "responsibility of corporations to society." Particular attention was paid to the increasing cases of corruption, both among the government bureaucracy and among responsible persons various corporations. A certain role in the development of business ethics as a scientific discipline was played by the famous "Watergate", which involved the most prominent representatives of President R. Nixon's administration. By the early 1980s, most business schools in the United States, as well as some universities, included business ethics in their learning programs. Currently, the business ethics course is included in educational plans some universities in Russia.
There are two main points of view on the correlation of universal ethical principles and business ethics: 1) the rules of ordinary morality do not apply to business or apply to a lesser extent .; 2) business ethics is based on universal universal ethical standards ah (be honest, do no harm, keep your word, etc.), which are specified taking into account the specific social role business in society. Theoretically, the second point of view is considered more correct.
The issues of the relationship between ethics and economics have recently begun to be actively discussed in our country.
The purpose of the control work is to consider issues of social responsibility and business ethics.
Tasks: 1) social responsibility formation, development,
practical use.
2) business ethics formation, development, practical
application.
Question number 1. Social responsibility and business ethics: formation, development, practical application
Social policy is one of the most important areas of state regulation of the economy. It is an organic part of the internal policy of the state, aimed at ensuring the well-being and comprehensive development of its citizens and society as a whole. The significance of social policy is determined by its influence on the processes of reproduction of the labor force, increasing labor productivity, educational and qualification level labor resources, per level scientific and technological development productive forces, on the cultural and spiritual life of society. Social policy aimed at improving working and living conditions, the development of physical culture and sports, reduces the incidence and thus has a tangible impact on reducing economic losses in production. As a result of the development of such systems in the social sphere as catering, preschool education, frees part of the population from the sphere household increased employment in social production. Science and scientific support, which determine the prospects for the country's economic development, are also part of the social sphere and their development and efficiency are regulated within the framework of social policy. The social sphere not only regulates the processes of employment of the population, but is also directly a place of application of labor and provides jobs for millions of people in the country.
The main objectives of social policy are:
1. Harmonization of social relations, harmonization of the interests and needs of certain groups of the population with the long-term interests of society, stabilization of the socio-political system.
2. Creation of conditions for ensuring the material well-being of citizens, the formation of economic incentives for participation in social production, ensuring equality of social opportunities to achieve a normal standard of living.
3. Security social protection all citizens and their basic state-guaranteed socio-economic rights, including support for low-income and vulnerable groups of the population.
4. Ensuring rational employment in society.
5. reducing the level of criminalization in society.
6. Development of sectors of the social complex, such as education, healthcare, science, culture, housing and communal services, etc.
7. Ensuring the country's environmental security.
The social responsibility of business is the conduct of business in accordance with the norms and laws adopted in the country where it is located. It's job creation. This is charity and the creation of various funds to help various social strata of society. This is to ensure the protection of the environment of its production, and much more supporting social status in the country.
Business assumes the functions of the state and this is called social responsibility. This is primarily due to the lack of an appropriate state policy in the field of corporate social responsibility. The state itself cannot determine the model of relations with business.
There are two points of view on how organizations should behave in relation to their social environment in order to be considered socially responsible. According to one of them, an organization is socially responsible when it maximizes profits without violating laws and government regulations. From these positions, the organization should pursue only economic goals. According to another point of view, an organization, in addition to economic responsibility, must consider the human and social impact of its business activities on employees, consumers and local communities in which it operates, as well as make some positive contribution to solving social problems in general.
The concept of social responsibility is that the organization performs the economic function of producing products and services necessary for a society with a free market economy, while providing work for citizens and maximizing profits and rewards for shareholders. According to this view, organizations have a responsibility to the society in which they operate, beyond and beyond providing efficiency, employment, profits, and not breaking the law. Organizations should therefore direct part of their resources and efforts towards social channels. Social responsibility, unlike legal, implies a certain level of voluntary response to social problems on the part of the organization.
The debate about the role of business in society has given rise to arguments for and against social responsibility.
Business-friendly long-term prospects. Social activities of enterprises that improve the life of the local community or eliminate the need for government regulation may be in the self-interest of enterprises due to the benefits provided by participation in society. In a society that is more prosperous from a social point of view, conditions are more favorable for business activities. In addition, even if the short-term costs of social action are high, they can drive profits in the long run, as consumers, suppliers, and the local community develop a more attractive image of the enterprise.
Changing needs and expectations of the general public. Business-related social expectations have changed radically since the 1960s. In order to narrow the gap between new expectations and the real response of enterprises, their involvement in solving social problems becomes both expected and necessary.
Availability of resources to assist in solving social problems. Since the business has significant human and financial resources, he should have transferred some of them to social needs.
A moral obligation to behave socially responsibly. An enterprise is a member of society, so moral standards should also govern its behavior. The enterprise, like individual members of society, must act in a socially responsible manner and contribute to strengthening the moral foundations of society. Moreover, since laws cannot cover every occasion, businesses must act responsibly in order to maintain a society based on order and the rule of law.
Violation of the profit maximization principle. The direction of part of the resources for social needs reduces the impact of the principle of profit maximization. The enterprise behaves in the most socially responsible manner, focusing only on economic interests and leaving social problems to state institutions and services, charitable institutions and educational organizations.
Social Inclusion Expenses. Funds allocated for social needs are costs for the enterprise. Ultimately, these costs are passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices. In addition, firms that compete in international markets with firms in other countries that do not incur social costs are at a competitive disadvantage. As a result, their sale on international markets is reduced, which leads to a deterioration in the US balance of payments in foreign trade.
Insufficient level of reporting to the general public. Because managers are not elected, they are not accountable to the general public. The market system controls well economic indicators enterprises and badly - their social involvement. As long as society does not develop a procedure for direct accountability of enterprises to it, the latter will not participate in social actions for which they do not consider themselves responsible.
Lack of ability to solve social problems. The personnel of any enterprise is best prepared for activities in the fields of economy, market and technology. He is deprived of the experience that allows him to make significant contributions to solving problems of a social nature. The improvement of society should be facilitated by specialists working in the relevant public institutions and charitable organizations.
According to studies on the attitude of executives to corporate social responsibility, there is a clear shift towards its increase. The executives interviewed believe that the pressure to increase corporate social responsibility is real, significant and will continue. Other studies have shown that senior management of firms began to participate in the work of local communities as volunteers.
The biggest stumbling block to developing social responsibility programs is cited by executives as the demands of front-line workers and managers to increase earnings per share on a quarterly basis. The desire to quickly increase profits and incomes makes managers refuse to transfer part of their resources to programs that are driven by social responsibility. Organizations are taking numerous steps in the area of voluntary participation in society.
business ethics
Business ethics as an applied field of knowledge was formed in the United States and Western Europe in the 1970s of the XX century. However, the moral aspects of business attracted researchers already in the 60s. The scientific community and the business world have come to the conclusion that it is necessary to increase the "ethical awareness" of professional businessmen in their business operations, as well as the "responsibility of corporations to society." Particular attention was paid to the increasing cases of corruption both among the government bureaucracy and among the responsible persons of various corporations. A certain role in the development of business ethics as a scientific discipline was played by the famous "Watergate", which involved the most prominent representatives of President R. Nixon's administration. By the early 1980s, most business schools in the US, as well as some universities, included business ethics in their curricula. Currently, the course of business ethics is also included in the curricula of some Russian universities.
In business ethics, there are three main approaches to the moral problems of business, based on three ethical areas: utilitarianism, deontic ethics (ethics of duty) and "ethics of justice". Presented in the works of American scientists M. Valasquez, J. Rawls, L. Nash, they can be reduced to the following.
The word "ethics" (Greek ethika, from ethos - custom, disposition, character) is usually used in two senses. On the one hand, ethics is a field of knowledge, a scientific discipline that studies morality, morality, their emergence, dynamics, factors and changes. On the other hand, ethics is understood as the totality of moral rules in a particular area of behavior of a person or organization. As a designation of a special field of knowledge, this term was first used by Aristotle. The concept of "ethos" refers to the agreed rules and patterns of everyday behavior, way of life, lifestyle of a community of people (estates, professional group, social stratum, generation, etc.), as well as the orientation of any culture, the hierarchy of values adopted in it.
The direct connection of ethics with life practice is well traced in the field of so-called professional ethics, which is a system of moral requirements for a person's professional activity. One of the types of professional ethics is business ethics. It arose relatively late on the basis of general labor morality. In turn, the main place in the ethics of business relations is occupied by the ethics of business (entrepreneurship). It includes ethics of management (managerial ethics), ethics of business communication, ethics of behavior, etc.
Business - proactive economic activity, carried out both at the expense of own and borrowed funds at your own risk and under your own responsibility, the purpose of which is the formation and development of your own business for profit and solving the social problems of the entrepreneur, labor collective, society as a whole.
business ethics – business ethics based on honesty, openness, loyalty to the given word, the ability to function effectively in the market in accordance with applicable law, established rules and traditions.
Two main points of view of the principles of business ethics:
the rules of ordinary morality do not apply to business or apply to a lesser extent. This point of view corresponds to the concept of the so-called ethical relativism, according to which each reference group (i.e., a group of people whose opinion about their behavior this subject is guided by) is characterized by its own special ethical norms;
Business ethics is based on general universal ethical standards (be honest, do no harm, keep one's word, etc.), which are specified taking into account the specific social role of business in society.
Business ethics issues are as old as entrepreneurship. However, they have become especially acute in our time, when the market has changed a lot, from fierce to fierce competition. Now all over the world the issues of ethics of business relations are widely studied, serve as the subject of scientific discussions and forums, are studied in many higher and secondary educational institutions providing training for the labor market.
The Importance of Ethics in Business
Experts believe that the concept of "business ethics" has entered into mass use relatively recently - as a result of the process of globalization of the economy, an increase in the number of firms and an increase in their level of responsibility to society. However, the basic principles of ethics that can now be applied to business were formulated thousands of years ago. Even the ancient Roman philosopher Cicero limited himself to the statement that big profits are made by big deceit. However, today this axiom sounds more and more controversial. The civilized economy that has emerged in developed countries requires a civilized approach to doing business from entrepreneurs. In fact, the goal of their activities remained the same, but there was a weighty caveat: big profits, but not by any means.
In the language of economists, moral values are an informal institution. This is a kind of intangible asset, the treatment of which is not prescribed by the letter of the law. However, this feature does not diminish their importance for business. For example, it is moral factors that significantly affect the amount of transaction costs.
The International Institute of Business Ethics has formulated four areas in which companies must operate in order to strengthen their reputation. First, it is honest work with investors and consumers. Secondly, improving the situation within the team - increasing the responsibility and motivation of employees, reducing staff turnover, increasing productivity, etc. Thirdly, professional work over reputation, since the deterioration of reputation inevitably affects the results of the company. Fourthly, competent work with regulations and finances - only strict adherence to the "spirit" and "letter" of the law makes it possible to create a long-term future for a company in international business.
Ethics in the modern sense becomes a kind of additional resource of the enterprise. For example, in such an issue as personnel management, in the conditions of global competition, the mere use of economic and financial incentives is no longer enough. To keep the company at the level of modern information and communication technologies, the company needs to learn how to influence the staff with the help of cultural and moral values. More and more important role these values also play in relationships with partners, clients, intermediaries, and finally with society itself.
Attempts to link moral and ethical criteria and business practices in the field international business are constantly being undertaken. Despite the shortcomings of today's ethical guidelines for business representatives, every year more and more organizations are trying, sometimes on their own, and sometimes as a result of outside pressure, to create their own rules for doing business.
The principles of international business are the global ethical standard, according to which one can build and evaluate behavior in the field of international business.
Honesty, decency and reliability are the most valued principles of business ethics around the world and in Russia, since following these principles creates the basis for effective business relationships - mutual trust.
Mutual trust is the most important moral and psychological factor of business, which ensures the predictability of business relations, confidence in the obligation of a business partner and the stability of a joint business.
Features of introducing ethics into business
In practice, when building a company's ethical space, as a rule, an alliance of company ethics specialists, consultants and theorists is formed. Together they seek to understand the values that underlie the company's activities, describe the concept of its ethical management, and then develop and implement ethical programs.
The criteria and concept of the company's ethics are "prescribed" in ethical documents - provisions on the mission, values, codes, standards of conduct, business conduct. Once adopted and discussed, documents acquire legitimacy and become a tool for ethical management.
Ethical documents are usually introduced as the same for all employees of the organization - regardless of position, length of service, and the like. Arrogance towards ethical standards devalues the idea. Often, the codes explicitly state that it applies to all employees of the organization without exception. One of the important principles of compliance with the code is its implementation by company leaders. Norms are translated "from top to bottom". If management violates the provisions of the code, it is quite logical that employees will not comply with it either.
Ethical management is carried out at three levels: strategic, regular and risk management. In order for the documents not to remain only on paper, but to become a real tool for organizing corporate life, understanding its ethical, moral aspects, companies develop programs on business ethics, the nature of which depends on the strategic objectives and vision of top managers and owners.
Integrating business ethics programs in an organization, developing policies to help implement them, involving stakeholders in the process of discussing and implementing the provisions and requirements of the code of ethics, sharing responsibility for resolving ethical issues and problems among employees, managers and departments of the organization - these are the most difficult for Russian companies spheres of interaction with corporate ethics. But, the biggest difficulties lie in wait for domestic firms when trying to introduce an infrastructure of corporate ethics and establish its work. This is where the cross-cultural differences between Russia and Western countries come into play. In American and European transnational corporations, there are business ethics departments, positions of ethics commissioners, ombudsmen; special secure communication networks, telephone hotlines, hot Email", a special portal on the Internet, appropriate software, electronic databases on acute problems. Many companies outsource (performance of these functions by a third party) the maintenance of "hot lines", training of personnel on ethical issues.
Ethics and modern management
Increasing indicators of ethical behavior.
Personal values(general beliefs about good and evil) are at the heart of the problem of the social responsibility of business to society. Ethics deals with the principles that determine right and wrong behavior.
Business ethics touches not only the problem of socially responsible behavior. It focuses on a wide range of behaviors of managers and managed. Moreover, in the focus of its attention are both the goals and the means used by both.
The reasons for the expansion of unethical business practices of business leaders include:
1. competition that marginalizes ethical considerations;
2. an increasing desire to report the level of profitability in quarterly reports;
3. failure to properly reward managers for ethical behavior;
4. a general decline in the importance of ethics in society, which gradually excuses behavior in the workplace;
5. pressure from the organization on ordinary employees in order to find a compromise between their own personal values and the values of managers.
Organizations are taking various measures to improve the characteristics of the ethical behavior of managers and ordinary employees.
These measures include:
1. Development of ethical standards;
2. Creation of ethics committees;
3. Providence of social audits;
4. Teaching ethical behavior.
Ethical standards describe the system of shared values and the rules of ethics that, in the opinion of the organization, its employees should adhere to. Ethical standards are developed with the aim of describing the goals of the organization, creating a normal ethical atmosphere and identifying ethical recommendations in decision-making processes.
ethics committees. Some organizations set up standing committees to assess daily practice from an ethical standpoint. Almost all members of such committees are top-level executives. Some organizations do not create such committees, but employ a business ethicist called
ethics lawyer. The role of such a lawyer is to exercise judgment on ethical issues related to the actions of the organization, as well as to perform the function of the “social conscience” of the organization.
Social revisions proposed for evaluating and reporting on the social impact of an organization's activities and programs. Supporters of social audit believe that reports of this type may indicate the level of social responsibility of the organization.
Although some companies have tried to use the principles of social audit, the problems of measuring direct costs and benefits from the implementation of social programs have not yet been resolved.
Teaching ethical behavior. Another approach used by organizations to improve ethical behavior is through ethical behavior training for managers and employees.
Employees are introduced to business ethics and are made more receptive to ethical issues that may arise.
Embedding ethics as a subject in university-level business courses is another form of ethical behavior education that helps students gain a better understanding of ethical business conduct issues.
Conclusion
Summing up, the following should be said. Ethics is becoming an integral part of business practices. corporations should conduct periodic "ethics impact reviews". Ethics must be an essential element of the planning process. The problems created by the behavior of multinational corporations in the absence of such analysis become subject to regulation by the government of the host country. Therefore, it is in the interests of each organization to establish uniform ethical principles for operations in all regions, and at the highest possible level, and strictly and consciously follow them.
At the same time, there is no single “template” of a moral standard: each person has his own understanding of ethical norms, and companies “construct” concepts of their own ethics, which must be coordinated with both external and internal interested groups.
Standards of ethical behavior vary from country to country. Behavior is often determined by the means by which the law is enforced, rather than by the actual existence of the law. Ethical behavior has no "upper" boundaries. Multinational organizations are characterized high level ethical responsibility and controllability. The attention of the country to ethics increases with the growth of the level of economic well-being.
Introduction
Among the complex of management problems, the problem of improving the management of the company's personnel plays a special role. The task of this area of management is to increase the efficiency of production through motivation, incentives and compensation through the comprehensive development and reasonable use of the creative forces of a person, increasing the level of his qualifications, competence, responsibility, initiative.
At present, the attitude towards the main productive force of society - the working man - is changing. The role of man in the process of economic development is constantly growing. This fully applies to our country. Russia has been going through a period of social change for more than a decade. Such changes affect not only political, economic and social structures society, but also inevitably have an impact on people's consciousness. There are transformations in the value and motivational structures, that is, in people's understanding of what it is worth living and acting for, what ideals to rely on. With the transition of Russia to a market economy, it became obvious that the laws of a market economy require people to have completely different motives and values than the economy of a socialist society. In this regard, the question arises of the importance of studying by Russian leaders the accumulated for a long time existence in the market foreign experience in the field of personnel management, theories of motivation, specific methods and principles of stimulating employees, enhancing their activities and increasing labor efficiency.
The revolution in property and the transformations of the economic institutions of society that accompanied it led to the fact that millions of people who were previously engaged in organized, planned professional
Question number 2 Motivation and compensation: similarities, differences, features of the Michael Porter model
With the transition of Russia to a market economy, it became obvious that the laws of a market economy require people to have completely different motives and values than the economy of a socialist society. In this regard, the question arises of the importance of studying by Russian managers accumulated over a long period of existence in the market conditions of foreign experience in the field of personnel management, theories of motivation, specific methods and principles of stimulating employees, enhancing their activities and increasing labor efficiency. It is necessary to transform value, motivational and compensation structures, that is, in people's understanding of what it is worth living and acting for, what ideals to rely on.
The economic reforms being carried out in Russia have significantly changed the status of the enterprise as the main link in the national economy. The market puts the enterprise in a fundamentally new relationship with government bodies, with partners, with employees. New economic and legal regulators are being established. In this regard, relations between the heads of organizations, between managers and subordinates, between all employees within the organization are improving.
The way to effective personnel management, to revitalization of its activity and increase of its efficiency lies through the understanding of people's motivation and compensation. If you understand well what drives a person, encourages him to act, what he strives for. By performing certain work, it is possible, in contrast to coercion that requires constant monitoring, in such a way to build the management of the company's personnel, that people themselves will actively strive to do their work in the best and most efficient way in terms of achieving the organization's goals.
The similarity of motivation and compensation is that the totality of internal and external factors that, continuously affecting him, encourage him to perform certain actions. At the same time, the connection between these forces and specific actions of a person is determined by a very complex system of interactions, individual for each person.
Motivation and compensation stimulate a person to act because there will be a reward for efforts. For example, a firm can reward its employees - this is money (salary) that can satisfy a range of needs. However, salary is a stimulating factor only if people attach great importance to it and its value depends on the results of work.
An increase in wages must then necessarily lead to an increase in labor productivity. In order to establish the relationship between salary and results achieved in the end labor activity, the following system of remuneration is proposed. The meaning of such a system is that motivating the growth of wages increases the efficiency, for which the employee's salary will be compensated.
But we should remember the fickle nature of motivation through money. Upon reaching a certain level of well-being or in certain situations, the monetary factor of motivation reduces its influence on the behavior of the employee. In this case, in order to meet the needs, it is necessary to use non-material rewards and benefits.
The difference between motivation lies in the fact that Motives are incentives, causes, forces, passions that cause or stimulate the activity of a person, encourage him to behave in a certain way. The behavior model depends on the reaction to these incentives, and compensation is the remuneration of their employees:
Money (salary) that can satisfy a range of needs. However, salary is a stimulating factor only if people attach great importance to it and its value depends on the results of work;
A reward is something that can satisfy a person's needs. The manager deals with two types of rewards: internal and external;
Compensation - cash payments established in order to reimburse employees for the costs associated with the performance of their labor or other stipulated federal law duties (Article 164 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). Types of compensation payments for labor law the following: business trips, for moving to work in another area and for the wear and tear of your tool or other personal property.
No one knows exactly how the mechanism of labor motivation works, what strength a motivating factor can be and when it works, not to mention why it works. All that is known is that each worker works for a monetary reward and a set of compensatory and incentive measures. Cash reward and other components of compensation provide the necessary conditions survival, development and leisure of the worker, as well as give confidence and high quality life in perspective.
Research over the past 30 years has shown that the true motives that make work give maximum effort are difficult to determine and extremely complex. But having mastered modern theories and models of labor motivation, the manager will be able to significantly expand his capabilities in attracting an educated and wealthy employee of today to perform tasks aimed at achieving the goals of the company.
feature of Michael Porter's model
Harvard professor Michael Porter presented his three strategies for strengthening a company's competitiveness back in 1980 in his book Competitive Strategy. They have a fairly general appearance, practical subtleties are a private matter for every entrepreneur.
The main essence of Michael Porter's strategies is that for the successful functioning of the company, it needs to somehow stand out from the competition so as not to be everything for everyone in the eyes of consumers, which, as you know, means nothing for anyone. To meet this challenge, a company must choose the right strategy, which will be adhered to in the future. Professor Porter identifies three types of strategy: cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. At the same time, the latter is divided into two more: focusing on differentiation and focusing on non-costs.
M. Porter's approach to generating alternative strategies is based on the following statement. The stability of the company's position in the market is determined by: the costs with which products are produced and sold; irreplaceability of the product; the scope of competition (i.e. the amount of market processing).
An enterprise can achieve competitive advantages and strengthen its position by: ensuring lower costs for the production and sale of goods. Low costs refers to the ability of an enterprise to develop, produce and sell a product with comparable characteristics, but at a lower cost than competitors. By selling its product on the market with the prevailing (or even lower) price, the company receives additional profit; ensuring product indispensability through differentiation. Differentiation means the ability of the enterprise to provide the buyer with a product of greater value, i.e. greater use value. Differentiation allows you to set higher prices, which gives you more profit.
In addition, the company is faced with the choice of which "wide front" market to compete: in the entire market or in any part of it (segment). This choice can be made using the relationship between market share and the profitability of the enterprise, proposed by M. Porter.
Enterprises that do not have the ability to gain market leadership should concentrate their efforts on a certain segment and strive to increase their advantages relative to competitors there.
Success is achieved by large enterprises with a larger market share, as well as relatively small highly specialized enterprises. The desire of small businesses to duplicate behavior large enterprises, disregarding its real capabilities, will lead to the loss of competitive positions in a critical area.
For such enterprises, in order to succeed, the rule should be followed: “Segment the market. Narrow production program. Achieve and maintain the maximum share in the minimum market.
Based on this, to strengthen the position of the enterprise, M. Porter recommends using one of three strategies.
1. Leadership through cost savings: Enterprises that decide to use this strategy direct all their actions to reduce costs in every possible way. An example is the company "British Ukraine Shipbuilders" (B-U-ES) for the construction of bulk carriers. The manufacture of ship hulls will be carried out by low-paid workers of Ukrainian shipyards. Cheap Ukrainian steel will be used in the production of ships. The stuffing of the ships will be delivered mainly British companies. Therefore, it is expected that the cost of new vessels will be significantly lower than the price of similar products from European and Asian shipbuilders. Thus, a PANAMAX-class dry-cargo vessel with a displacement of 70,000 tons is estimated at $25-26 million, while a similar Japanese-built vessel costs $36 million.
Prerequisites: a large market share, the presence of competitive advantages (access to cheap raw materials, low costs for the delivery and sale of goods, etc.), strict cost control, the ability to save costs on research, advertising, service.
Advantages of the strategy: enterprises are profitable even in conditions of strong competition, when other competitors suffer losses; low costs create high barriers to entry; when substitute products appear, the leader in cost savings has more freedom of action than competitors; low costs reduce the influence of suppliers. Strategy Risks: Competitors may adopt cost-cutting techniques; major technological innovations can eliminate existing competitive advantages and make the accumulated experience of little use; focusing on costs will make it difficult to detect changes in market requirements in a timely manner.
Conclusion
In the context of the formation of new economic mechanisms focused on a market economy, before industrial enterprises there is a need to work in a new way, taking into account the laws and requirements of the market, mastering a new type of economic behavior, adapting all sides production activities to the changing situation. In this regard, the contribution of each employee to the final results of the enterprise's activities increases. One of the main challenges for businesses various forms property - search effective ways labor management, ensuring the activation of the human factor.
The decisive causal factor in the effectiveness of people's activities is their motivation.
Managers put their decisions into practice with the help of available human resources, personnel of the company, applying to people the basic principles of motivation, acting as a lever to motivate themselves and others to work in order to achieve both personal goals and the goals of the organization.
If you understand well what motivates employees, what motivates them to labor actions, what they strive for when performing certain work, it is possible to correctly, that is, individually, with a focus on the personal characteristics of subordinates, form a strategy for revitalizing the activities of the personnel of this company.
This strategy will help the manager to build the management of the firm's personnel in such a way that people themselves will actively strive to do their job in the best and most effective way in terms of achieving the organization's goals.
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