In the harsh Russian realities, there are at least three successful models of the project business. The existence of not one model, but a whole range of project business models is due to the fact that the term itself project business covers a much wider range of issues than the well-known term project management. The difference concerns, first of all, the main goals of the business: profit, assets, capitalization, social status, etc. Currently, the design approach is being applied to activities ranging from cushion printing to the construction of factories.
Separate business components can be formalized or documented in the format of corporate standards. For example: routing production, quality standard, company management scheme. It is impossible to build a single business model.
Model No. 1. Guaranteed Recipe for Success
There is a simple recipe for a successful project business with a high degree of guarantee. A business model containing such a recipe is called "literal copying of the Western model of the project business". A Russian company intending to implement this model must fulfill 5 steps:
- As project managers, hire only specialists certified according to PMI or IPMA standards; on average, the number of certified specialists should equal the number of projects.
- Provide education and training for all other professionals involved in the implementation of projects; it is even better to send workers for internships in Western companies.
- Develop and implement a comprehensive system of corporate regulations, standards and instructions. The number of documents must be at least 500. The system must cover all business processes of the company; the PMI or IPMA models should be included almost verbatim in the system.
- Employ Western Specialists: The ratio of foreigners to resident management or engineering staff must be at least 1:10. In any case, the number of foreigners must be at least five. Additionally, it is desirable to attract Western consulting company from those already present on the Russian market.
- Apply the previous four points for a minimum of three years.
In Russia, this model has been successfully used for more than 300 years. Peter the Great was the first to introduce it. The tsar applied the recipe for the Northern War project. The success exceeded all initial expectations. Russia won the war, St. Petersburg was built, Russia switched to development along a new trajectory.
The secret of the recipe is the need to literally follow all the points of the model. Attempts to copy were made for almost a hundred years before Peter: for example, the creation of regiments of the German system. great success these undertakings did not bring. Peter, thanks to his natural genius, understood the need for complete and literal copying. Hence: the first military charter (corporate standard), the recruitment of foreigners into the army, shaving beards, European clothes, smoking tobacco, drinking coffee and other drinks, dancing, textbooks, alphabet reform, the Academy, growing potatoes and the like. Even the Orthodox Church was reformed: the place of the metropolitan was taken by the Synod.
Petrovsky's example, along with the guarantee of the copy model, also shows its main problem: the application of the recipe requires supermobilization of resources. Peter had absolute power in a non-poor country, so for him there was no problem of resources.
Can this outwardly simple recipe be applied to Russian companies? Maybe if the company has sufficient financial resources. The amount includes both direct costs and indirect ones, including the support of its own staff (unlike Peter, a modern company cannot afford to simply throw its staff overboard).
Model number 2. Lessons learned business
It is possible to build a successful project business without any copying of Western experience. If the company has accumulated experience that has arisen from the implementation of many projects, then the following projects can be carried out, taking as a model the projects successfully completed earlier. This model will be called the model based on accumulated experience. Project attributes such as design stages, sample documents and contracts, calendar charts and standard estimates, staffing levels can be copied from previous projects.
The advantage of the model is the almost complete absence of costs for its implementation.
At the same time, the model has two drawbacks:
- the actual period of accumulation of experience in project implementation is 5-10 years - it is during this period that project methods and tools become familiar to all company personnel;
- if the company needs to carry out projects that are significantly different in their type or type of activity from previously completed projects, then the accumulated experience may even be harmful.
In Russia, the most striking example of the use of the experience gained model is the Moscow construction program. During the perestroika crisis of 1989-1991, the city's leadership completely preserved the old Soviet experience, gradually supplemented it with market mechanisms and achieved phenomenal success. Not every capital in the world can boast of a development volume of 5 million square meters per year.
For a company applying the lessons learned model, there is no need to learn modern methods of the project business. Even if the company begins to move to new methods, in fact, it will already be new company with new business.
Model number 3. Adaptation of Western experience
The model of literal copying of Western experience has the highest degree guarantees. It's like if a Russian company placed money in the best American bank. As in financial sector, the degree of guarantee is the flip side of business efficiency.
Let's return to Petrovsky's example. If we conditionally divide Peter's success in the Northern project by the price the nation paid (primarily in the number of lives lost), then the impression of Peter's success will be ambiguous. That is why for the last 300 years Petrovsky's critics have had ground for their reasoning: why was there a war, wouldn't it be better to direct efforts for the development of the country.
In justification, Peter must admit that he was the first to use the method of total copying. He had no predecessors to learn from.
And yet, the Western experience of the project business has proven its effectiveness. A natural question arises: "Is it possible to find another way to copy the Western model, at a lower cost and while maintaining efficiency?" It is possible, but for this it is necessary to adapt, transform the Western system to Russian realities. Adaptation should include:
1. Analysis of project business tools in the overall business system:
- some tools simply cannot be copied in isolation from tools in other branches of the business;
- during transformation, Western design tools must be supplemented with special Russian tools arising from Russian business culture, traditions and legal norms;
- often Western instruments reflect their historical origins rather than a contemporary need.
- many still Soviet instruments can be successfully adapted for market life.
3. Selection of a package of tools for the needs of a particular company:
- in the West, there are both universal systems and corporate standards. Although there are translations of only universal standards in Russian-language literature, this does not mean that Western companies blindly adjust to universal schemes. When adapted to a specific Russian company there is no need for complete universality, which, accordingly, reduces the cost of implementation.
4. Possibility of phased implementation.
5. Possibility of variability depending on the type of activity:
- the adapted model should work as a constructor for building systems for a specific type of projects.
Adapted Model is a fusion of Western, Soviet and Russian experience and knowledge. This model allows you to design full-fledged project business systems for a specific company.
Mishin S.A.
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Project approach to business development of an enterprise
Project approach to business development companies
TumbinskayaNataliaYuryevna
Natalia Tumbinskaya
Graduate student,
Moscow State Forest University
graduate student, Moscow State Forest University
annotation
The article is devoted to the problems and peculiarities of applying the project approach to managing the business development of an enterprise. The concept of business development is considered, the relevance of effective business development for modern enterprises, the concepts of the project and project management are clarified, recommendations are offered for managing business development projects.
The article deals with the problems and peculiarities of the project approach to managing a business development company. The concept of business development, the actuality of an effective business development for modern businesses, refined the concept of the project and project management, makes on project management of business development recommendations.
Keywords:business development, organizational change, change management, business development project, project management, project team, overcoming resistance to change.
Keywords: business development, organizational change, change management, project business development, project management, project team, overcoming resistance to change.
IN modern economy business conditions are changing very quickly. The emergence of new technologies, new types of products and services form a change in consumer demands and the very structure of demand. Businesses are forced to change their strategies in order to introduce new ideas, technologies or behaviors.
Today, the issue on the agenda is not so much the need for economic growth, but rather the issue of ensuring its sufficiently high rates. Achieving this goal largely depends on the specifics of the external environment and the ability of the enterprise to develop business and effectively implement organizational changes.
The main strategic challenges of the external environment are the growth of competition in a saturated market, unlimited possibilities modern production and successful implementation information technologies, and the success of a business depends on the speed of response to changes in the external environment. It requires effective management business development aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the enterprise.
Under the business development of an enterprise, within the framework of this article, we mean a system of progressive changes in accordance with technical, economic and socio-cultural progress, which contributes to the expansion of activities and an increase in the importance of the enterprise, both in the economic and socio-political environment.
Business development can affect structures, technologies, goods, people. In order to implement it, it is necessary to know what are the goals of specific upcoming changes, that is, to start from the content side of the issue, from what should be implemented, and then only decide how it will be implemented.
Timely analysis of the logic of processes occurring in the external and internal environment of the enterprise allows you to more effectively define goals and business tasks, implement the necessary changes at a lower cost, coordinate them in terms of time and actions with each other and with changes in the external environment of the enterprise.
Business development can be slow and constant, relatively small changes can be fast, and large-scale radical changes can be swift. For small businesses, constant change is more acceptable. For medium-sized ones - the first and second ones, and only large companies can carry out radical transformations in the form of reengineering.
Analyzing the work of any organization, it is almost always possible to distinguish two main types of activities that exist in parallel: current, recurring processes(operations) and projects. The main differences between these two types of activities is that the processes are iterative, cyclical in nature, and projects are aimed at achieving unique goals in certain deadlines.
Any changes carried out as part of business development are initially a project in which the main task of the manager responsible for the development of the company is to translate change management projects into a constantly running business process of the same level as the organization's management process, and it does not matter here , what are the organization's methods of managing change - are they going "spontaneously" or planned.
The task of an organization that relies on continuous improvement of efficiency is the integration of project initiatives (changes) into all elements of this organization: processes, structures, systems, and their consolidation in corporate culture organizations.
In domestic practice, the concept of "project" until recently was used mainly in the technical field. The “project” usually meant the development of documentation for the creation of any buildings or structures, and the development process itself was called design.
IN foreign countries another term was used to refer to this design process - designing (design, building design, product development), and the concept of project (project) is interpreted more broadly.
In this article, under the concept of "project" understood a set of interrelated activities designed to achieve, within a given period of time and within an established budget, set objectives with clearly defined objectives”.
We can distinguish common features of projects:
1.they are aimed at achieving specific goals;
2.they involve the coordinated execution of interrelated activities;
3.they have a limited extent in time, with a definite beginning and end;
4.All of them are in some way inimitable and unique.
In general, it is these four characteristics that distinguish projects from other activities.
As you know, for the first time such an approach as "project management" was practically applied in the 50s in the US military and aerospace industry. The emergence of such an alternative to traditional management methods was caused by an increase in the scale and complexity of work, the involvement of a large number of participants in them, an increase in requirements for the timing of work and the efficiency of using various kinds of resources, quality and results. Within the framework of the traditional management system, the successful implementation of such tasks was difficult. Thus, new formalized management methods were introduced into practice, which were collectively called "project management".
The American Project Management Institute (PMI, USA) defines "project management" as follows:
« Project Management (PM) or Project Management (PM) is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources for life cycle project through the application modern methods and management techniques to achieve the results defined in the project in terms of the composition and scope of work, cost, time, quality and satisfaction of the project participants.
The essence of the PM methodology is the concentration of rights and responsibility for achieving the goals of the project in one person or a small group. This person - the project manager - ensures the implementation of the project, implementing key project management functions. Moreover, he does not necessarily perform these functions himself.
According to Russian National Requirements for the Competence of Project Management Specialists (NTC) , the main functions of project management include:
-project domain management,
-project management by time parameters,
-project cost management,
-project quality management,
-project risk management,
-project personnel management,
-project communication management,
-project contract management,
-project change management
-other control functions
The head of the company has reasons for applying professional methods business development project management (BDP) in all cases when it deals with complex and non-trivial tasks that must be solved within a strictly defined time frame, within the established budget and with the required level of quality.
By FGP management, we will mean activities aimed at implementing a business development project with the maximum possible efficiency, given time constraints, funds (and resources), as well as the quality of the project's final results (documented, for example, in the terms of reference).
Any project goes through certain phases in its development, collectively called the life cycle.
A distinction should be made between the project life cycle and the product life cycle. For example, a new product development project is only a separate phase of the product life cycle.
Sometimes, considering the payback of an investment project, three main phases are distinguished in it: preliminary (justification of investments), preparatory (investments) and production (production and sales). The project life cycle, the purpose of which is the execution of work under the contract, may include phases: initial (preparation of contracts and initiation of work), the project implementation phase (detailed planning and execution) and the completion phase of the project.
When implementing the FGP important role play the tasks of communication and collaboration of representatives of various and often competing divisions of the enterprise. The internal culture of each enterprise and the conditions for the implementation of projects are unique in their own way for each company. However, following the fundamental principles and concepts will undoubtedly help the enterprise to create an effective project structure, without which, as practice shows, the effective and successful implementation of FGP is impossible.
The main strength of the project concept of innovation management lies in delegation of power And assigning responsibility for achieving goals on certain leaders - the project manager and key team members. The main problem of the project management concept lies in the difficulty of creating an effective temporal management system, which should function in conjunction with the permanent management system in the organization.
Projects are complex in their structure, and a large number of organizations that perform various functions take part in the process of their implementation. The distribution of functions between project participants is decided specifically for each project.
Building an effective team is essential to the success of a project. To be effective, the project manager must create an atmosphere of conducive teamwork. The project leader must create an environment in which the members of the new project team are professionally satisfied, engaged, and have mutual trust in each other. The greater the team feeling, the higher the quality of the exchange of information, including the sincerity of the exchange of ideas and approaches.
A project team is a temporary team created to carry out a specific project. The organizational structure and method of creating a project team depends on many factors:
-type and type of project;
-the traditional approach adopted in this region, city, specific company;
-availability of specialized firms for project management, etc.
The optimal organization of the project team, including both project managers and a team of performers, as well as departments and specialists that influence the progress of work or provide some kind of support to the project, allows you to increase management efficiency and avoid problems.
On fig. 1. shows the structure of the project, in which the project manager ensures the integration of the main participants in the project. The project objectives control group ensures control and coordination of the project objectives with strategic goals organizations. Group technical control Responsible for the compliance of technical solutions and technologies used with generally accepted standards, organization standards and contract specifications. The administrator and the project office provide support to the project manager in collecting information and performing managerial functions.
Rice. 1. Example of project organization.
The roles of the core project team members vary depending on the type of project. For an industrial project, for example, the core team, in addition to the project manager, should include a chief project engineer who is responsible for the specifications and quality of the final product. For large projects, it is necessary to have a team of several engineers: an engineer responsible for product specification, an engineer responsible for production technology, and a specialist responsible for installation, testing and pilot production.
Project Administrator -a specialist responsible for all official office work within the project, logging changes, complaints and other issues related to contractual obligations. Often the project administrator is also responsible for maintaining the project archive.
In large projects, there may also be:
Project Controller - collects, processes and records information on the progress of work and actual costs.
Head of Support Services -is responsible for the functioning of information support services and support of general management functions.
Project office.It is useful to have a project office (project headquarters) even for small projects. The project office is the center where information on the project flows, meetings and meetings are held. The workplaces of the permanent members of the project team, if possible, should be located at the headquarters.
In each project, it is possible to identify specialists whose activities are critical to the success of the project as a whole. For example, members of the top management of the organization who control the project; specialists with specific qualifications necessary to achieve project results, etc. In any case, the organizational management structure should provide direct contact between the project manager and these specialists.
Project team management can also be considered as an element of the overall corporate personnel management system. The structure of the project team management system consists of the following elements:
The main goal of the business development project management process is to introduce changes in the organization with the least resistance.
Achieving this goal is possible, according to the author, only through the creation of effective communication in the change management process.
An effective communication process in an organization depends on the following factors:
-the culture and goals of the organization;
-opinion leaders;
-market and national traditions;
-personnel and production technology;
It is possible to evaluate the communication process in an organization by the following parameters:
- reliability;
- speed;
-distortion factor;
-inequality;
- type of connections;
-having feedback.
At the same time, when working with resistance to change, it is important to remember the factors of resistance:
-most changes are resisted by one force or another, and above all by those who must undergo the change;
-people resist not only changes that harm them, but also those that will benefit them in the long run.
The following main causes of resistance can be distinguished, which must be remembered:
-change is an unknown, and employees think that change will have a negative impact on them;
-change is coercion (even if it is not);
-changes destroy the formal, psychological and social relations that the employee has with the organization;
-changes require the employee to abandon established elements of culture (habits);
When overcoming resistance to change, one should not expect that resistance can be eliminated completely, however, it is necessary to cross the line of criticality:
-involve all those who are affected by changes at the stage of their planning;
-maintain open communications through the most effective communication channels (for example, top management and/or third parties);
-communicate the benefits to all employees affected by the changes;
-form a system of motivation for the project / changes;
-avoid thinking like "We - They";
-pay attention to the individual needs of employees;
-encourage voluntary change and ostentatiously reward individuals and teams that are successful in implementation.
So, all projects related to the business development of the enterprise and requiring additional organizational efforts, measures to improve the skills of employees, separation of experienced specialists from daily work require the administration of the enterprise to overcome resistance from the staff. The situation is often aggravated by the fact that the result is not obvious, and the estimated costs are quite high. Nevertheless, the implementation of business development projects is an urgent need for companies claiming market leadership.
Let's summarize the results of the study.
To date, project management has become recognized in all developed countries as a methodology for implementing business development.
A modern organization is able to exist and successfully compete in the market only under the condition of constant development and adaptation to changing business conditions. Rhythm acceleration modern life increases the instability of the functioning of companies, forces them to carry out frequent and rapid transformations, to adapt to external conditions. The project activity allows to cope with this task.
The market economy makes it necessary to reconsider the content of the system of disciplines dealing with economics, planning, organization and management. The massive growth in the scale of projects, changing the criteria for their effectiveness required not just an increase in the level of specialization management activities, but also the development of new methods of planning, monitoring deadlines and organizing the interaction of project participants. The basis of the new approach to the business development of the control object is the concept of project management.
Bibliography:
- Akinfiev V.K., Caribbean A.V., Konovalov E.N. and other Analysis of the effectiveness of investment projects. - M.: PBRU RAN, 2008. p. 29
- Gray K., Larson E. Project management. Practical guide. M.: Ai-Ti, 2007, p. 28. Veprova R.N. Management of changes in small and medium-sized enterprises // Vestnik Baikalskogo state university Economics and Law, No. 3, 2010. p. 22.
Matveev A.A., Novikov D.A., Tsvetkov A.V. Models and methods of project portfolio management. M.: PMSOFT, 2005. p. 73.
Shvandar, V. A. Management of investment projects / V. A. Shvandar, A. I. Bazilevich. - M. : Unity, 2001. p. 188.
Vzyatyshev V.F. Introduction to the methodology of innovation project activities: Textbook for universities. - M .: "ECK", 2002.
Balashov V.G., Zalozhnev A.Yu., Ivashchenko A.A., Novikov D.A. Organizational project management mechanisms. – M.: PBRU RAN, 2003.
The author deliberately called this book "project business" realizing that among managers the term will be perceived ambiguously. Moreover, there will be such entrepreneurs or specialists who will say that the “project business” is, in general, not a business, but only a set of managerial methods and tools, collectively referred to as “project management”. They try to explain and expand the term "project management", for example, by introducing the management of irregular and innovation processes- strategic, organizational, commercial and investment projects. However, I think that Russian enterprises are already quite ready to introduce the concept of "Project business", despite the fact that this term is relatively new for specialists. It seemed to me that, at least intuitively, it would be understandable to readers. In particular, the combination “project business” is already used in world literature; in October 2005, the book by Andrew Davies, Michael Hobday “The Business of Projects. Managing Innovation in Complex Products and Systems”.
The key to understanding is the answer to the question why “project business” is a business. You can talk, for example, about the oil business, construction business, engineering or consulting business. The results of these businesses will be, respectively, oil, buildings, new production technologies or services provided. These businesses can be invested, sold or mortgaged. All of these businesses already use project management methods on a large scale, but this cannot be a reason to rename these businesses to the project business.
If, after all, the project business claims the status of a real business, then how does it differ from familiar species business?
In Russian, among the meanings of the word “business” there are such general concepts as “business” or “activity”. In this sense, the project business is simply the activity associated with projects. The addition of the word “business” emphasizes the point that this activity is aimed at making money, like in any other business. In addition, the addition of the word “business” distinguishes among all projects the segment of projects related to the real economy.
The main reason for using the "project business" as a new type of business is informal and conceptual - the emergence of the project business is caused by the birth of a new, powerful trend in business development. This trend can be seen in many recent economic publications under various titles: project-oriented organization, virtual organization, network organization or network community, social networks.
The trend is only in its infancy and is based on the "death" of the classical understanding of "business organization" as a hierarchical system, held together by a vertical of unity of command. The efficiency of a classical organization is based on the relatively low cost of hired specialists and becomes zero or even negative in those cases when the share of intellectual or highly professional labor becomes dominant in the added value created in the organization. As a simple example, a $100/hr hired worker creates about the same added value as a $10/hr worker making a $2 million machine! Use the labor of such expensive specialists according to the standard labor system and inefficient from an organizational point of view, and simply expensive. Since the need for highly qualified specialists will only grow, a trend is emerging that requires fundamentally new ways of organizing the work of high-class specialists. It is in the new ways of organizing labor and its legal codification that the main distinguishing feature project business.
The project business is perhaps even more relevant for Russia than for the West. Over the past 15 years, the cost of highly professional labor has turned out to be artificially low. Attempts to replace the quality of the results of labor with the number of specialists will lead to a shortage of personnel, the harbingers of which are already visible. On the other hand, the use of expensive specialists according to the scheme Labor Code can lead to a catastrophic increase in administrative costs.
The principles of project business management, first of all, the tools for building a project-oriented organization, as I plan, will be the subject of my next book. These principles are summarized in this book. Nevertheless, taking into account business development trends, I considered it possible to use the term “project business” as a title already for the first book, especially since classical project management is a basic component of the project business.
A project is a one-time activity (temporary event) aimed at creating certain products or providing services. The design organization is engaged exclusively in the implementation of any projects. It is worth saying that the main expenses of such an organization fall on staff salaries.
The profession of an engineer has always been one of the most highly qualified and complex. But in our time, things are no longer so rosy. Now an experienced, professional worker in the engineering specialty is not highly valued. And although a true master of engineering will always find his employer in the labor market, highly qualified, successful specialists and engineers very often think about starting their own business.
The organization of such a project is not an easy task, although it is profitable. It doesn't matter if you're new to this issue or already an experienced person, you should start by developing your own business plan, taking into account all costs, expected profits, payback and prospects.
Decide on a specialization.
Examples of design organizations: developers and directors software, design institutes, design and design bureaus, consulting and audit companies, etc. The unifying feature of the whole variety of design organizations is that the main share of their expenses falls on the maintenance of the company's personnel - the project team.
The project is fixed in the form of a research report, design or technological documentation, advertising company, other things. But, as mentioned above, the main item of expenditure is the equipment and the project team itself.
Depending on the type of performance design work, your organization will have its own specialization. And it already depends on what projects you will carry out. Let's find out what design organizations generally exist. Quick answer: customized and standard. According to building codes and rules (SNiP 1.02.01-85), with individual design design estimates are being developed and documentation is being prepared in one stage (working draft), or in two (draft, working documentation).
By typical they mean, among other things, the development of individual solutions and any regulatory documents. Whether you will carry out design in the field of construction, architecture or technology, conduct engineering surveys or carry out building control for the performance of work - you will need a license. As for profitability, it is about 20-30%.
We get a license.
When determining the scope of the project activity of your enterprise, it is necessary to take into account profitability, profitability, market competition, ease of implementation and organization of this type of business for a beginner.
Engage in exploration work to account for complexes for their implementation, protection environment and natural resources - the most cost-effective option. But there is nothing for a newcomer to do in such a market, so let's look in the direction of licensing a business related to construction. There are also many competitors here, but the profit is considerable, and most importantly, this is a real option for a young company.
Let's say you have defined the scope of your project company as construction, i.e. planning to engage in design in the construction of residential buildings, industrial buildings and structures, repair and finishing works. By law, a license for such a business can be obtained by entity or an individual businessman, i.e. an individual who is registered as a private entrepreneur in the tax office.
License for this species activity is issued by the State Committee for Construction and Housing and Communal Complex of the Russian Federation. The license is issued for the first time for three years, and for the second time - for a period of five years. This authorization document will list the types of work allowed for your organization. Restrictions on some activities (for beginners) are lifted after a few months. The list of licensed works can be expanded over time.
Such licenses can be obtained either by a legal entity or by an individual, for example, a private entrepreneur. To qualify for a license application, your organization must meet a number of requirements: a minimum of two design professionals, and at least one of them must be staff member with work experience in the specialty for at least three years, the presence of computer equipment with licensed programs on the balance sheet of the enterprise.
To obtain a license, we provide notarized copies of the following documents: Certificate of registration of the enterprise, Charter of the enterprise, certificate of the Inspection of Taxation on registration, certificate from the State Statistics Committee on the assignment of codes, memorandum of association(if any), certificate of changes in the above documents (if any).
Also prepare information about the actual address (a copy of the lease agreement or certificate of ownership), contact numbers, bank details, staffing, for qualification certificates - copies of diplomas and passports certified by the seal of the enterprise.
After preparing a package of documents and submitting it to the Federal Licensing Center, they are tested within two to three weeks. To facilitate the process of obtaining a license, law firms will help you, which will collect a package of documents and deliver it to the authority.
If in founding documents any changes were made, then this must be notarized and also provided. You also need a current account and bank details, the actual address to which the enterprise is assigned, as well as the contact number of the governing body. Next comes qualification structure, with such items as full name, education, work experience. To obtain qualification certificates, these documents must be submitted in the form of photocopies with the company's seal. You will also need a photocopy of the certificate of ownership and a lease agreement for the premises.
The step-by-step submission of documents looks like this:
We collect documents;
We pay the necessary payments;
We submit documents to the Federal Licensing Center;
We get a license.
As soon as the full package of documents has been submitted, they are checked. We are waiting for the decision of the inspection in two or three weeks, negative or positive. Obtaining a license for this type of activity is difficult, but the point is not that you need to meet the requirements that apply to project business. You need to be prepared for extremely long and expensive processes for obtaining a license, although by law in any case economic activity for building design must be licensed. If you do not have experience with such red tape with documents, it is best to find law firm. Specialists will correctly and quickly collect and execute all the documents necessary for delivery.
So, the opening of the design office.
Organization with limited liability(LLC) or limited liability partnership (LLP) with model charter best suited for the project area as an organizational and legal form. LLP is in principle an organization economic type when the monetary and in-kind form of legal and individuals develops. This is the easiest way to register, but does not mean that it is the easiest. We consider all the nuances before submitting documents - this is important, including in terms of taxation. The simplified declaration is the most sparing mode in this case. It is best to at least get the advice of a notary public before registering the enterprise yourself, if you do not want to turn to third-party intermediaries. The lawyer will select a suitable course of action for you and tell you about the problems that may arise in the future.
You need to focus on finding the best location for your office. The most acceptable option is to place an office in a residential area with a nearby car park. The absence of crowded streets with traffic jams on the way to your office is a definite plus in terms of customer convenience. The city center is unreasonably expensive to rent both premises and parking, and do not forget about the congestion of the streets during working hours.
Make it a pleasure for visitors to be inside. More space is needed - from 50-60 sq. meters. No need to go into frills - an open space with small partitions or even a standard with a division into cabins, or just an open space of the workplace, will do.
Make sure that the reception area has enough comfortable seating - preferably a sofa and some cozy chairs. There is also a table in the reception area where visitors can drink tea or coffee offered to them. In the past, when going to a design organization, the visitor imagined only government agency with a minimum of amenities, but now the level of service is a fairly large layer of success for each company.
In a presentation room, you most likely cannot do without a projector and a screen. Take into account in advance such an item of expenditure as office furniture and equipment: computers, printers, fax machines, copiers, etc. It also does not hurt to have paper versions of special technical and regulatory literature. Although such specialized literature has been on the net for a long time, paper copies remain no less a convenient tool in work.
The main item of expenses of design organizations is personnel costs. That is why, and also to develop the highest quality projects in the future, you need to pay special attention to staffing. If your field is structural design, you will need: a chief engineer, a chief architect (with a license from the Union of Architects), a number of design specialists. Must have a profile higher education and at least three years of work experience. If we're talking about leadership position– then it is already 5-10 years. The license of the Unions of Architects is an important item in the resume of the chief architect. Having recruited a staff, carry out pre-licensing training of all personnel with the obligatory issuance of a qualified certificate. Now you can get to work.
The company's success in a world of constant competition is built on experienced employees with excellent qualifications. But how to lure them to your company? A good option is to offer a salary higher than in other organizations. So it turns out that the most expense item when opening a project company is wages.
Design organization: promotion.
Developing marketing company take into account the specifics of the business. And although construction services are in high demand, they do not enjoy a stir among customers. So the standard methods of advertising will not work. You can, of course, try to be printed in special building catalogs in your city. However, in the modern world, the main platform for advertising is the Internet. Your own website will become yours calling card. There should be not only articles on the topic and information about services, but the site itself needs to be promoted by search engines. It is better to entrust this to a specialist. Groups in in social networks- a good additional option, but only an additional one, because there will not be very many of your specific target audience.
Not if you should not expect an influx of customers from traditional advertising, then another tradition in any trade - recommendations - is an important element of success. It is clear that at the beginning there is no one to recommend you and for nothing, and you will have to get out with ordinary advertising. However, over time, if you pay enough attention to your customers and the quality of your services, word of mouth will work in full force.
Designing in the modern world, you can not do without competitors. In addition to the fund wages employees, a considerable part of the money will go to advertising and distribution of your services. Accept it as a fact that even if you have the best people in your firm, you will also need connections. Finding and maintaining relationships with high-profile individuals is an important aspect practiced by many companies. This also requires special workers.
Now let's talk about the cost of your services. To begin with, we analyze the prices for the same services from competitors. Lowering your own prices is not the most brilliant way out. This will not only hit your pocket, but will also lead to price dumping, although customers will be satisfied. But you also need to overestimate the prices for your services justifiably, because the client must understand what he overpays for. Quality and the best result are quite convincing arguments.
Design organization: expense and income.
Room rental, from 30 thousand rubles per month;
Recruitment and search of personnel, from 10 thousand per month. This implies the salary of recruiters, posting vacancies on special sites;
Salary for specialists, from 100 thousand rubles per month, and it depends on the city, region, qualifications of employees;
Equipment and interior - from 100 thousand rubles;
Registration of a package of documents for work - from 70 thousand rubles;
Other costs - depending on the situation and your requirements.
As you can see, to open your own design office, in any case, you need a large start-up capital if you aim for large orders. Therefore, cases of partnership are quite frequent - participants invest money and subsequently receive a share of the profit as a percentage.
If we talk about profit, then it should be expected in 8-12 months, since this type of activity is extremely profitable. It is difficult to name the amount, because it depends on initial investment, size of orders and abilities of the new firm and other factors. Entrepreneurs already working in this area name amounts from 300 thousand rubles and more.
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© Planet KIS 2000
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Once Upon a Swan, Cancer
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Play a quartet...
We will focus on one
topic only: “Project approach in
modern business”, since all topics
project organization management
extremely wide to be
cover in one not too voluminous article.
Such a formulation allows
practical discussions and
at the same time stimulates conceptual
approach to problems that can be solved in
significant impact on the development
project activity.
Features of project management
activities
Under the term "management
projects” is understood relatively
a small circle of technological items
character. However, such an interpretation
significantly narrows the problem and does not allow
solve important practical issues. “Design
business” is used as a generic term
to indicate business activity,
based on project-oriented
approach. These include systemic
integration, film and video filming, development
software, insurance
activities, organization of exhibitions, etc.
Electronization
business and commerce requires a new look
on the issue of project management. Short
saying it's about time to
project management go to
"Projectivization"
business. In modern business
There are a number of global trends
allowing us to speak of its “projectivization”,
i.e. an increase in the share and importance
activities related to the implementation
projects. The most important among them are:
- shift from regulation and
concentration to coordination and
distribution; - shortening the life cycle of products and
services, in particular development timelines and
launch; - personalization of supply and demand,
products and services.
Generally
one can speak of a paradigm shift (basic
models) of business: it is beginning to be considered
Such an approach allows adequate
reflect another feature of modern
business when the main strategic
becomes a competitive advantage
flexible behavior in a changing environment
environment. In such conditions, the departure is inevitable.
from hard organizational structures And
management technologies.
Especially
clear trends are seen in
Internet related business. Moreover,
it can be said that this area
will serve as the main consumer of new
information systems for management
projects.
main conclusion
is that in the near future
expect a change in approach to building
information systems for project
business, taking into account its features,
based on modern system
architecture, highly scalable and
affordable.
Peculiarities
project business. Now accepted
talk about the crisis of traditional ERP systems.
However, it would be more correct to state
crisis of common patterns of organization and
business management to maintain
which similar systems were created.
Applied to the project business
the problem becomes more acute
due to some of its features (cf.
sidebar).
Control
Project approach to maintenance Consider Challenge of time. Examples
|
Peculiarities
It should be noted |
project like
product creation tool. This
the most common type of projects. On
order is created some alienable
product that the customer is using
to your own discretion. Examples of such
products can serve as programs
design solutions, buildings, etc.
Traditionally, emphasis has been placed on
design technology, and therefore
systems such as CASE, CAD, etc.
Examples
1. Software company operating in Russia,
last year increased the staff from 50 to 250
people due to the growth in the number of developments
to order. To boost
performance, the firm has acquired
the company's integrated CASE technology
rational. According to calculations, this should have reduced
terms of software development
twice. In fact, the order fulfillment cycle
has not changed significantly. Moreover,
had to hire and train additional
employees - managers and business analysts,
and involve third parties.
At the same time, the cost of
escort, and due to geographical
distribution of company offices, groups
developers and customers have problems
communications.2. AvtoVAZ for decades
invested millions of dollars in
automation of design and
technological works.3. Large Russian manufacturer
rocket technology believes that if he
gave 50 million dollars for the acquisition
integrated CAD/CAM system like the one
if the Boeing corporation has it, it quickly
become the world leader in its segment.
project like
market product. The project can
be treated as independent
market product, which is
organizational and technological complex.
In fact, it is about
the customer develops the whole complex
issues related to the implementation of the project.
Examples
1. Telecom company in
Boston (USA) received an order for
deployment of a regional
integrated data transmission system
worth about $300 million.
the company turned to a specialized
consulting firm to
developed an organizational structure
technology and work management procedures,
resources and quality, accounting, compiling
work schedule, etc. Moreover,
consulting firm displayed its
development in some automated
project support system,
and after the launch of the project, she took up his
accompaniment.2. Large Russian ministry
decided to modernize its
information infrastructure. Was
developed technical architecture,
carefully thought out stages of the project,
money has been allocated, performers have been selected. But
it soon became clear that the program
uncontrollable. It turned out that practically
impossible within a reasonable time
coordinated change of work plans and
technical solutions, as well as change
cast. Project volume
documentation received by the head office
organization, grew exponentially. Most
terrible, however, was that no one could
accurately estimate the amount of work done
and the degree of approximation to the desired
result. At the same time, formal reports on
work done was received regularly.
project like
business tool. If under
project to understand the form of doing business in
trade and services, the transaction
is formalized as a project to which
applicable methods
management and accounting.
Examples
1. Rapidly growing multinational
the company conducts the following activities:
- o development and implementation of programs
promotion of existing and new
brand name products;- o packaging and delivery of 300 thousand items
goods from more than 3500 manufacturers;- o development and production of goods according to
custom specifications.Clients
show very strict requirements To
compliance with the planned deadlines, due to which
the company must be able
predict and track
processes for the manufacture and delivery of goods to
set deadlines. Wherein
a significant problem is
cost management, i.e. valuation
economic efficiency of each
individual order and cost control by
each transaction, including the purchase price,
manufacturing, freight and transportation.During the selection
new ERP system management realized that
the main activity of the company is the most
can be adequately represented as
set of parallel
related projects. For this choice
significantly affected by the presence in the system
advanced project management module,
which, in combination with finance modules,
production management and logistics
allowed to track the cost and progress
fulfillment everyone order.2. The largest insurance company
uses modern system management
projects for their design in the form of
individual transactions (including transactions with
individuals) and entire programs
insurance. As a result,
integrated control capability
business, including planning and control
specific activities, cost estimates and
income from programs, products, transactions,
business units, target segments And
agents.3. Large Russian distribution
the company supplies clothing and footwear to the market
world class. Collection update
conducted every season. Manufacturing order
and the supply of goods is prepared and placed
one year ahead. The firm has an extensive
network of regional partners involved in
order formation. great attention
the company devotes to marketing
events. In the process of implementing a new ERP system
the company set the task of identifying the project
structure of its activities through
such signs of decomposition as commodity
group, seasonality and partners. For example, for
each commodity group projects stand out
preparation and execution of consolidated
orders with subsequent breakdown by season
and partners.
Integration
methodologies and standardization. IN
there are currently many
specialized methodologies,
developed by leading
consulting and computer firms.
However, “projectivization” and “electronization”
businesses are acutely facing the challenge of integrating
these methodologies.
Examples
1. The rapid development of e-business forces in a new way
look at methodological issues in
due to the following circumstances:
- o changing the essence of the
tasks;- o the need to integrate special
methodologies in connection with the integrated
the nature of the problems;- o the need to create a “new
competencies” by merging heterogeneous
competencies embodied in “computer”
and "consulting" methodologies.2. There are methodologies, naturally
attracted to each other. For example,
CALS methodology is the basis for
building a product life cycle model.
At the same time, she is
platform for building a total system
TQM quality. These methodologies are closely
workflow models are adjacent,
formal business process modeling tools,
methods for building corporate storages
data. Within the framework of these methodologies
various standards are being developed.
And all this has the most immediate
relation to project activities.
project like
conceptual unit of knowledge.
Knowledge management has a fundamental
value for project-oriented
activities, because the fixed capital
of such organizations is a corporate experience
in solving problems of a certain class.
The project appears to be a convenient unit
organization of knowledge, in which in a coherent
form has essential components
knowledge: problem statement, result,
ways to achieve.
Examples
1. In the vast majority of Russian
engineering enterprises
there is no connection and
a detailed description of the selection process,
creation and production
new product. It's a common disease
civil and military sectors.2. AvtoVAZ has lost
hundreds of leading experts -
middle managers. Essentially
you can talk about the loss of potential
creation of new car models.
A similar situation exists for other
large engineering enterprises, where
in fact, there were loosely connected “tops”
and “roots”: the tops dry out, and the roots
rot, and all this leads to a general collapse.3. In any large organization available
several different types of projects.
For example, a software company might
coexist custom development projects,
adaptation of an existing program
escort, etc. On any
machine-building enterprise
development projects and
modernization of products, development of new
technology, building renovations and
infrastructure, etc.
Program
an approach. Formally, the program is defined
as a set of interrelated projects.
However, for practical application, this
the definition is not too
constructive.
Examples
1. In the late 60s, the US government
launched a program to create
very large integrated circuits (VLSI),
which gave a powerful impetus to the development
microelectronics. Her successful experience
implementation has been used in others
US federal programs
called strategic initiatives in
various industries.2. In Russia it is extremely acute
the problem of restructuring in a broad sense
words: public administration,
industries, enterprises.
project like
quality assurance tool. IN
within the framework of the project approach, quality can be
define as getting the required
result under given restrictions on
resources and timing.
Examples
1. Numerous examples are known
called “implementation” of ERP systems, when
the system was installed but not
is used or does not give the required
result. In the United States, there have been cases of litigation
lawsuits against consulting companies,
implemented ERP-systems in firms-recipients,
after which the latter burned out.2. For each specific project
relatively easy to develop
a set of measures to ensure quality.
The use of the whole range of measures and
quality management procedures are usually
leads to a rise in the cost of the project by 15-30%. At that
same time rejection of quality management
generally lead to the failure of the project.3. Firm "1C" proclaimed security
quality of implementation projects
strategic task of working with partners,
allowing you to stay on solid
competitive positions.
Design
organization and administrative structure.
No matter how much is said about divisional,
matrix and other construction schemes
organizational structure, Russia is still
dominates functional structure co
with all its grimaces towards the design
oriented company management.
Examples
1. In a Russian consulting firm
adopted a business development program,
related to the implementation
fully functional integrated ERP-system.
It is planned to launch two
large projects (implementation period - up to
one and a half years), as well as several small and
medium projects (with implementation period of 3-6
months). When implementing the program
intended to maintain the existing
functional structure oriented
for solving particular problems in the field
management consulting, software
developments, system integration.
Managing each specific project
implementation and its implementation is expected
to carry out through the chiefs
functional departments. Because of this
a team engaged in whatever
project, consists of a project manager -
CEO and executives
heads of functional departments.
The result is very expensive
pleasure: CEO
stop strategizing and
company as a whole, and heads of departments
act as simple switches
assignments that introduce distortions.2. In a Russian diversified company
established a successfully functioning
internal cost accounting and payment system
labor according to real economic
the performance of the business units. IN
According to current trends V
company is considering
implementation of the project approach. main
managers see the problem in change
financial and accounting structure and principles
management accounting: to replace business units
projects should come with which in the new
structure will link plans, budgets and
results.
New level
relationships between participants. Traditionally
projects are considered in context
relationship "customer - contractor". IN
modern conditions in their implementation
many involved (whole tens)
partner organizations.
Examples
1. A publishing house with large
information resources, considers
the possibility of creating trading platform For
groups of vertical markets. Already at the stage
developing a business plan unexpectedly
it turned out that it was necessary to work
attract a large number of participants (cf.
table). At the same time, every company wants
participate in the project not only as
contractor (subcontractor), but also how
investor, counting on investment
attractiveness of the project. Thus, in
project, a group of partners is identified,
applying for certain participation in
project management. This situation
reflects general trend to establish
long-term partnerships,
related to the implementation of projects.2. Analysis of the experience of successful development
companies - organizers of electronic
trading platforms shows that one of
the main success factors are
careful selection of partners capable of
operate without conflicts of interest.
At the same time, there is a trend towards
acquisition of partners as they develop
business.
Approximate composition of the participants in the creation | |
| Kind of activity | Functions in a project |
consulting firm | Development strategy development |
Information and marketing agency | Marketing program development |
consulting firm | Development of trading technologies |
Software firm | Selection/development of software |
Internet Service Provider | Website hosting |
recruitment agency | Selection of a management team |
System integrator | Development of technical architecture, |
The educational center | Training of users (brokers) and |
Commercial Bank | Managing accounts of traders and |
Processing center | Making settlements for transactions |
Insurance Company | Commercial risk insurance |
Forwarding company | Implementation of supplies for prisoners |
Investment brokerage company | Preparation of the prospectus and holding |
Supervisor
project. An illusion is created that
introduction of new control technologies
business is reducing the acuteness of personnel
Problems. This fully applies to
project activities, when behind the plans,
methodologies, procedures cease
see specific people - managers and
performers.
Examples
1. Many Western firms have
rule: new project considered at
provided that there is a real possibility
find the right project manager.
Often the conditions are even tougher: the project
considered only if
suitable person who can speak
his leader. natural explanation
is: every business must have a “motor”.2. In most Russian companies
the project manager is a figure
nominal, appointed according to the principle: “You can’t
without a project manager.” Wherein
project manager has no freedom
activities, since all his intentions he
must agree with the general
director of the company (real
budget manager) and heads
functional departments (real
human resource managers).
Because budgeting is real
management tool in a company
does not work, then the project budget
is rather formal. Such
conditions to talk about delegation
powers and responsibilities of the manager
the project just doesn't work.
Project-oriented
KIS. The term "project management"
traditionally associated with networking
graphs and desktop applications such as
MS project. With tools like this
some aspects can be described.
However, in modern conditions of current
is the development of integrated models
project activities and methods of its
descriptions.
Taking into account
business “projectivization” trends can be
suggest that project support
activities should be central
element of corporate information
systems. This means moving away from “ERP-centrism”,
which has dominated to the present
time.
Examples
1. In integrated ERP systems, such as
as “AxaptaAxapta, present more or less
advanced project management module,
usually problem-solving
project accounting and control. As a rule, on
export-import level is supported
possibility of using popular
desktop project management systems.2. Powerful systems hit the market
project support,
implemented in modern web architecture,
e.g. Maconomy. They contain possibilities
knowledge management, detailed role-playing
elaboration, many other useful
features missing in project modules
ERP systems.
Thus,
electronization of business and commerce requires
a new look at the problem of management
projects. It's about the need
transition from project management to
support for project activities
the most important component of the business.
